U.S. patent number 3,805,099 [Application Number 05/349,292] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-16 for linear actuator.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Robertshaw Controls Company. Invention is credited to Samuel T. Kelly.
United States Patent |
3,805,099 |
Kelly |
April 16, 1974 |
LINEAR ACTUATOR
Abstract
A linear actuator of the solenoid type comprising a primary coil
adapted to be powered by an A.C. electrical source, a cylindrical
magnetic shield surrounding the exterior of the coil, a magnetic
central core member extending through the interior of the coil, an
end disc disposed at one end of the cylindrical shield and an
armature including a central opening to receive the core member
spring biased to form an air gap which when closed completes a
magnetic circuit including the core member, the shield and the end
disc. Disposed within the interior of the shield is a secondary
coil, induced by the change in the magnetic flux generated by the
primary coil during each electrical cycle, shielded from the
primary coil by a saturating or shading disc. Thus as the primary
coil is energized the armature is pulled in closing the magnetic
circuit and drawing the centrally located core member towards any
side of the central opening thereof to advance the core member
along with the armature. When the signal in the primary coil decays
the secondary coil is induced to magnetically latch the core member
thereto while the armature is released to advance along the core
member.
Inventors: |
Kelly; Samuel T. (Torrance,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Robertshaw Controls Company
(Richmond, VA)
|
Family
ID: |
23371735 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/349,292 |
Filed: |
April 9, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/14; 318/135;
335/259; 310/24; 335/245; 310/12.04; 310/12.27; 310/12.32 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01F
7/1607 (20130101); H01F 7/1638 (20130101); H01F
2007/1692 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01F
7/08 (20060101); H01F 7/16 (20060101); H02k
041/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/12-19,20-24,30,35,34 ;318/118,135
;335/745,255,259,269,267,256,283 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Duggan; D. F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fulwider, Patton, Rieber, Lee &
Utecht
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property
or
1. Apparatus for producing linear motion of an amplitude
proportional to the number of cycles of an electrical A.C. signal
supplied thereto, comprising:
a primary coil adapted to receive an electrical A.C. signal for
developing a primary magnetic flux according to the current level
thereof;
a secondary coil disposed in inductive proximity with one end of
said primary coil for developing a secondary magnetic flux when
said primary magnetic flux is changing;
magnetic armature means disposed proximate the other end of said
primary coil, including spring means for urging thereof to a
predetermined position relative said primary coil, for being
displaced from said predetermined position concurrent with the
production of said primary magnetic flux; and
a magnetic core means disposed in magnetic proximity with said
armature means, said primary coil and said secondary coil to be
drawn towards the adjacent surface of said armature and along with
said armature during the development of said primary magnetic flux
and to be drawn towards the adjacent surface of said secondary coil
during the development of said
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
magnetic circuit means disposed to contact at one end thereof the
distal surface of said armature means when said armature means is
drawn towards said primary coil, and terminating at the other end
thereof proximate said core means and said secondary coil, said
magnetic circuit means being conformed around said primary and
secondary coils, for concentrating said
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein:
said primary coil, secondary coil and armature means including
central opengins in concentric alignment; and
said core means including a magnetic cylindrical structure
conformed to be
4. Apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising:
retainer means disposed from said magnetic circuit means for
selective limiting of the separation of said armature means from
said primary coil
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
end stop means connected to said core means for providing abutting
magnetic structure between said core means and said armature means
when said core
6. Apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising:
end stop means formed on said core means for abutting said magnetic
circuit
7. Apparatus for producing linear motion corresponding to the
number of cycles of received electrical A.C. signal,
comprising:
a primary electrical coil conformed to describe an annular
structure and adapted to receive an electrical A.C. signal;
a cylindrical magnetic central core member conformed to be received
in the central opening of said primary coil;
a floating magnetic armature disposed at one end of said primary
coil including a central opening conformed to receive said core
member disposed concentric with said primary coil proximate one end
thereof;
a cylindrical magnetic shield formed to receive said primary coil
and said central core member;
spring means disposed between said armature and said primary coil
for urging said armature away from said primary coil; and
a secondary elecrical coil disposed in inductive proximity with
said primary coil and conformed to describe an annular structure
receiving said
8. Apparatus for producing linear motion of an amplitude
proportional to the number of cycles of an electrical A.C. signal
supplied thereto, comprising:
a primary coil adapted to receive the electrical A.C. signal for
producing a magnetic flux according to the current level thereof
including a first central opening;
a magnetic shield disposed on the exterior of said primary
coil;
a secondary coil disposed within said shield for magnetic induction
at one end of said primary coil including a second central opening
concentric with said first central opening;
a magnetic central core member disposed to extend into said first
and second central opening of said primary and secondary coil;
magnetic structure means disposed between said shield and said core
member including saturating means disposed intermediate said
primary coil and said secondary coil for forming a magnetic circuit
thereacross;
a movable armature disposed at the other end of said primary coil
including a third central opening conformed to receive said central
core member and extending at the periphery thereof to contact said
shield; and
spring means operatively connected between said armature and said
shield
9. Apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
a nonmagnetic spacer interposed between said armature and the
exposed surface of said magnetic structure means.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to solenoid actuators, and more
particularly to A.C. powered solenoid actuators for producing
linear motion.
