U.S. patent number 3,788,465 [Application Number 05/248,705] was granted by the patent office on 1974-01-29 for device and process for magneto-gravimetric particle separation using non-vertical levitation forces.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the. Invention is credited to Sanaa E. Khalafalla, George W. Reimers, Stephen A. Rholl.
United States Patent |
3,788,465 |
Reimers , et al. |
January 29, 1974 |
DEVICE AND PROCESS FOR MAGNETO-GRAVIMETRIC PARTICLE SEPARATION
USING NON-VERTICAL LEVITATION FORCES
Abstract
A volume of magnetic fluid is caused to function as a density
spectrograph by impressing a magnetic field upon the fluid in an
orientation such that non-vertical levitation forces are developed
upon particles immersed in the fluid. Particles are separated
according to their density by passing them through the magnetic
fluid. Interaction of particles within the fluid with the vector
sum of gravitational and levitation forces causes each particle to
travel a trajectory through the fluid characteristic of its
density. Particles exit from the fluid at different locations,
according to their density, thus allowing collection of
density-graded fractions.
Inventors: |
Reimers; George W. (Burnsville,
MN), Rholl; Stephen A. (Minneapolis, MN), Khalafalla;
Sanaa E. (Minneapolis, MN) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the (Washington, DC)
|
Family
ID: |
22940312 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/248,705 |
Filed: |
April 28, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
209/1; 209/172.5;
209/232; 209/39; 209/214 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B03C
1/32 (20130101); B03B 5/30 (20130101); B03B
5/44 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B03C
1/32 (20060101); B03C 1/00 (20060101); B03B
5/30 (20060101); B03B 5/28 (20060101); B03B
5/44 (20060101); B03c 001/30 () |
Field of
Search: |
;209/1,214,172,172.5,215,2,223,232,39 ;310/10,11 ;250/49.1ME |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Chem. Abstr. 73, 1970, pg. 182, 6341 R. .
Chem. Abstr., 73, 1970 pg. 150, 112016y, 112017z, 112018a..
|
Primary Examiner: Halper; Robert
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Shubert; Roland H. Lukasik; Frank
A.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method for the continuous magnetogravimetric separation of
particles according to their density which comprises:
passing a mixture of particles having differing densities
downwardly through a volume of magnetic fluid while subjecting the
magnetic fluid to the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field
having an orientation such that a non-vertical levitation force is
produced upon a solid immersed in the fluid whereby interaction of
the levitational force and gravity cause each particle to traverse
the fluid in a trajectory characteristic of its density, and,
collecting fractions of differing densities as the particles emerge
from the fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the angle between the vector
direction of the levitation force and the vertical is less than
175.degree. but greater than zero.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said angle is in the range of
90.degree. to 175.degree..
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the magnetic fluid has a
saturation magnetization in the range of 50 to 500 gauss.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the magnetic field gradient is in
the range of about 0.1 to 3 kilo-oersted per centimeter.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the particles being separated have
a size range such that they will pass a 1/4 inch screen and will be
retained on a 100 mesh screen.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the particles are nonmagnetic.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the fractions of differing density
are immersed in water thereby causing magnetic fluid adhering to
the surface of the particles to separate from the particles.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the separated magnetic fluid is
recycled to the volume of magnetic fluid which is subjected to the
influence of the magnetic field.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the water is at a temperature in
the range of about 40.degree. to 90.degree.C.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the particles are treated, prior
to the separation step, with a material which the magnetic field
will not wet.
12. The method of claim 6 wherein the magnetic field is produced by
a permanent magnet.
13. The method of claim 6 wherein the magnetic field is produced by
an electromagnet.
14. A device for the continuous magnetogravimetric separation of
particles according to their density which comprises:
means to produce a non-uniform magnetic field;
a volume of magnetic fluid within said magnetic field;
means to orient the gradient of said magnetic field in a
non-vertical direction thereby orienting the levitation force,
produced on a solid immersed in the fluid, in a parallel but
opposite non-vertical direction;
means to introduce a mixture of particles having differing
densities downwardly into an upper portion of said magnetic fluid,
and
means at a lower portion of said magnetic fluid to collect at least
two density-graded fractions of said introduced particles as they
emerge from the fluid.
15. The device of claim 14 wherein the gradient of the magnetic
field is oriented in a direction such that the angle between the
vector direction of the levitation force and the vertical is less
than 175.degree. but greater than zero.
16. The device of claim 15 wherein said angle is in the range of
90.degree. to 175.degree..
