U.S. patent number 3,784,300 [Application Number 05/211,382] was granted by the patent office on 1974-01-08 for pre-transfer station.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to John E. Cranch, Frederick W. Hudson.
United States Patent |
3,784,300 |
Hudson , et al. |
January 8, 1974 |
PRE-TRANSFER STATION
Abstract
A pre-transfer station is provided in a reusable xerographic
imaging system. The pre-transfer station includes a pre-transfer
corotron and lamp arranged such that the exposure of the system
xerographic plate is subsequent and not simultaneous with the
pre-transfer corona charging.
Inventors: |
Hudson; Frederick W. (West
Henrietta, NY), Cranch; John E. (Penfield, NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
22786707 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/211,382 |
Filed: |
December 23, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/296;
430/125.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/169 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/16 (20060101); G03g 013/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;355/3 ;96/1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Horan; John M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: James J. Ralabate et al.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In an electrostatic reproduction machine having a moving
photoconductive surface adapted to be uniformly charged and to
carry an electrostatic latent image thereon; a developing means
positioned at a development zone to apply toner particles to the
latent image and thereby develop the moving electrostatic image on
said surface; and a transfer means to transfer the developed image
to a receiving member; the improvement comprising:
a. a corona discharge device positioned between said developing and
transfer means for applying corona emissions on said
photoconductive surface; and
b. an illuminating device positioned between said corona discharge
device and said transfer means for exposing said photoconductive
surface, said illuminating device having an intensity sufficient to
discharge the photoconductive surface beneath the developed
image;
c. said corona discharge device and said illuminating device being
so constructed and arranged that the exposure of a portion of said
photoconductive surface to said corona discharge device will be
completed prior to exposure thereof to said illuminating
device.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said corona discharge device is
a D. C. corona discharge device.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a baffle is interposed betweeen
said corotron discharge device and said illuminating device to
shield said portion of said photocontive surface being exposed to
said corona discharge device from said illuminating device.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said corona discharge device
includes a corotron having a shield for limiting corona current to
the photoconductive surface within a region defined by the
shield.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said illuminating device
comprises a lamp extending transverse the photoconductive surface
having a shield for limiting light exposure of the photoconductive
surface within a region defined by the shield.
6. In an electrostatic reproduction process wherein an
electrostatic latent image on a moving photoconductive surface is
developed by toner particles in a developing zone, and the
developed image is transferred to a receiving member, the
improvement comprising the following steps performed after
development of the image and prior to the transfer thereof to a
receiving member:
a. exposing a portion of said photoconductive surface including the
developed image to corona emissions thereby decreasing the range of
charged differentials between the image and non-image areas on said
photoconductive surface; and
b. after exposure of said portion of said photoconductive surface
to corona emission is completed, illuminating said photoconductive
surface including the developed image with an intensity sufficient
to discharge said photoconductive surface beneath said developed
image.
7. The method as recited in claim 6 wherein the level of corona
emissions is so controlled that a charge is deposited onto
background areas of the photoconductive surface only and the
polarity of the charge associated with toner particles in the
background areas is changed.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to xerographic imaging systems and in
particular to new methods and apparatus for enhancing the quality
of xerographic images for transfer xerography.
In direct xerography, vis-a-vis transfer xerography, a visible
toner image is created directly on the member used to form the
toner image. This "member" is normally paper that is coated with or
otherwise includes a layer that is sensitive to light in electric
fields. Technically, the coated paper is an electrically
photosensitive member which is referred to herein as a xerographic
plate or member. The visible toner image is created by steps
including charging the photosensitive paper, exposing the charged
paper to a light image and depositing charged toner particles over
the paper. The tone particles adhere in the areas of a latent
electrical image created by the charging and exposing steps. The
resultant or developed toner image may be permanently fixed to the
paper. When the toner is heat softenable, the toner image can be
permanently fixed by heating the toner to allow it to form a bond
with the paper.
In transfer xerography the toner image is created on an
intermediate xerographic member and is thereafter transferred to a
separate support such as ordinary paper. Ordinary refers to the
fact that the paper has no special photosensitive property. In
most, but certainly not all transfer xerographic systems, the
intermediate xerographic member is reusable. This means that the
xerographic plate is cleaned, recharged and exposed to light on one
or more subsequent occasions to form other toner images each of
which is transferred away to some permanent support member.
