U.S. patent number 3,804,019 [Application Number 05/295,053] was granted by the patent office on 1974-04-16 for shot shell and improved wadding therefor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hercules Incorporated. Invention is credited to Eldon Kenneth Hurley.
United States Patent |
3,804,019 |
Hurley |
April 16, 1974 |
SHOT SHELL AND IMPROVED WADDING THEREFOR
Abstract
Loaded shot shells, in which the wadding member is formed from a
water soluble plastic material, and hence, when discharged from a
gun into a water-containing environment it dissolves in the water
to eliminate its presence as an environmental pollutant.
Inventors: |
Hurley; Eldon Kenneth (Kenvil,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
Hercules Incorporated
(Wilmington, DE)
|
Family
ID: |
23136016 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/295,053 |
Filed: |
October 4, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
102/448;
102/532 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F42B
7/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F42B
7/08 (20060101); F42B 7/00 (20060101); F42b
007/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;102/42R,42C,95 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
3055031 |
September 1962 |
Miller et al. |
3270671 |
September 1966 |
Daubenspeck et al. |
|
Primary Examiner: Stahl; Robert F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Stewart; S. Grant
Claims
What I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:
1. In a shot shell, including propellant, primer, wadding, and shot
pellet components, said wadding formed from a water soluble plastic
wadding means which, when discharged from a gun into a water
containing environment, dissolves in the water to eliminate its
presence as an environmental pollutant.
2. A shot shell of claim 1 wherein said wadding is formed by
molding said plastic material.
3. A shot shell of claim 2, wherein said wadding is cup-shaped.
4. a shot shell of claim 1 wherein said wadding is formed from a
hydroxypropyl cellulose having an M.S. of from 2-10.
5. A shot shell of claim 4, wherein said M.S. is within the range
of from 3-5.
6. A shot shell of claim 4, wherein said wadding is formed by
molding said hydroxypropyl cellulose.
7. A shot shell of claim 5, wherein said wadding material is formed
by injection molding said hydroxypropyl cellulose.
8. A shot shell of claim 7 wherein said wadding material is
cup-shaped.
9. A shot shell of claim 8 for firing from a 12-gauge shotgun.
10. A shot shell of claim 2, wherein said plastic contains a fiber
reinforcing material.
Description
This invention relates to loaded shot shells containing improved
wad members. In one aspect this invention relates to loaded shot
shells containing a plastic wad member which, after the shot, is
readily dissolved in water-, dew-, or rain-wet/environments
including small streams, lakes, rivers and the like, and hence does
not accumulate in the environment as a pollutant. Other aspects
will be apparent in light of the accompanying disclosure and the
appended claims.
Shot shell wads are disposed in the shot casing between the
propellant and the shot to seal the hot propellant gases from the
shot particles after the firing, and hence serve as a piston to
drive the shot through the gun barrel. Although the wadding
material has for many years been formed from cloth or paper, and
more recently discs of fiber or felt, molded pliable plastic wads
particularly those from polyethylene and polypropylene are now more
generally used. The pliable plastic materials form a much improved
gas seal, and when molded in form of a cup the wad also acts as a
sleeve to protect the shot during passage through the barrel and
contribute significantly to improve ballistic performance and
pattern efficiency.
However, these plastic wad materials often accumulate in the firing
area as pollutants in the environment and are particularly damaging
to wildlife. One instance of such undesirable pollution effect
arises in trap and skeet shooting areas in which after firing, the
wads generally travel 20 to 40 feet from the muzzle of the gun and
with continued heavy shooting they accumulate around the shooting
station to present a serious litter problem. When these plastic
wads are shot over water, ducks and geese endeavor to consume them
but, in so doing, they are unable to swallow the plastic materials
which then become lodged in the throat area to cause choking and
ultimate death.
This invention is concerned with loaded shot shells in which the
wadding is a pliable plastic affording the advantages of such
materials heretofore without incurring the litter and pollution
problems inherent in the use of those plastic materials in water
environments.
In accordance with the invention, and as illustrated in the
attached drawing, a loaded shot shell, including primer,
propellant, wadding, and shot pellet components is provided in
which the wadding is formed from a water-soluble plastic means
which when discharged from a gun into a water containing
environment dissolves in the water to eliminate its presence as an
environmental pollutant.
Although any suitable water soluble plastic material can be
utilized to form a wad member in the shot shell assembly of
invention, hydroxypropyl cellulose, known commercially as "Klucel"
is now preferred. The preferred hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel)
can be prepared by mixing the cellulosic material, alkali, water
and a water-miscible inert organic diluent, removing excess liquid
from the resulting alkali cellulose, and then causing the alkali
cellulose to react with propylene oxide. The water soluble plastic
product (Klucel) is soluble in cold water, insoluble in hot water,
soluble in polar organic solvents and is thermoplastic; and it has
an M.S. of from 2-10, more often 3-5, by which term it is meant the
average number of moles of reactant combined with the cellulose per
anhydroglucose unit. The thermoplastic hydroxypropyl cellulose
product (Klucel), and its manufacture, are further described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,278,521, which for that purpose is incorporated
herein by reference. Other suitable water soluble plastic wadding
materials include polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, methyl
cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl celluose.