17. The device of claim 16 wherein the magnetic fluid has a
saturation magnetization in the range of 50 to 500 gauss.
18. The device of claim 17 wherein the magnetic field gradient is
in the range of about 0.1 to 3 kilo-oersted per centimeter.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Magnetic fluids, sometimes referred to as "ferrofluid" in the art,
are Newtonian liquids which retain their fluidity in the presence
of external magnetic fields and field gradients. The fluids are
ultrastable colloidal suspensions of submicron-sized, ferro- or
ferrimagnetic particles in liquid carriers such as hydrocarbons,
particularly paraffinic hydrocarbons such as kerosene, silicones,
fluorocarbons and the like. A definitive test which characterizes
magnetic fluids in their super paramagnetic behavior shown by the
absence of a hysteresis loop in their magnetization curves. The
magnetization curve of a magnetic fluid is in appearance a
symmetrical, sigmoid curve about the origin. Magnetic fluids may be
prepared by the method of Papell (U. S. Pat. No. 3,215,572) or by
the method disclosed and claimed in copending, commonly assigned
application Ser. No. 148,206.
It was Rosensweig who discovered that antigravity or levitation
forces can be developed within a magnetic fluid when the fluid is
placed in a magnetic field. Since that time, numerous applications
of this phenomenon have been developed. Kaiser in U. S. Pat. No.
3,483,968 discloses the separation of particles having differing
densities by introducing them into a magnetic fluid which is
subjected to the influence of a controlled magnetic field. Kaiser
achieves either sequential or differential levitation of particles
within the field by orienting the magnetic field gradient in a
vertical direction opposite to gravity. Rosensweig, in U. S. Pat.
No. 3,483,969, discloses another technique for separating particles
by density. He utilizes a body of a magnetic fluid as a horizontal
seive in which a levitational force opposite in direction to
gravity is maintained within the fluid while the levitational force
progressively decreases in magnitude along the horizontal. Similar
techniques have been used by others in devices for determining
particle density by measurement of the magnetic field strength
necessary to levitate a particle. All of these prior art techniques
have one attribute in common, all utilize the magnetic levitation
force in opposition to gravity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
We have found that particles may be separated according to their
density in a continuous fashion by utilizing a volume of magnetic
fluid as a density spectrograph. We achieve this result by
orienting the magnetic levitation force in a non-vertical, and most
preferably in a nearly horizontal direction. Forces acting on a
particle immersed in the magnetic fluid then comprise the vector
summation of the non-vertical magnetic levitation force and the
vertical gravitational force thus causing each particle to follow a
pre-defined trajectory through the fluid according to its density.
Particles of differing densities are collected separately at the
points where they exit from the magnetic fluid. Additionally,
magnetic particles are deflected by the field interaction in a
direction opposite to that of nonmagnetic particles. Thus, our
device has the additional capability of performing (within limits)
a magnetic-nonmagnetic separation simultaneously with density
separation of the nonmagnetic particles. The proportion of magnetic
to nonmagnetic particles must be sufficiently small to avoid any
substantial change in the magnetic field gradient within the pole
gap. Our technique is generally applicable to the separation of all
particulate nonmagnetic materials which do not react with nor
dissolve in the magnetic fluid. Likewise, our technique is
generally applicable to the separation of magnetic from nonmagnetic
particles.
It is an object of our invention to provide a method and means for
the continuous magnetogravimetric separation of particulate
materials.
Another object of our invention is to provide a density
spectrograph for the continuous separation of particles.
Still another object of our invention is the assorting of
particulate materials by subjecting the particulates to the
influence of a combined gravitational and non-vertical levitation
force as they pass through a volume of magnetic fluid.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Our process and apparatus are illustrated by the following
drawings:
FIG. 1 is a force diagram showing the orientation of force vectors
acting on particles during their passage through the magnetic
fluid.
FIG. 2 is a front, partial-sectional view of an apparatus embodying
the principles of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a side, sectional view of the apparatus illustrated in
FIG. 2.
The basic purpose of this invention is to provide means and methods
for the magneto-gravimetric separation of particles by use of
non-vertical levitation forces impressed upon a magnetic fluid.
This approach allows the continuous separation of materials which
have differing densities by means of a single magnetic
fluid-magnetic field combination. The fluid acts as a density
spectrograph diverting particles in differing trajectories
according to their density. An additional important advantage
resides in the behavior of magnetic particles under these
conditions. Magnetic particles are deflected in a direction, or
along a trajectory, opposite to that of nonmagnetic particles.