With both direct and transfer xerography, the quality of the final
copy or image is measured in terms of optical density in image and
non-image, i.e., background, areas. High quality copies include
optical densities of about D=1.2 in image areas and D=0.005 in
background areas. D is a dimensionless expression for optical
density mathmatically defined as D=log.sub.10 1/R where R is the
ratio of reflected light to incident light. The foregoing formula
quite obviously relates to reflective copies. For transparancies,
high quality usually means optical densities of about D=0.8 to
about D=1.0 in image areas and D=0.005 in background areas. The
formula D=log 1/R still applies for transparencies but R equals the
ratio of transmitted light to incident light.
Direct xerography is less versatile than transfer xerography when
it comes to controlling the optical density of copies. The reason
is quite simple. In direct xerography, the image and background
areas of a copy are subject to one less step affecting their
optical densities. The extra step is of course the transfer step
itself.
The pre-transfer charging method set forth in U. S. Pat. No.
3,444,369 to Malinaric takes advantage of the transfer step to
obtain substantially high quality images for transfer xerography.
The patent teaches method and apparatus for changing the polarity
of the charge on the background particles, thereby preventing their
transfer in an electric field designed to transfer the oppositely
charged imaged particles.
It is a principal object of this invention to enhance final image
quality in transfer xerography.
Specifically, it is an object of the instant invention to devise
methods and apparatus for transfer xerography wherein the transfer
of image area toner particles is greatly assisted and the transfer
of background toner particles is highly suppresed.
Another object of the invention is to combine the pre-transfer
corotron disclosed in the Malinaric patent with means for altering
the electrical potentials associated with the latent image without
adversely affecting the operation of the pre-transfer treatment
taught by the Malinaric patent.
The foregoing and other objects of this invention are realized by
combining in a specific manner a pre-transfer lamp with a
pre-transfer corotron. The pre-transfer corotron is used to change
the polarity of the charge associated with particles in the
background area without changing the polarity of the image area
toner particles. The pre-transfer lamp is used to substantially
lower the potential on the surface areas of the xerographic plate
carrying the image toner. This in turn helps transfer by making the
toner easier to be pulled away from the xerographic plate. The
special manner referred to includes means and method for insuring
that the polarity changing treatment occurs before, never
simultaneously with or subsequently to, exposing the xerographic
plate to the light of the pre-transfer lamp.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other features of the instant invention wil be
apparent from this description and from the drawings which are:
FIG. 1 is a side elevation, partly in section, of a transfer
xerographic system utilizing a pre-transfer corotron and
pre-transfer lamp according to the instant invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the apparatus of the xerographic
system of FIG. 1 in the vicinity of the pretransfer corotron and
lamp.
FIG. 3 is a functional schematic of a xerographic plate having a
developed latent image including high concentrations of toner
particles in latent electrical image areas and low concentrations
of toner particles in background areas and of the field lines
between a pre-transfer corotron and the xerographic plate.
FIG. 4 is a functional schematic illustrating the consequence of
exposing the plate of FIG. 3 to light.
FIG. 5 is a functional schematic illustrating the transfer of the
image toner of FIGS. 3 and 4 to a transfer support member.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The transfer xerographic system of FIG. 1 has the drum 1 which
includes a photoconductive layer coated onto an electrically
grounded metal cylinder. The drum as described defines a
continuous, reusable xerographic plate or member. The drum is
journaled in a frame to rotate in the direction indicated by the
arrow to cause the free or image forming surface of the drum to
sequentially pass a plurality of xerographic processing
stations.
The charging station A includes the corotron 2, e.g., that
described in U. S. Pat. No. 2,836,725, coupled to an appropriate
electrical potential and positioned relative to the drum to deposit
charge on the free surface of the drum so as to elevate the free
surface to substantially uniform electrical potential, e.g., 800
volts.
