U.S. patent number 3,806,931 [Application Number 05/192,410] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-23 for amplitude modulation using phased-array antennas.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to Maynard Lattimer Wright.
United States Patent |
3,806,931 |
Wright |
April 23, 1974 |
AMPLITUDE MODULATION USING PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNAS
Abstract
An antenna system for producing an amplitude modulated signal at
a receiver y properly varying the spatial amplitude distribution of
the antenna beam. The antenna beam variation is accomplished by
varying the relative phase of a phase-array antenna at the desired
modulation rate. A variable DC bias signal is applied to each
element of the antenna which is used to steer the beam in angle. An
AC signal is also applied to each element which will qppear as AM
modulation at a distant receiver.
Inventors: |
Wright; Maynard Lattimer (San
Jose, CA) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
22709527 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/192,410 |
Filed: |
October 26, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
342/373 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
3/26 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
3/26 (20060101); H01q 003/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/1SA,854
;325/160 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wilbur; Maynard R.
Assistant Examiner: Berger; Richard E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sciascia; R. S. Curry; Charles D.
B.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An amplitude modulated phased-array antenna system
comprising:
a. a plurality of antenna elements forming an aperture;
b. said plurality of antenna elements each having phase shifting
device connected thereto;
c. a means for steering a radio beam operatively connected to each
of said phase-shifting device said beam steering means supplying a
beam-steering signal to each one of the said plurality of antenna
elements; and
d. a means for generating a space-time variable non-linear phase
function signal across the aperture of said plurality of antenna
elements.
2. The device recited in claim 1 wherein said beam-steering means
is a DC bias signal means.
3. The device recited in claim 1 wherein said means for generating
a space time variable non-linear phase function is a modulator to
generate a selected modulated phase control signal to each of said
phase shifting devices simultaneously with the application of said
beam-steering signal.
4. The device recited in claim 3 wherein each of said selected
modulated phase control signals are AC signals with the same time
waveform.
5. The device recited in claim 3 wherein the generated beams of
energy from each one of a plurality of antenna elements are varied
by varying means for generating a space time variable non-linear
phase function signal over a period of time.
6. The device recited in claim 1 wherein said plurality of antenna
elements of the phased-array antenna system comprises:
a. a first antenna element;
b. a second antenna element;
c. a third antenna element;
d. a fourth antenna element; and
e. each of said antenna elements being non-uniformally spaced along
a reflecting means.
7. The device recited in claim 6 wherein the system further
includes a RF signal generating means operatively connected to each
one of said antenna elements to supply an output signal to each of
said antenna elements.
8. The device recited in claim 7 wherein said RF signal generating
means further comprises a means for generating beam-steering
control and a means for controlling the modulation phase
simultaneously to each one of said first, second, third, and fourth
antenna elements located on said reflecting means wherein said DC
signal provides a beam-steering signal to each one of said antenna
elements.
9. The device recited in claim 8 wherein each of said antenna
elements is a dipole element wherein said second antenna element is
spaced one-half a wave-length from said first antenna element
wherein said first antenna element is spaced three and one-half
wavelengths from said third antenna element and four wavelengths
from said fourth antenna element.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to an antenna system for producing
an amplitude modulated signal at a receiver and more particularly
to an antenna system which will produce an amplitude modulated
signal at a receiver by varying the spatial amplitude distribution
of the antenna beam.
2. Description of the Prior Art.
Prior Antenna systems required separate AM modulations which
subsequently required a complicated RF source. This virtually
eliminated the use of AM modulation from specialized systems such
as ECM systems which use phased array antennas.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, the present invention comprises an antenna system for
producing an amplitude modulated signal at a receiver by properly
varying the spatial amplitude distribution of the antenna beam. The
antenna beam variation is accomplished by varying the relative
phase of a phase-array antenna at the desired modulation rate. A
variable DC bias signal is applied to each element of the antenna
which is used to steer the beam in angle. An AC signal is also
applied to each element which will appear as AM modulation at a
distant receiver.