Magnetic particles cannot be easily separated in the prior art
"float or sink" aproach using magnetic fluids.
When a non-uniform magnetic field is allowed to interact with a
magnetic fluid, there is throughout the fluid mass an inwardly
directed force or pressure. A nonmagnetic body immersed within the
magnetic fluid will be acted on by that force and, if that force or
pressure is sufficient to overcome gravity, the nonmagnetic body
will be buoyed to the surface of the fluid. In practice, it has
been possible to levitate platinum (specific gravity 21.4) in a
magnetic fluid having a specific gravity less than 1. Prior art
approaches to materials separation have relied upon adjustment of
the magnetic field to preferentially or sequentially levitate one
or more components of the materials mixture according to their
densities.
Our invention differs from those past approaches in that we do not
utilize the magnetic fluid to levitate particles but instead orient
forces acting upon a particle immersed in the magnetic fluid so as
to cause the fluid to act as a density spectrograph. This effect
will be better understood by reference to FIG. 1 which is a vector
diagram of forces acting upon a particle within the magnetic fluid.
Assume that a particle is located at origin 10 which is
intersection of vertical axis 11 and horizontal axis 12. There will
always be a gravitational force acting on the particle in a
vertical downward direction indicated by vector arrow 13.
Interaction of a magnetic field with the magnetic fluid will
produce another force vector, called the levitation force, whose
direction may be altered at will. The levitation force will always
be in a parallel but opposite direction to the magnetic field
gradient. This levitation force is represented in the drawing as
vector arrow 14. Since the levitation force is oriented in a
non-vertical direction, the resultant force acting upon a particle
within the fluid is the vector sum of the gravitational and
levitational forces and is represented by vector arrow 15.
Angle 16 is the angle between the vector direction of the
levitational force (or the magnetic field gradient) and the
vertical and must be less than, preferably substantially less than,
180.degree.. If angle 16 were to be made 180.degree., then the
conventional "float-or-sink" levitational techniques would prevail.
We prefer to set angle 16 at values ranging from about 90.degree.
to 175.degree.. It is possible but less convenient to operate at
angles less than 90.degree., but of course substantially greater
than zero. Angle 17 is the deflectin angle measured from the
horizontal and this angle is dependent upon the density of the
particle being acted upon by the combined forces as may be shown by
a mathematical analysis of the acceleration in both the horizontal
and vertical directions. A mathematical expression relating density
to deflection angle has been derived but this expression cannot be
solved explicitly for the magnitude of the angle. However, by the
method of successive approximations and reiterations to
consistency, performed with the aid of a computer, we determined
that calculated values of the particle displacement agreed closely
with experimentally observed values.
In one such experiment, the levitation force was oriented along the
horizontal and a magnetic fluid having a density of 0.96 g/ml and
viscosity of 2.72 cp was positioned between the constant gradient
pole pieces of an electromagnet. the magnitude of the magnetic
field gradient was measured to be 0.3 koe/cm and the average
magnetic moment per unit volume of the fluid at the ambient
magnetic field was 7.7 erg/oe cm.sup.3, which corresponds to an
average fluid magnetization of 96.7 gauss. Objects of differing
densities were fed through the magnetic fluid and were received on
a filter paper positioned in a plane 15.6 cm below, or 18.4 cm from
the center, of the fluid. Results obtained are as follows:
TABLE I
Sample Density Angle of Displacement, cm g/cm defection Experi-
Calcu- mental lated Glass 2.50 74.5.degree. 4.87.+-.0.30 4.95
Aluminum 2.70 77.0.degree. 3.96.+-.0.37 4.23 Alumina 3.84
81.5.degree. 2.71.+-.0.30 2.70 Lead 11.34 88.0.degree. 0.57.+-.0.13
0.64
All of those materials used in the experiment were nonmagnetic.
Magnetic materials, such as iron, when passed through the magnetic
fluid are deflected in an opposite direction corresponding to
vector arrow 18 on FIG. 1.
Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a front, partial-sectional
view of an apparatus embodying the principles of our invention. In
this embodiment, the magnetic field is provided by a permanent
magnet 21 such as the large horseshoe type shown. Placed on the
poles of the magnet are pole pieces 22 which geometrically define
and localize the magnetic field produced by magnet 21. Supported
between the pole pieces is cell 23 constructed of a nonmagnetic
material. Cell 23 comprises side walls 24, back 25, feed entry tube
26, exit chutes 27 and 28 and bottom 29. Except for exit chutes 27
and 28, the front of the cell is unobstructed. Placed within the
cell is a volume of magnetic fluid 30. It is important to note that
cell 23 is not necessary to contain magnetic fluid 30 within the
magnetic field defined by pole pieces 22.