2. Description of the Prior Art:
In many control applications, and particularly in applications were
remote actuation of large valves is required, the electrical power
requirements of a solenoid activating such large valves is often
prohibitive and many A.C. solenoids have been developed in the past
which integrate a plurality of cycles in order to produce a linear
motion of a particular amplitude. This integrating effect by which
an alternating electrical current is converted or rectified to a
linear motion reduces the current load at any one time through the
solenoid coil thus allowing a small current load to activate large
linear motions. A further requirement of such actuators is that
they be adaptable to any desired actuation rate in order to
complement various control systems and that they be linear in
response. Accordingly various schemes such as an introduction of
dither and the like, have been introduced in the past to reduce the
mechanical nonlinearities of solenoids. Heretofore all such linear
actuators operated on the mechanical ratchet principle such that
repetitive mechanical contact was experienced during the actuation
cycle and continual maintenance was required to replace worn out
mechanical parts. Furthermore mechanical contacts generally exhibit
nonlinear responses, such as the transition from static to coulomb
friction. Thus the presence of mechanical structure in the solenoid
typically presented unfavorable characteristics of response
requiring extensive corrective efforts.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly it is the general purpose and object of the present
invention to provide a linear A.C. actuator which
electro-magnetically latches along its pull-in cycle to produce an
integrated pull-in motion at a predetermined rate. Other objects of
the invention are to alternately couple a primary and a secondary
magnetic circuit to the core member of the solenoid where the
primary magnetic circuit advances the core while the secondary
magnetic circuit induced by the primary magnetic circuit provides
forces holding the core in any position while the primary magnetic
circuit is decaying.
Briefly these and other objects are accomplished within the present
invention by a spring loaded armature spring biased to present an
air gap in a magnetic circuit around a primary coil. When the
primary coil is energized the armature is pulled in to close the
air gap thus increasing the permeance of the magnetic circuit.
Extending through the interior of the magnetic coil and through the
center of the armature is a central core member which forms the
actuating structure of the solenoid completing the magnetic circuit
around the primary coil. In the first embodiment the central core
member, of the actuator, of the solenoid is substantially longer
than the longitudinal dimension of the primary coil, extending from
the coil at both ends. Thus when the primary coil is energized only
relatively weak centering forces are generated on the core member.
In this manner the core member is latched to the armature during
its pull-in motion when the primary coil is energized. Accordingly
the motion of the central core member is directly tied to the
motion of the armature when the armature is pulled in by the
magnetic field of the primary coil. In order to preclude
oscillation of the central core along with the oscillations of the
armature a secondary magnetic circuit is provided comprising a
secondary coil, disposed in concentric relationship around the
central core member, which is induced by the decay of the primary
magnetic circuit. Accordingly as the primary magnetic circuit
decays a current is induced into the secondary coil forming a
secondary magnetic circuit which fixes the location of the central
core while the primary magnetic circuit has decayed. The inductive
phase relationship between the primary magentic circuit and the
secondary magnetic circuit rectifies the motion of the central core
member thus producing linear actuation which is an integral of the
number of electrical alternations passed through the primary coil.
The respective ends of the central core are further provided with
end stops which on one end depress the armature against the
adjacent structure of the magnetic circuit when the linear motion
is completed, thus closing the magnetic circuit to provide a
substantially large permeance. This particular feature reduces the
holding current requirements when the actuator is at its extreme
position. When the core is in its extreme position the armature is
maintained in its closed position through the A.C. voltage
fluctuations by virtue of the out of phase holding action of the
secondary magnetic circuit.
In a second embodiment the central core member is conformed to
telescope into the armature on the interior of the primary coil.
The armature is spring biased by a cup spring to form an air gap
between the distal end thereof and the end plate of the housing
forming the primary magentic circuit around the primary coil. Thus
as the primary coil is energized the core and the armature are
drawn together and move as a unit as the armature is pulled in to
close the air gap. The tractive forces acting on the core assist
the pull in. Similar to the first embodiment of a secondary coil
provides a latching magnetic circuit during the decay of the
primary magnetic circuit thus providing the rectification in the
primary circuit necessary to advance the core member into the coil.