The advantage provided by this unique method and device, which is
the subject matter of the present invention, is that a carrier wave
(CW) drive can be used for the antenna RF source. This greatly
simplifies the source and allows the driver to be operated in the
more efficient saturated amplified mode. Moreover, no separate AM
modulator is required because beam steering capability is already
present in most phased-array antennas at the present time. AM
modulation is not used in ECM systems because of the difficulties
mentioned above; this new and unique system would allow desirable
AM modulators to be employed with the present high efficiency
components.
STATEMENTS OF THE OBJECTS OF INVENTION
A primary object of the present invention is to produce an
amplitude modulated signal at a receiver by varying the spatial
amplitude distribution of an antenna beam.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device
which amplifies the RF source and allows the driver of the system
to be operated with a higher average power output.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device to
produce an amplitude modulated signal at a receiver without a
separate AM modulator and provide a continuous amplitude-modulated
multiple target coverage without wasting power.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device
which allows all of the RF hardware in the phased-array antenna to
operate on a continuous full-power basis.
Other objects and features will be apparent from the following
descriptions of the invention and from the accompanying drawings
wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the amplitude modulated
phased-array antenna system;
FIG. 1a is the amplitude modulation and phase excitation waveform
for a standard antenna array system;
FIG. 1b is an example of a phase print function generated from the
amplitude modulated phased-array antenna system illustrated in FIG.
1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a four element array antenna
system;
FIG. 3a is a schematic illustration of the four element
phased-array antenna illustrated in FIG. 2, in the beam steering
mode;
FIG. 3b is a schematic illustration of the four element
phased-array antenna illustrated in FIG. 2, with a bias signal
applied to the third and fourth element; and
FIG. 3c is a schematic diagram of the four element array
illustrated in FIG. 2, simulating a large aperture operation
function.
Referring to FIG. 1, the amplitude modulated antenna system 11
comprises a phased-array antenna system 13, a beam steering control
15 and a modulation phase control device 17. The phased array
antenna system 13 further comprises a plurality of antenna elements
19 and a plurality of RF drivers 21 operatively connected to each
element of the plurality of antenna elements 19. The drivers are
used to generate the RF signal to each antenna. Each RF driver 21
contains its own individual phase-shifting elements, either digital
or analog. Moreover, each of the drivers is connected to a single
antenna element. This portion of the antenna system is similar to
most phased-array antennas as presently configured. The unique
difference of the present system is the utilization of the
spatially selective amplitude modulator (SPASAM) technique,
hereinafter referred to as SPASAM, for control of the phase for
each of the RF driver elements. A conventional phased-array antenna
is intended to form a sharp beam as illustrated by the solid line
in FIG. 1 and is able to steer or point the beam in the direction
of target T. This aformentioned function is accomplished by driving
the ensemble of RF driver elements 21 with a linear phase gradient
across the antenna aperture. The signal set, required to accomplish
this, is generated by the beam steering control 15. The beam
steering control 15 generates a plurality of individual DC bias
outputs which are individually applied to each RF driver. The beam
steering control 15 accepts a single input DC signal and specifies
the direction that the beam should be pointed and subsequently
generates a DC bias signal for each of the RF driver elements of
the plurality of RF driver elements 21 which will shift the phase
appropriately to form and point the beam in the desired direction.
In most phased-arrays the antenna pattern remains nearly constant
as the beam is steered to different points in space, or when
modulation is applied to the RF going through the antenna. However,
when spatial modulation circuitry is used, a different function
results, which hereinafter will be described. The modulation phase
control device 17 has a single modulation input. The input is an AC
signal which can be generated by an oscillator circuit or any
similar device. The modulation control device 17 then generates an
appropriate modulation phase control signal or AC bias for each of
the RF driver elements. The aforementioned AC and DC bias signals
are generated simultaneously. This second set of phase control or
bias signals allows the antenna pattern to be changed in both space
and time according to the applications of the particular system.