The exposure station B includes appropriate lamps 3 and lens 4
mounted to cooperate for a line by line scan of an original placed
face down on copyboard or platen 5. The light image created by the
scanning of an original is projected onto the free surface of drum
1 through the aperture 6 in the light stop 7. The electrical
potential of the drum drops substantially in the areas of the
xerographic plate absorbing the incident light. The areas absorbing
the light, in the present positive to positive copying system are
referred to herein as the background areas. An example of a
background potential is 200 volts when the drum is charged as in
the earlier example of 800 volts. The areas of lower potential may
comprise the image area in a negative to positive copying system.
This later copying system is not discussed in detail to avoid
redundancy because the present description applies except for
logically necessitated changes.
Adjacent the exposure station is the development station C which
contains the toner particles for making the latent electrostatic
image visible. FIG. 1 shows a cascade development system, by way of
example, which includes a motor driven bucket-type conveyor 10. The
developer material 11 includes carrier particles and toner
particles and is stored in a sump in the bottom of the housing 11.
The buckets scoop up the developer and carry it to the upper
portion of the housing where the developer is poured or cascaded
over the hopper chute onto the drum 1.
As the developer cascades over the free surface of the drum, the
toner particles adhere to the latent electrostatic image because of
the electric fields associated with the latent image. The toner is
electrostatically charged triboelectrically due to a mixing action
with the carrier particles. Toner particles consumed during the
development process are replenished by a toner dispenser 13 mounted
within housing 11.
The pre-transfer station D is the subject of the instant invention.
Station D includes the pre-transfer corotron 15 and pre-transfer
lamp 16 whose operation is discussed in more detail below.
Functionally, the pre-transfer station conditions the xerographic
plate and toner thereon such that only image toner particles are
transferred to a transfer member 17 at station E.
The transfer station E includes, by way of example, means for
feeding a transfer member 17 in registration and a transfer
corotron 18 which charges the backside or non-image carrying side
of a transfer member to a high potential, e.g., +2,000 volts for
the earlier given examples of +800 volts and +200 volts at the free
surface of drum 1. The electric field established by the charge
deposited by corotron 18 and the potentials associated with the
drum cause the toner particles im image areas to transfer to member
17. Other transfer stations employ biased rollers and the present
invention also is applicable to them.
The transferred toner image is permanently fixed to member 17 at
the fixing station F. Station F includes, by way of example,
electrical heating elements 21 that heat soften the toner particles
to bond them to the transfer member.
The cleaning station G includes a cleaning corotron 22 and the
rotating brush 23 positioned within vacuum housing 24. Corotron 22
is coupled to an alternating potential source to neutralize any
non-transfered toner, that is, charge the remaining toner to a rear
ground potential when the drum is grounded. The brush sweeps up the
remaining particles while the vacuum drawn on the housing 24 pulls
the toner into a filter located in box 25.
The cleaning station also includes a lamp 26 for flooding the free
surface of the drum with light. Thereafter, the drum once again
passes station A and the next cycle begins.
The development station C also includes a background electrode 30
positioned inside housing 12 spaced about a half inch from the drum
at their closest points. Electrode 30 is electrically biased but
because it is relatively greatly spaced from the latent image on
the drum and because the bias is properly selected, it does not act
like a development electrode as taught in Carlson U.S. Pat. No.
3,147,147. Electrode 30 is biased so as to suppress toner powder
clouds which means that fewer toner particles adhere to the drum in
the background areas in the first instance. (See for example
Robinson U.S. Pat. No. 3,412,710 and Aser et al., U.S. Pat. No.
3,424,131 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
reference). The electrode 30 includes a conductive surface facing
the drum which is coupled to the high electrical potential. The
electrode also includes insulating means to electrically insulate
the conductive surface from the housing 12. The electrode 30 may
include an epoxy glass board 31 coated with copper 32 and mounted
in cantilever fashion inside housing 12 (See FIG. 2).
Turning now to the subject matter of station D, reference is made
to FIGS. 3 - 5 which include a transverse section of a xerographic
plate 34, e.g., a transverse section of the drum of FIG. 1. The
plate includes the photoconductive layer 35 carried by the
conductive backing electrode 36. Electrode 36 is shown coupled to a
ground potential 37 which is a convenient and safe reference
potential level for a machine.