The wadding is preferably formed by injection molding the
water-soluble plastic material in shape and size to coaxially close
the shell casing and produce a sufficiently close fit with the
shell inner wall for the requisite seal to prevent escape of gas
from the ignited propellant into the shot. Generally the wadding is
loaded in the shell under compression sufficient for the required
close fit but permitting the wad member to yield in response to
axial force of the propellant gases for travel through the barrel
in the requisite gas tight relationship therewith. Accordingly, the
diameter of the wad member to be loaded into the gun is
substantially the same as the bore of the gun barrel. Although the
wadding members are generally formed by injection molding, they can
be formed in accordance with any suitable procedure, such as by
extrusion, vacuum forming, compression molding, and the like.
Often the shot shell wadding is cup-shaped, the open end facing,
and encompassing the adjacent shot pellets in the shell. An
exemplary cup-shaped wadding material for a 12- gauge shot shell
has an outside diameter in order of three-fourth inch, a height of
about 11/4 inch, a wall thickness of about one thirty-second inch,
a depth of about three-fourths and is slightly tapered outwardly
toward the open end. Although a cup-shaped wadding is generally
preferred, the wadding material can be of any suitable shape often
as a solid, elongated cylinder, or a disc, pressed into
position.
Although a lubricant ingredient can often be advantageously
incorporated into the wadding member during its formation, for
deposition on the gun barrel walls to provide a lubricated barrel
surface for the firing, such is generally unnecessary inasmuch as
sufficient of the plastic wadding material generally deposits on
the gun barrel wall for that purpose.
Fiber reinforcing materials are advantageously utilized as
components of the water soluble plastic formulation when the latter
is to be molded to form the wadding material. Exemplary of these
fibrous molding materials are short staple cotton, rayon,
polyester, polypropylene and fiberglass in lengths in the order of
from about one-sixteenth to one-fourth inch. These materials have
an insignificant effect on water solubility of the plastic wadding
material unless they are hydrophilic, in which event they assist in
break up of the wadding material in water. The reinforcing fibers
assist in maintaining dimensional stability of the wadding material
after molding, by minimizing stresses imparted to the molded
wadding.
Often, an inert filler can be incorporated into the plastic wadding
material for economic reasons without seriously impairing the
antipollution function of the wadding material. For example, talc
is advantageously utilized as an extender in molded Klucel
waddings. When the Klucel wadding material dissolves in water, the
residual talc particles, which are not harmful to wildlife, migrate
into the ground. Cornstarch is exenplary of another such inert
filler advantageously utilized in plastic wadding materials in
practice of the invention.
The invention is illustrated with reference to the following
examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Each of two Klucel powders, (A) and (B), having the following
respective formulations was injection molded to form a plurality of
shot gun wadding members:
Formulation A Parts by Weight Klucel (molecular weight 300,000.
M.S. = 3.8-4.1) 50 Talc 50 TiO.sub.2 2.5 Propylene Glycol 0.5
Glycerol Monostearate 0.5 Antioxidants 0.4
Formulation B Parts by Weight Klucel (molecular weight 50,000. M.S.
= 3.6-3.7) 100 Propylene Glycol 0.5 Glycerol Monostearate 0.5
Antioxidants 0.4
Each molded wad was cup-shaped, and was loaded together with a
primer, propellant, and shot pellets, as the wad component, in a
12gauge shell casing. Each loaded shell was fired from a 12-gauge
shot gun, and an excellent shot pattern was obtained in each
instance.
The above wadding members, after immersion in water, collapse and
lose their physical form within one hour, and completely dissolve
in the water within a period of from 2-4 hours, thereby being
readily soluble in environmental water with which they come into
contact to avoid accumulation in such environments as litter or as
potential danger to wildlife, and particularly water fowl.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for the two Klucel
powder formulations which were Formulations C and D, as
follows:
Formulation C Parts by Weight Klucel (molecular weight 750,000.
M.S. = 3.9-4.1) 50 Talc 50 Propylene Glycol 0.2 Glycerol
Monostearate 0.5 TiO.sub.2 3.0 Antioxidants 0.4
Formulation D Parts by Weight Klucel (molecular weight 750,000.
M.S. = 3.9-4.1) 50 Talc 50 Propylene Glycol 0.2 Glycerol
Monostearate 0.5 Carboxymethylcellulose 5.0 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
Latex 5.0 Antioxidants 0.4
In addition to the shot pattern and water solubility
characteristics of Example 1, the wad members exhibited improve
physical integrity upon firing, as a function of the higher
molecular weight of the Klucel.
The following formulations, all in parts by weight, are further
exemplary of Klucel powders from which the wadding elements of the
invention can be formed, preferably by injection molding:
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