In order to provide a higher reactance magnetic circuit during the
fully advanced state of the core member a projection is formed
concentric therewith which extends beyond the armature to close the
magnetic circuit when fully abutting against the end plate within
the interior of the primary coil. This closure of the magnetic
circuit establishes a substantial inductive reactance on the
primary coil thus reducing the current draw when fully
advanced.
Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent
from consideration of the following description taken in connection
with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a linear
actuator constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the linear actuator shown in
FIG. 1 advanced to an intermediate position;
FIG. 3 is yet another partial cross-sectional view of the linear
actuator shown in FIG. 1 as fully advanced to the extreme end of
its travel;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of a
linear actuator constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a linear actuator shown in FIG.
4 advanced to an intermediate position; and
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a linear actuator shown in FIG.
4 advanced to the extreme of its travel.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, a linear actuator generally
designated as 10 comprises a primary coil 11 adapted to be
energized by any convenient A.C. power source and formed to
describe an annular structure including a central cavity 12 having
received therein a cylindrical central core member 15 forming the
core of the solenoid.
The core member 15 is dimensionally substantially longer than the
longitudinal dimension of the coil 11 extending at both ends
thereof from the central cavity defined by the coil. Disposed
around one protruding end of member 15 is a floating armature 20
generally shaped in the form of a disc extending from an outwardly
protruding neck 19 including a central bore conformed to the outer
dimensions of member 15. Armature 20 is retained in position by
nonmagnetic retainers 21 extending from the outer peripherial
surface of an external ferrous cylindrical shield 22 disposed in
surrounding relationship around coil 11, being urged by an armature
spring 23 compressed between the armature 20 and the adjacent end
of the coil 11 away from the end of shield 22, thereby forming an
air gap for providing an alterable permeance interval between the
armature 20 and shield 22 when the coil is energized. At the
opposite end shield 22 abuts a circular end plate 24 including a
central opening 25 also conformed to receive the core member 15,
being affixed to said shield in concentric alignment therewith.
In this manner a toroidal magnetic circuit is formed enclosing coil
11 where the central core member 15 forms the center of the toroid
and where the magnetic loop is closed by the armature 20, the
cylindrical shield 22 and the disc 24. When coil 11 is energized,
i.e., when the current passed through coil 11 is high during the
A.C. cycle, the magnetic field conducted through these elements
develops attractive forces between the armature 20 and the end of
shield 22 urging the armature towards the shield 22 to close the
air gap therebetween. Concurrently the attractive magnetic forces
draw the central core against the inner wall of the protruding neck
19 of the armature where static friction maintains the core and
armature fixed in mutual position as the armature 20 is drawn
towards the shield 22 to close the air gap therebetween. It is
contemplated that the centering strength of the magnetic circuit on
the central core member 15 is effectively low compared to the
latching strength of the static friction against the adjacent inner
surface of the neck 19 of armature 20, thereby effectively latching
the central core to the action of the armature such that the
central core moves along with the armature. Disposed intermediate
between the disc 24 and the adjacent end of coil 11 is a secondary
coil 30 shielded from coil 11 by a shielding disc 31 which is
dimensionally sized to saturate when coil 11 is energized. Thus the
secondary coil 30 is induced at a phase lag of 90 degrees behind
the induced magnetic field generated by coil 11, thereby generating
a secondary magnetic field through disc 24, shield 22, disc 31 and
the adjacent part of the central core member 15 which is at its
peak when coil 11 is de-energized or is decaying. This secondary
magnetic circuit latches core 15 in its advanced position, similar
to the latching of the armature, when the primary magnetic circuit
is decaying, i.e., when the armature is released, thereby allowing
armature 20 to advance on core 15 while core 15 is maintained in
position. In this manner two alternative magnetic circuits are
formed which alternately latch the core to the armature and to the
secondary coil 30 thereby advancing the core along with the
armature during the energization of the primary magnetic circuit
and latching the core to the secondary magnetic circuit when the
primary magnetic circuit is de-energized. It is to be noted that
due to the phase relationship between the primary and the secondary
magnetic circuit the strongest field developed by the secondary
magnetic circuit occurs when the primary magnetic circuit is
essentially open-looped by the air gap developed between armature
20 and shield 22. Thus a rectification effect takes place whereby a
core of substantially longer dimensions than the solenoid coil is
advanced through the solenoid coil according to the number of
cycles imposed across the primary and secondary magnetic circuit.