In operation, particles to be separated are introduced into
magnetic fluid 30 via feed tube 26 where the particles come under
the influence of both gravitational and non-vertical levitation
forces. Under these combined forces, particles travel different
trajectories through the fluid depending upon their densities. In
the apparatus illustrated, particles exit from the front of cell 23
via chutes 27 and 28 which direct the separated particle streams
into appropriate receptacles. Since the least dense particles
display the smallest deflection angle (as defined in FIG. 1) they
will exit near the top of the cell or along chute 27. Denser
particles will exit from the cell at lower levels or along chute
28. The apparatus illustrated will make a two-way, or heavy-light,
split. It is possible to simultaneously collect one or more
intermediate density fractions by adding additional fraction
collecting chutes between chutes 27 and 28 and by otherwise
changing the geometry of the cell as will be apparent.
FIG. 3 generally represents a side-sectional view of the apparatus
of FIG. 2 taken along line 3-3 of that drawing. Line 40 represents
a horizontal reference plane. The entire apparatus is tilted
forward to form an angle 41 with the horizontal. Relating angle 41
to angle 16 of FIG. 1, angle 16 is equal to 180.degree. minus angle
41. Element 42 comprises means to support the apparatus in a
non-vertical position and may be a wedge or clamp and is preferably
adjustable to allow angle 41 to be varied over a range of about
15.degree. to 90.degree..
More fully illustrating operation of the device, the particle
stream entering through feed tube 26 consists of particles 43 of
light density, particles of greater density 44 and magnetic
particles 45. Particles 43 and 44, being nonmagnetic, are diverted
along differing trajectories toward the front of the cell and exit
from the magnetic fluid by way of chutes 27 and 28 respectively.
Receptacles 46 and 47 of any convenient type are provided for
collection of the two fractions. Magnetic particles 45 are
accelerated along a trajectory opposite in direction to the
nonmagnetic particles and can be mechanically removed from the pole
surface by way of chute 48 to be collected in receptacle 49. A
scraper or paddle wheel 50 may be provided to detach magnetic
particles from the pole surface and direct them into chute 48.
Since particles exiting from the magnetic fluid will ordinarily
carry small quantities of fluid as a coating, the level of magnetic
fluid in the device will soon be depleted. Means are provided (not
shown on the drawings) to add make-up magnetic fluid to the device
on either an intermittent or continuous basis. Particles may be
conveniently introduced into the device by use of a vibratory
feeder.
Our method and apparatus is generally applicable to the separation
of any particulate mixtures whose components have a higher specific
gravity than that of the magnetic fluid and which are nonsoluble in
and non-reactive toward the magnetic fluid. Since a number of
different types of liquids may be used as a magnetic fluid base, it
is usually possible to select an appropriate magnetic fluid for any
mixture of pariculates. We can control the cut-point between
density fractions in a variety of ways in order to produce product
streams of any desired density range. This may be done by changing
the number and/or spacing of the particle exit chutes; by changing
the angle between the levitational force vector and the vertical;
by changing the magnetic field strength and/or the magnetic field
gradient; by changing the value of the saturation magnetization of
the magnetic fluid or by combinations of these techniques. We have
found that average magnetic field gradients in the range of about
0.1 to about 3 kilo-oersted per centimeter are appropriate for use
in our invention. Generally, the higher values find application
when separating materials of high specific gravity.
Magnetic fluids which we have found to be most useful for ordinary
separations are those having a hydrocarbon base such as kerosene.
These fluids combine economy, low viscosity, low volatility,
general chemical inertness and water immiscibility; all desirable
properties in most materials separations. Magnetic fluids having a
saturation magnetization ranging from about 50 to 500 gauss are
preferred but fluids with even higher or lower values of saturation
magnetization are operative. Magnetic fluids may be removed from
separated particles by slurrying the coated particles in water.
