U.S. patent number 3,795,003 [Application Number 05/335,875] was granted by the patent office on 1974-02-26 for schwarzschild radar antenna with a unidirectional turnstile scanner.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army. Invention is credited to Whilden G. Heinard, James M. Meek, Clarence F. Ravilious.
United States Patent |
3,795,003 |
Meek , et al. |
February 26, 1974 |
SCHWARZSCHILD RADAR ANTENNA WITH A UNIDIRECTIONAL TURNSTILE
SCANNER
Abstract
A Schwarzschild Antenna includes feed horns respectively mounted
on a turile waveguide switch. During transmission, as each horn
passes a particular arc of rotation, microwave energy is emitted
from the horn onto an adjacent mirror that reflects the energy to
the antenna reflectors. The result is a unidirectional scan in the
far field. A tracking mode of operation is also provided. Either of
the two modes of operation may be selected by the operator.
Inventors: |
Meek; James M. (Silver Spring,
MD), Ravilious; Clarence F. (Rockville, MD), Heinard;
Whilden G. (Bethesda, MD) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
23313589 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/335,875 |
Filed: |
February 26, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/754; 343/756;
343/761; 343/779; 343/781R; 343/837 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
3/18 (20130101); H01Q 19/18 (20130101); H01Q
19/191 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
19/10 (20060101); H01Q 19/18 (20060101); H01Q
19/19 (20060101); H01Q 3/18 (20060101); H01Q
3/00 (20060101); H01q 019/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/754,756,761,779,781,837 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kelly; Edward J. Berl; Herbert
Elbaum; Saul
Claims
Wherefore, we claim the following:
1. A Schwarzschild antenna system having main and subreflectors,
the system comprising:
a plurality of waveguide pipes extending radially from a central
rotating hub;
window means formed in the hub for insuring passage of energy
through only one pipe at a time;
a rotatable mirror positioned adjacent a central aperture formed in
the main reflector for transmitting microwave energy to and from
the aperture;
and means disposed adjacent the rotatable mirror for directing
microwave energy in the pipes along a direction coincident with the
mirror;
whereby microwave energy flowing through the hub during
transmission will sequentially energize each pipe, as each pipe
passes through a preselected arc of rotation, the sequential
energization of the pipes resulting in the reflection of a
unidirectional sector scan from the mirror, the subreflector, and
the main reflector to the far field.
2. The subject matter set forth in claim 1 wherein the plurality of
waveguide pipes are mounted 90.degree. apart, to form a turnstile
scanner, each pipe curving along an outward end portion and further
wherein the microwave energy directing means comprises a feed horn
connected to an outward end of each pipe.
3. The subject matter of claim 1 wherein the plurality of waveguide
pipes are radially mounted 90.degree. apart to form a turnstile
scanner, each pipe terminating outwardly in a horn, and further
wherein the microwave energy directing means comprises an
organ-pipe transition.
4. The subject matter of claim 2 together with a microwave lens
positioned between a feed horn traversing the arc and the mirror;
whereby the lens optimizes directivity of a beam reflected from the
rotatable mirror.
5. The structure of claim 4 wherein the lens may be fabricated from
a plurality of adjacently spaced metal plates having varying
channel lengths therebetween.
6. The structure of claim 4 wherein the lens may be fabricated from
a plurality of adjacently spaced metal plates having varying gaps
therebetween.
7. The subject matter of claim 4 wherein the lens may be fabricated
from a plurality of adjacently spaced dielectric plates that have
varying lengths.
8. The subject matter of claim 4 wherein the lens may be fabricated
from a plurality of adjacently spaced dielectric plates that have
varying indices of refraction.
9. The structure of claim 1 wherein the hub forms a portion of an
R.F. turnstile switch, the switch being connected through a
rotatable joint to a transmitter-receiver.
10. The structure set forth in claim 1 wherein the main reflector
is a twistflector.
11. The structure of claim 1 wherein the subreflector is a
transflector.
12. The system defined in claim 1 wherein the rotatable mirror has
beveled tapering edges to render the rotatable mirror more compact
for rapid switching.
13. The subject matter of claim 3 together with means for
generating a conical scan, said means located adjacent the
rotatable mirror, the mirror transmitting the conical scan to the
subreflector and to the main reflector when the mirror is
repositioned in a second angular orientation.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and
licensed by or for the United States Government for governmental
purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to Cassegrain Antennas having a
unidirectional scanner, and more particularly to the Schwarzschild
Antenna with rotating feed horns to produce the unidirectional scan
for reflection to the far field via a mirror reflector.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As discussed in our co-pending application Ser. No. 335,877, filed
Feb. 26, 1973, the recent prior art has introduced the
Schwarzschild Antenna which is an aplanatic system with reflectors
shaped to satisfy the Abbe sine condition. Our co-pending
application is primarily directed to a Schwarzschild Antenna with a
switching means that allows the antenna to operate in a tracking
mode (this is monopulse or con scan) or a relatively wide angle
unidirectional sector scan.