At the extreme ends of travel the core is engaged by stops
including a circular disc 35 proximate the advanced end thereof and
a plastic, deformable O-ring 36 at the collapsed end. Accordingly
as the core is advanced to a point where disc 35 closes the
magnetic circuit between the armature 20 and core member 15 driving
the armature against the end of shield 22 to form a magnetic
circuit of high permeance.
In operation core 15 is advanced by the alternating latching cycles
of the central core with armature 20 and with the secondary
magnetic circuit formed by disc 24, shield 22 and shading disc 31.
The core is wholly unencumbered between the end stops and is
therefore advanced by the free floating armature during the
energized state of the primary circuit. As the electrical signal in
the primary coil 11 decays the shaded secondary magnetic circuit
latches to the core, holding it in place while the floating
armature is returned to its original position by the spring 23.
During this return of armature period the primary magnetic circuit
is at a low flux density and therefore generates lower latching
forces than the latching forces generated by the secondary magnetic
circuit. Thus on the return cycle of the armature the core is
latched in the advanced position relative the secondary magnetic
circuit, producing an effective rectification of the linear motion
of the core. At the extremely advanced position or as shown in FIG.
3, the armature is held in its closed position both during the
energized and the decayed states of the primary circuit, where the
direct metal to metal contact of the various elements forms a
magnetic circuit of relatively high permeance thus generating a
high inductive reactance in the primary coil to reduce the holding
power requirements. Upon de-energization of the primary coil
magnetic unlatching allows for an unrestricted return of the core
member to its initial or unloaded position.
As shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, a second embodiment of the present
invention generally designated by the numeral 50 includes a central
core 55 concentrically telescoped into a movable tubular armature
60 within the interior of a primary coil 61. A casing 62 encloses
the primary coil 61 having disposed therein a secondary or shading
coil 65 in surrounding relationship with core 55 and intermediate
the extreme end of casing 62 and the adjacent end of coil 61.
Armature 60 is urged inwardly into the central cavity formed by
coil 61 by a cup spring 70 abutting against a disc 71 affixed to
casing 62 in substantially opposing relationship with the exposed
end of core 55. Cup spring 70 further includes a central opening 72
conformed to receive a reduced extension 56 on the adjacent end of
core 55 to provide direct contact between core 55 and the end disc
71 at the extremely advanced end of travel of core 55. Disc 71
further includes a threadable end stop 75 through which adjustment
can be made on the extremes of the motion of armature 60. On the
opposite end casing 62 further includes a nonferrous sleeve 77
concentrically receiving core 55 being conformed to mate with the
core for providing an abutting structure for the core member when
the secondary coil 65 is energized thus, similar to the first
embodiment, latching the core during the decay of the magnetic
circuit developed by the primary coil 61. Similar to the first
embodiment the secondary coil or the shading coil 65 has a
saturating disc interclosed between the adjacent end of coil 61 and
coil 65 to provide for the local magnetic path necessary to
generate a local flux in the magnetic circuit around the secondary
coil 65. On the exterior of casing 62 a return spring 80 is
compressed between a spring retainer 81 engaged at the free end
thereof to core 55, such that upon de-energization of the primary
coil the core is extracted from the interior of coil 61.
The operation of this embodiment is substantially similar to the
operation of the first embodiment where the magnetic field
generated by the primary coil urges the armature to abut against
the end stop 75 thereby reducing the air gap formed therebetween,
carrying along with this motion the central core 55. Upon decay of
the primary magnetic circuit the secondary magnetic circuit induced
through coil 65 is energized, substantially out of phase with the
primary coil, to latch the core in position when the primary
magnetic circuit is de-energized. When fully advanced to a closed
position the extension 56 of core 55 protrudes through the opening
in the cup spring 70 to make direct contact with the face of the
end stop 75, thereby providing a direct contact reducing all air
gaps in the magnetic circuit formed by casing 62, disc 71 and core
55. In this manner a closed circuit of substantially high permeance
is formed in the fully advanced position thereby generating large
inductive reactance in the primary coil and reducing the primary
coil power requirements in the fully advanced position. At this
time the out of phase secondary magnetic circuit mitigates the
force fluctuations, due to the cyclic character of A.C.
energization, to provide quiet holding against an external load
including the return spring 80.
Some of the many advantages of the present invention should now be
readily apparent. The invention utilizes a secondary or shading
magnetic circuit which is induced by the action of the primary coil
and which forms a peak flux during the decay period of the primary
coil thereby providing for a latching action when the primary coil
is decaying. In this manner no mechanical accessories are necessary
to rectify the alternating motion of the core thereby reducing the
mechanical wear usually attendant with actuators of this kind.
Obviously many modifications and variations are possible in the
light of the above teachings. It is therefore intended that the
scope of the invention be determined by the appended claims.
* * * * *