The modulated beam is illustrated by the shaded portion in FIG. 1
so that the distant target T will, at any point within this shaded
beam, receive an amplitude modulated signal.
There are two broad categories of amplitude modulation generation
which can be used with the amplitude modulated antenna system. The
first is the beam-steering mode and the second is the unique SPASAM
technique.
Referring again to FIG. 1, assume that the beam steering control is
forming and pointing the beam shown by the solid block line toward
a distant target T. This function is usually accomplished by a
constant phase difference between each of the adjacent RF driver
elements 21.
Modulation is generated on the antenna beam by applying a set of
modulation phase-control signals to each of the RF driver elements
21. In this case, the signal applied to each RF driver element is
moderately small compared to the signal being applied to the
beam-steering control and thus results in only a small perturbation
of the phase of each RF driver element. If, in addition, the
modulator phase control signals are applied in the same uniform
phase difference pattern as the beam steering control signals, then
the spatial power pattern for the antenna 19 will remain constant
as a function of time. However, the position of the entire pattern
will move in space at the modulation rate. This is called the
beam-steering mode because the antenna power pattern remains
constant in a well formed beam as a function of time. Moreover, it
has been found that the relative amplitude modulation of signals
will vary as the position of the receiver varies in space.
The spatially selective amplitude modulation technique or SPASAM
includes all the modes of operation that are possible in which the
antenna beam shape is not constant as a function of time. Using the
SPASAM technique, the antenna may be made to operate as a linear
amplitude modulator in which the waveform is identical to that of
the modulation signal input, or it is possible to produce signals
which have waveforms different from the modulation signal.
To facilitate the understanding of the SPASAM technique, a
discussion of the general theory is necessary.
The antenna of any phased-array system 21 is generally specified by
an amplitude and a phase function across the antenna aperture, as
illustrated in FIG. 1a. A constant amplitude of unity with no
relative phase shift across the aperture is indicated. This
relationship would produce the familiar sin x/x distribution from a
phased-array antenna with the beam pointed on the broadside. If the
phase variation is made linear across the aperture with a constant
slope the sin x/x pattern will remain, but the antenna beam will
now be pointed in a different direction in space. In the SPASAM
function the phase function does not vary linearly across the
aperture. This has the effect of producing a different antenna
pattern as the phase pattern across the aperture is changed. This
additional phase variation across the aperture will be called, for
various technical reasons, the phase print function for the SPASAM
technique. FIG. 1b shows an example of a phase print function
consisting of 41/4 cycles of sinusoidal phase variation across the
antenna aperture. It has been found that the phase print exists
only for a certain instant in time and will be a complex function
of time. The set of phase print functions over a time T will be
called the modulation excitation function. In order to facilitate
the description of the many types of operations that are possible
in SPASAM, different classes of modulation excitation functions
have been generally identified by class of operation. A summary of
these classes are illustrated in Table I, and a description of the
various classes of modulation excitation functions will follow.
TABLE I
CLASSES OF MODULATION EXCITATION FUNCTIONS
Class Power Pattern Zero Phase Shift at Sinusoidal Stays the Same?
Modulation Excitation Frequency? 1 Yes Yes Yes 2 No Yes Yes 3 No No
Yes 4 No Yes No 5 No No No 6 No No No 7 No No No
Class Same Time- Same Fourier Waveform at Fundamental Each Element?
Frequency? 1 Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes 3 Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes 5 Yes Yes 6 No
Yes 7 No No
As stated previously, the set of phase print functions over a Time
T will define the modulation excitation function. Of the seven
classes of modulation excitation functions that will be described,
only the first, Class 1, does not generate SPASAM. The description
of these seven classes in Table I is as follows:
The identifying characteristic of the first class of modulation
signals is that the radiation power pattern shape is kept constant
in time. The driving signals from the RF drivers 21 may be
quasistatic or may be a modulation signal that corresponds to the
beam-steering mode of amplitude modulation, or a combination of the
two. The phase print for this class is the same as the phase
pattern used to steer the beam. See FIG. 1a.