The combination of scan modes and the ability to switch rapidly
between these modes of operation are novel advantages. In addition,
utilization of a Schwarzschild antenna results in superior off-axis
focusing capabilities.
A detailed discussion of preliminary design considerations for
Schwarzschild Antenna is included in the referenced co-pending
application. The antenna of the co-pending application employs an
organ-pipe scanner for producing a unidirectional scan. Although
this operates satisfactorily, it requires a relatively large
physical space.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a unidirectional scanner for a
Schwarzschild Antenna which is relatively compact when compared to
the structure of the invention, disclosed in the referenced
co-pending application. A high-gain pencil or oval beam sweeps the
far field during scanning.
In a first embodiment of the invention, curved turnstile microwave
conduits traverse an adjacently positioned mirror that reflects
microwave energy, during transmission, to a pair of reflectors. The
reflectors in turn reflect the moving beam to the far field
producing a high gain unidirectional scanning beam.
By utilizing a metallic or a dielectric lens in this embodiment,
superior directivity is rendered the beam between feed and
subreflector.
A second embodiment of the invention discloses the utilization of a
simplified turnstile switch and feed horn assembly cooperating with
an arcuate section of an organ-pipe scanner. This combination
achieves the relatively wide angle unidirectional sector scan that
is desired without the inclusion of a metal or dielectric lens. Due
to the use of the turnstile switch, the organ pipe transition is
markedly simplified when compared to conventional organ pipe
scanners.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a first embodiment of the
present invention.
FIG. 2 is a front sectional view taken along a plane passing
through section line 2--2 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of a modified form of the present
invention.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the components shown in FIG. 3
whereby a lens is shown in its spatial relationship to the feed
horns of a turnstile scanner.
FIG. 5 is a rear elevational view illustrating the combination of a
turnstile feed horn assembly with an organ-pipe transition in a
second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of the structure shown in FIG. 5
and taken along a plane passing through section line 6--6 of FIG.
5.
FIG. 7 is an end view of a second type of microwave lens for use
with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the figures, and more particularly FIG. 1 thereof, the
subreflector of the antenna system is indicated by reference
numeral 10. The main reflector 12 is disposed in spaced relation
from the subreflector. In a preferred embodiment of the invention,
the subreflector is a transflector while the main reflector is a
twistflector. These reflectors form the basic Schwarzschild
antenna, the reflectors forming an aplanatic system which meets the
Abbe sine condition. A rectangular aperture 13 is centrally formed
in the main reflector.
To the left of the aperture 13 is an angularly oriented flat mirror
14 which reflects energy that is transmitted from a pyramid horn
16. The horn 16 is a transmitter output of a turnstile scanner
having four legs, each leg terminating in a horn such as 16. This
assembly is more visually apparent in FIG. 2.
Considering a single leg of the turnstile scanner assembly, the
output horn 16 is connected to and fed energy by a waveguide
section 18 which then extends to a radially disposed waveguide
section 20. In a similar manner, FIG. 1 illustrates a second
radially disposed leg that has a radial waveguide section 22 that
curves around to a final output pyramid horn 24. FIG. 2 illustrates
the disposition of the remaining horns 26 and 28, of the turnstile
scanner. The inward arms of the turnstile scanner assembly are
mounted in a turnstile R.F. switch generally indicated by reference
numeral 50. This type of switch is conventional and is disclosed in
the textbook MIT Radiation Laboratory Series, Vol. 26, Radar
Scanners and Radomes, by Cady, Karelitz and Turner. The text is
published by McGraw-Hill, 1948. See page 58.
The turnstile switch 50 includes a central cylindrical body 30 that
is stationarily mounted. This body is mounted to a rotatable hub 40
which receives the radially inward ends of the waveguide pipes in
the turnstile scanner assembly, as indicated at reference numeral
32. It is to be emphasized that the turnstile R.F. switch allows
passage of microwave energy to only one turnstile leg at a time in
the scanner assembly. In FIGS. 1 and 2, only the lower leg becomes
energized as it traverses the "on" time arc illustrated in FIG. 2.