This technique is particularly adapted to those magnetic fluids
having a specific gravity less than 1 since the magnetic fluid will
then float on the water where it can be recovered and reused. It is
often advantageous to warm the water, used to recover the magnetic
fluid, to a temperature within the range of about 40.degree. to
90.degree.C. A faster and more complete removal and separation of
the magnetic fluid from the particulates is thus achieved. In some
cases, we have found it advantageous to pretreat particulates
before separation in order to reduce magnetic fluid losses. This
pretreatment consists of coating or saturating the particulates
with a material or liquid which the magnetic fluid will not wet. In
the case of many materials, the pretreatment may consist simply of
wetting the particulate with water prior to separation.
Within a relatively broad range, size of the particles being
separated has little if any effect on the process. Maximum particle
size, however, must be relatively small compared to the volume of
magnetic fluid suspended within the magnetic field. In practical
terms, this places an upper particle size limit of about 1/4 inch.
The lower particle size limit is determined by that point at which
settling velocity of the particle within the fluid is significantly
slowed. This in turn depends upon particle shape and specific
gravity as well as upon particle size and fluid viscosity. It is
preferred to operate our process using a particulate feed of a size
range such that essentially all particles will pass a 1/4 inch
screen and will be retained by a 100 mesh screen. In general, best
results are obtained using a feed having a relatively narrow size
range.
The following examples will more completely illustrate the
capabilities of our invention.
EXAMPLE 1
An apparatus, similar in construction to that illustrated in FIGS.
2 and 3, was used for the continuous separation of alumina balls
(specific gravity 3.8) from lead shot (specific gravity 11.3). A
laboratory magnet, of the permanent horseshoe type, was used to
provide the magnetic field and was oriented such that the angle
between the direction of the levitation force and the vertical was
approximately 160.degree.. The mixture was poured into the magnetic
fluid and was thereby separated into two fractions as the particles
exited from the fluid along different trajectories. An essentially
complete separation of alumina from lead was obtained.
EXAMPLE 2
Apparatus generally similar to that used in Example 1 was used to
separate a non-ferrous metal fraction obtained from the rsidue of
an experimental municipal waste incinerator. Since the particular
apparatus used in the experiment had not been fitted with means to
continuously remove magnetic particles, the sample was first passed
through a conventional magnetic drum separator. The fraction was
screened and that portion passing 4 mesh and retained by 14 mesh
was used in the experiment. This portion had a specific gravity of
4.3 and had the following analysis: aluminum, 51.1%; copper, 27.6%;
zinc, 13.4%; lead, 2.7% and iron, 2.0%.
A permanent magnet was used to provide the magnetic field and the
magnetic fluid used had a saturation magnetization of 80 gauss. The
direction of the levitation force was then adjusted by experimental
positioning of the magnet to provide a 2-way, heavy-light split
with all particles having a specific gravity less than 4.0 being
collected in the light fraction. A continuous flow of the sized
residue was supplied the separator using vibratory feeder. A light
and a heavy fraction were continuously collected in water filled
containers as the particles exited from the magnetic fluid. Most of
the magnetic fluid, retained on the surface of the particles,
separated from the particles and floated on the top of the water
where it was collected and recycled to the separator. The particles
were further cleaned by sweeping adhering fluid up into the water
by use of a small magnet.
The light fraction made up 58 percent by weight of the feed, had a
specific gravity of 2.9, and had the following analysis: aluminum,
84.7%; copper, 3.2%; zinc, 4.9%; lead, 0.6%; and iron, 1.6%. The
heavy fraction had a specific gravity of 8.1 and had the following
analysis: aluminum, 2.8%; copper, 60.6%; zinc, 27.2%; lead, 1.8%
and iron 1.7%.
A second separation was performed on the heavy fraction to obtain a
zinc-rich portion and a copper-brass portion. This second
separation was performed on a different apparatus in that an
electromagnet was used to provide the magnetic field rather than a
permanent magnet. The electromagnet had a 1 inch pole piece gap and
was adjusted to provide a field gradient of 0.13 koe/cm. The magnet
was positioned so as to orient the levitation force at an angle of
about 105.degree. with the vertical. Using a magnetic fluid having
a saturation magnetization of 215 gauss, these settings provided a
heavy-light split at a specific gravity value of 7.2.
The light, or zinc-rich portion, contained 20 percent by weight of
the starting material, had a specific gravity of 6.8 and had the
following analysis: aluminum, 6.2%; copper, 11.4%; zinc, 67.7%;
lead, 1.6% and iron 2.8%. The copper-brass portion had a specific
gravity of 8.8 and had the following analysis: aluminum, 0.6%;
copper 72.6%; zinc, 17.3%; lead, 4.7% and iron, 0.9%.
* * * * *