The second class of modulation excitation function is more complex
than class one, but is the simplest form of SPASAM because the
radiation power pattern changes as a function of time. The phase
print function is not the same as the steering phase pattern. The
signal applied to each RF phase shifter has the same time waveform
and differs only in magnitude. That is, the signal applied to one
phase shifter will be different by a scale factor from the signal
applied to another phase shifter.
It has been found by experimentation, in class three, that the
modulation excitation function f(t) is a sinusoidal function. The
frequency of this f(t) is the modulating frequency. For example, if
the f(t) for element 1 of the antenna is lagging, the f(t) for
element 2 of the antenna by some number of degrees by some number
of degrees, this fact can be expressed as a phase shift by some
number of degrees at the modulation frequency between element 1 and
element 2. This phase shift at the modulation frequency forms the
basis for this class. The modulation excitation function in which
the signal to each RF driver has the same frequency and the same
peak amplitude, but a different phase shift at the same modulation
frequency is exemplified by this class.
The fourth class forms a nonsinusoidal, but periodic, time
waveform. This class has the same restrictions as class two, but
now f(t) can be any nonsinusoidal, nonlinear, but periodic
function. The period for all antenna element modulation signals
must be the same. In this instance, it is desirable to decompose
the signal waveform into its Fourier components.
Class five allows a phase shift at the modulation frequency, as
explained in class three, to occur for the same conditions as class
four.
In class six a different time waveform is applied to each of the RF
phase shifters. Again, however, the time waveform is restricted to
having the same fundamental Fourier period from element to element,
but the amplitude and phase of any or all of the components are
allowed to vary from point to point. In class seven the waveform
applied to each of the RF elements is different and the difference
is due to a different fundamental Fourier component of the
modulation signal. This set of modulation signals is approaching
the maximum decorrelation of the signal from antenna element to
antenna element and results in a spatially complex transmitted
signal from the antenna. The limit of this example would
necessarily be uncorrelated noise applied to each of the RF phase
shifters.
Thus, by varying the AC and DC bias signals generated by the
beam-steering control 15 and the modulation phase control 17, we
can develop the various classes of modulation excitation functions,
illustrated in Table I, and respective phase print function
signals, illustrated in FIG. 1b.
In many applications it is required that the antenna form and point
beams to more than one point in space simultaneously in order to
illuminate multiple targets. It has been found that the SPASAM
technique allows this, and in addition, will permit each of the
beams to produce the desired broadside AM signal at the target. The
first class, illustrated in Table I, can perform the aforementioned
function. In this case the signals driving the RF phase shifters
all have the same time waveform. It should be noted that this is
not beam-steering modulation. The static pattern is not being swept
back and forth. The beams at the desired location are made to grow
and shrink by means of a time-modulated phase print function; that
is, a modulation excitation function. Power taken out of the main
beam is put into modulated beams to produce these types of
signals.
The classes two through seven may be used for modulation excitation
functions and the multiple target problem. This group of modulation
excitation functions allows a trade-off between maximum peak power
and multiple target efficiency, and it is the simplest of the group
of modulating functions compatible with a multiple target
environment.
An example of an embodiment of the present invention, which has
been found to be quite satisfactory, is illustrated in FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 2, an amplitude modulated signal is produced at
the receiver by properly varying the signal to the relative element
phases in a phased-array antenna at the desired modulation rate.
The antenna system 31 comprises a linear array of four elements 33,
35, 37, and 39 with non-uniform spacing and single large reflecting
plane 41. The four elements 33, 35, 37, and 39 are individual
dipole elements. The antenna beam variation is accomplished by
varying the relative phases of the phase-array antenna 31. The
phase of the 3GHZ constant signal from each element can be
individually voltage controlled. However, it should be noted that
any method of individually controlling of each element is workable.
Applied to each antenna element 33, 35, 37, and 39 is a variable DC
bias signal which is used to steer the beam in angle and an AC
signal which will appear as AM modulation at a distant receiver.