Therefore, as each leg of the turnstile assembly approaches this
arc, it becomes energized. After the leg traverses the arc,
microwave energy ceases to flow through it. The R.F. switch has a
waveguide extension 34 which permits the connection of the switch
to a waveguide 36. The outward end of the waveguide 36 is connected
to a transmitter-receiver (not shown).
Referring to FIG. 2 of the drawings, an explanation of the
generation of a unidirectional sector scan will now be made.
If it is assumed that the rotation of horn 16 is in the
counterclockwise direction, as indicated in the figure, "on" time
for each feed begins at the point indicated by reference numeral
54. The feed horn 16 then traverses the arc 58 which may be
considered as the "on" time arc. Traversal of this arc by the feed
horn 16 is generally indicated by reference numeral 52. As the feed
horn 16 traverses the arc 58, transmitter energy flows from
waveguide 36 (FIG. 1) to the R.F. switch 50. A stationary window
(not shown) in the hub portion 40 of the R.F. switch allows the
microwave energy to pass therethrough and into the microwave pipe
20 for the eventual delivery to the horn 16. Energy emanates from
the horn 16 and impinges against a confronting surface of the
mirror 14. The mirror 14 is normally disposed at the nominal
45.degree. angle shown. Reflection from the mirror results, and
energy is directed through the aperture 13 to the inward side of
the subreflector 10. Thereafter, the energy is reflected from the
main reflector to the far field. To illustrate the reflection path,
the travel of an edge ray is illustrated.
While the horn 16 travels the "on" time arc 58, microwave energy is
continuously emitted from the horn 16 and is relatively constant.
When the horn 16 reaches point 56, the energy is cut off from the
pipe 20. At this time, the next horn 26 will be entering the "on"
time arc 58 and it will direct energy to the mirror in the same
manner as horn 16 did. As each horn traverses the "on" time arc 58,
the angle of reflection from the mirror 14 varies and as a result,
the reflected energy becomes a relatively wide angle sector scan.
As the system is reciprocal, it will operate similarly in the
receive mode to the transmit mode as described.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a modification of the embodiment just
discussed. A first change is directed to the previously discussed
mirror 14. Instead of the rectangular shape shown in FIGS. 1 and 2,
the embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4 show a generally oblong, beveled
mirror edge. This shape is desirable for compactness and also for
compatibility with the beam pattern handled by the antenna
system.
A second change from the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 is directed to
a metal plate lens generally indicated by reference numeral 62. The
lens is fabricated from a series of adjacently positioned metal
plates 64. The plate spacings 66 are in effect waveguide channels
of which the spacings or heights correspond to the microwave
E-plane. The propagation velocity in each channel may be varied by
varying the height of the channel. (This is equivalent to varying
the dielectric constant or the index of refraction within the
channel). By choosing spacings in adjacent channels which cause the
combined phase front of the wavelets emanating from the channels to
assume a direction, for all horn positions, toward the center of
the subreflector, optimum directivity may be achieved and good
focusing maintained. In another variation of the lens, instead of
having the gaps vary, the length of the various individual plates
can be made to vary by bending the channels in either E- or
H-plane, serpentine fashion. The purpose of the lens is to center
the energy sweep at the center of the subreflector during the
entire scan. Otherwise stated, the particular advantage of the lens
62 is to improve directivity of the beam. The directivity is
centered on 68 at the center of the subreflector. The disposition
of the lens 62 is shown to be between a horn traversing the "on
time" arc and the mirror 60.
Instead of a metal plate lens 62, a dielectric lens (FIG. 7) 69 can
be employed. This means that the various plates or segments of the
lens are fabricated from a dielectric material. The individual
plates of the dielectric lens may have constant thickness but have
lengths that vary. In another variation, the lengths may be
constant and the index of refraction may vary from channel to
channel. The individual plates of the dielectric lens are denoted
by reference numeral 70.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate the exterior geometry of each of the horns
in the turnstile scanner assembly. In FIG. 4, it will be seen that
each horn of the turnstile scanner as typified by 72, is outwardly
flared in a pyramid fashion when viewing the horn 72 in one plane.
However, when viewing the horn 72 from an orthogonal plane, the
same end is seen to be straight (FIG. 3). The lens section may then
be flared 63 in the orthogonal direction to provide the desired
primary aperture in both E- and H-planes. (The E- and H-plane
apertures will generally provide the appropriate primary beamwidth
which is essentially the angle subtended by the outer circumference
of the subreflector.)
Up to this point, the present invention has been described in terms
of a relatively wide angle unidirectional sector scan. However, the
system may be employed for generating a conical scanning or steady
tracking beam. Thus, as shown in FIG. 4, a nutating horn 74 is
positioned adjacent to the principal focus 75 of the system for the
alternate rotatable mirror position. Energy that is transmitted
from the nutating horn 74 is reflected by the mirror 60 and
generates a conical scan that is reflected from the main and
subreflectors (10,12) to the far field.
FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate another embodiment of the present
invention. This embodiment utilizes a turnstile scanner. However,
rather than using the curved turnstile legs illustrated and
discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-4, the turnstile scanner
illustrated utilizes a R.F. turnstile switch 50' for commutating
microwave energy to four radially disposed horns 76, 78, 80 and 82.
As clearly shown in FIG. 6, these horns and their connecting pipes
are straight radially disposed members rather than the curved
members shown in connection with the previous figures. In order to
obtain the circular-motion source of microwave energy from the
turnstile scanner, as was accomplished by the curved microwave pipe
sections of the previously described turnstile scanners, a
simplified organ-pipe scanner transition generally indicated by
reference numeral 84 is used. In this case, the organ-pipe
transition occupies an arcuate portion of 90.degree.. The
construction of an organ-pipe scanner is well known in the art, and
is fully discussed in our co-pending application Ser. No. 335,877.
Basically, the R.F. turnstile switch 50' will "turn on" a horn that
communicates with the organ-pipe scanner. This is indicated by horn
80 in FIG. 5. Thus, during transmitter operation, with microwave
energy flowing out from the R.F. switch 50', the feed horn 80 will
communicate this microwave energy to the ends 86 of the organ-pipes
such as 87 until the microwave energy leaves the feed horn 88. As
the horn 80 traverses the 90.degree. arc, it will sequentially
energize the pipes 87 of the organ pipe scanner. As a result, the
respective horns 88 will be sequentially energized. The sequential
energization forms a microwave scan which is reflected from the
mirror 92 that is disposed at the approximate 45.degree.
disposition shown in FIG. 6. As the various horns 86 become
sequentially energized, the angle of incidence upon the mirror 92
will vary which results in a scanning beam being reflected from the
mirror and transmitted to the reflectors 10 and 12 of the antenna
system. Accordingly, a relatively wide angle sector scan is
transmitted to the far field. Viewing FIG. 5, if we assume that the
rotation of the R.F. switch 50' is counterclockwise, the first horn
to be energized is the horn specifically indicated by reference
numeral 89. The last horn to be energized will be that specifically
indicated by reference numeral 90. However, it should be noted that
the organ-pipe scanner includes waveguide ends such as 86 which are
arranged along an arc which is preferably slightly more than
90.degree.. However, the feed "output" horns such as 88 are
arranged to fit the focal arc of the reflector system. As the
turnstile horn 80 traverses the feed arc, it reaches the waveguide
connected to horn 90 and thereafter becomes inoperative. As horn 80
reaches the cut off position indicated by 90, the next horn 82
enters the "on time" arc and begins generating the sector scan
until it in turn passes the "on time" arc.
The aforementioned discussion is directed to the generation of a
relatively wide angle unidirectional sector scan. The beam may be
pencil, oval, or fan shaped. FIG. 6 illustrates the inclusion of a
nutating horn 94 that will generate a conical scan when the mirror
92 is repositioned to the position shown by dashed lines. The horn
94 is connected to a rotary joint 96 that allows nutating motion. A
waveguide 98 is connected to the rotary joint 96 and provides a
transmission medium from a transmitter-receiver. As will be noted
from FIG. 6, the axis of horn 94 is slightly offset from the center
of the mirror 92 so that the nutating motion of horn 94 can produce
a conical scan.
If it is desired to utilize a different type of tracking mode,
instead of conical scan, four or more horns such as 94 may be
stationarily positioned to form four corners of a rectangle. In
this instance, the stationary horns will provide usual sum and
difference patterns, as necessary for a monopulse mode of
operation.
Fast mode switching is needed to be able to acquire in the con scan
when switching from the sector scan mode. This requires that the
flat mirror (e.g. 92 in FIG. 6) be rotated and positioned rapidly
and accurately. The mirror assembly should be designed for high
rigidity, low inertia, zero backlash, minimum rebound, and should
have a rapid, reversible motor drive. Magnification effects in the
reflector system have the beneficial effect of substantially
reducing errors in far field beam position caused by any residual
error in positioning the flat mirror.
Suitable microwave energy absorbing material may be installed
behind the main reflector near the aperture, around the perimeter
of the antenna forward of the main reflector, and elsewhere to
absorb primary feed sidelobe energy and other spurious
reflections.
It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the
exact details of construction shown and described herein for
obvious modifications will occur to persons skilled in the art.
* * * * *