The array 31 may be driven by a single RF oscillator and power
divider, or other similar devices.
More specifically, elements 33 and 35 are each paired and spaced by
a 1/2 wavelength and the other two elements 37 and 39 are separated
by 1/2 wavelengths. Element 33 is spaced 31/2 wavelengths from
element 37. This spacing is chosen only to illustrate a point and
not necessarily for operation. This particular configuration
simulates a single antenna which is filled in over the entire four
wavelength aperture. The reflecting plane 41 may be constructed of
copper or an equivalent metal with similar electrical
characteristics. A step recovery diode (SRD), or any similar
frequency multiplier, can be used for the generation of S-band
signals and the phase-shifter. Each element should be adjusted to
have a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than about 1.05
at an operating frequency of about 3 Ge. Each element is fed by a
step recovery diode module (srd) that can supply about several
milliwatts of power. The four step recovery diode (SRD) modules in
turn are supplied from a two-watt oscillator or amplifier, as the
case may be, and a four-way power divider. A bias supply feeds each
module to allow for the individual and simultaneous application of
DC bias, AC bias and beam-steering to each of the antenna elements
33, 35, 37, 39. The antenna 31 may be operated over a relatively
narrow phase-shift range or a wide phase-shift range, or as
desired. The beam can be adjusted manually or automatically, again
as desired. It should be noted that the major difference between
the unique AM generation technique, which is the subject matter of
the present invention, and conventional phased-array antenna
techniques lies not in the hardware but in how the hardware is
used.
Two classes of modulated phased-array antenna patterns with
relationship to the four element array can be identified: The first
involves the generation of a fixed antenna pattern shape which is
moved about in space over a relatively small angle by using a
suitable modulation input to the phase-shifter of the antenna. This
operation is called the beam-steering mode because the general
shape of the antenna beam remains fixed as it is moved or steered
by the modulator or modulating signal. The second class is much
more versatile and more complex; this is called spatially selective
amplitude modulation (SPASAM). In this mode the entire static
antenna pattern is modulated so that a new antenna pattern will
appear at each instant of time as the modulation signal which is
varied through its entire range. This complex modulation transfer
function of the antenna can be determined in terms of static
antenna-pattern measurements and will be described in conjunction
with the discussion of the beam-steering mode function.
Referring to FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c, terms .phi..sub.o through
.phi..sub.3 define the phase contribution of the physical spacing
of each element of the antenna and is a function of the spatial
angle. The terms .phi. also include DC phase shifts introduced to
steer the antenna beam in space. The deviation .phi..sub.o through
.phi..sub.3 represents only those contributions caused by the AC
modulating signal applied to the antenna. Two cooperating
phased-arrays can be simulated by driving .phi. and .phi..sub.3
with an identical DC bias signal for steering and allowing .phi.
and .phi..sub.3 to be identical and .phi. and .phi..sub.2 to be
zero; this would simulate two cooperating phased-arrays, each
operated in the beam-steering mode as illustrated in FIG. 2. A
single large antenna can be simulated for modulation purposes by
driving .phi..sub.o through .phi..sub.3 with the proper bias and
allowing .phi..sub.2 and .phi..sub.3 to be equal and .phi..sub.o
and .phi..sub.1 to be zero. This full-size antenna simulation
demonstrates the beam-steering mode.
The large aperture simulation for the general modulation transfer
function mode can be simulated by allowing .phi..sub.o through
.phi..sub.3 to assume any desired set of non-zero values and to be
whatever phase functions that are necessary to shape the beam and
to steer it in the desired direction. The unique antenna transfer
function device can produce spectra that are similar to an AM
suppressed carrier signal.
It should be noted that the SRD phase-shifters used in the four
element array, illustrated in FIG. 2, can be used as the
phase-shifters in the multiple element array illustrated in FIG.
1.
Many different beam modulation techniques are possible. Beam
position, beam shape and the number of beams all can be changed to
produce modulation.
* * * * *