In FIG. 3, the triple layer of plus signs 38 represent the high
potential, i.e., charge density, of the latent electrostatic image
areas on plate 34. The plus signs 39 represent the lower potential
in the exposed or background areas of the plate. The circles 40
represent negatively charged toner particles tacked to the plate
because of fields associated with the latent image while circles 41
represent background toner. All toner is assumed negatively charged
by appropriate means, e.g., carrier beads, before or during the
development of the latent image. A few positively charged
particles, represented by circle 42, may also inadvertantly be
present. (At this point it is noted that the polarities shown,
described and intimated are for illustration purposes and the
present description applies equally to systems using different
polarity schemes). As taught by the Malinaric patent supra, the
polarity of the negatively charged background particles 41 can be
changed without disturbing the polarity of the image particles 40.
(The description of the Malinaric patent is incorporated herein by
reference.) Briefly, the background toner can be affected by
passing the corona wire 45 over the latent image. The D.C.
potential 46 coupled to wire 45 is selected to generate a low
corona current. For example, the pre-transfer corotron (e.g., wire
45) current may be about 0.3 microamps per inch (along the length
of the wire) whereas the charging current generated by corotron 2
supra may be about 2.3 micramps per inch. The lines 47 represent
the path of corona current and/or the direction of the electric
field. The bias 46 is selected to prevent corona current flow
between the wire and the high potential image areas represented by
charge 38 and to obtain the low corona current flow between the
wire and the background areas.
The corona current, for the example given, is of positive charge so
that the charge associated with the background toner 41 is changed
from negative to positive. This positive charge on the corona wire
45 current is actually detoured from the image toner 40 because of
the lateral field components associated with the edges 48 of the
latent image.
The above description applies to the pre-transfer corotron 15 of
FIG. 1. Similarly, the following description of FIG. 4 applies to
the pre-transfer lamp 16 of FIG. 1. Lamp 50 is an illuminator
extending transverse the xerographic plate 34. It radiates
electromagnetic radiation to which the photoconductor 35 is
responsive which is herein simply referred to as light. The wavy
lines 51 represent light emitted by lamp 50 which is substantially
uniform over the entire pate 34. The light incident upon background
areas acts to lower even further the background potential of the
plate. Likewise, the light incident upon toner 40 substantially
lowers the potential of the latent image or charge 38. The
potential on the plate under toner 40 may be slightly greater than
that in background areas but the contrast in potential between the
two areas is drastically reduced. In fact, the exposure to light so
lowers the potential in image areas that wire 45 can not be biased
to selectively deposite charge in the background areas.
The exposure of image areas to light is effective to dissipate
charge 38 because of several reasons. For one, the toner is not
tightly packed on plate 34 after development and light passes
between toner particles to the photconductor 35. Also, the toner
particles are often transparent plastic material rendered opaque or
visible because of an impregnated or attached colorant and the
colorant does not absorb all the light incident upon the toner.
FIG. 5 is convenient to illustrate the transfer process. The
transfer member 54 has its non-image side charged to a high
potential, e.g., +2,000, by means such as corotron 18 in FIG. 1.
Plus signs 55 represent the deposited charge. The field established
between member 54 and the free surface of plate 30 pulls the
negatively charged image particles 40 toward member 54. Conversely,
the positively charged background particles 41 are repelled toward
the plate. It is apparent from this description, that the transfer
field strength is greater in image ares than it would be had not
the lamp 50 dissipated the latent image charge 38. Accordingly, the
transfer operation is greatly assisted without raising the
potential level (i.e., charge density) of charge 55 deposited on
the transfer member.
Cleaning of plate 34 is also enhanced by the pre-transfer corotron
and lamp. For example, a particle 42 (FIG. 3) tightly tacked to
plate 34 by the field at the edges of the latent image may now be
conveniently removed because the laterial field associated with the
edge 48 is no longer present. Similarly, other background and
non-transferred toner particles are no longer as forcibly tacked to
the plate. In addition, the cleaning corotron 22 in FIG. 1 is able
to more efficiently neutralize the toner particles remaining in
both image and background areas. The reason for the improved
cleaning corotron operation, whether an A.C. or D.C. biased
corotron, is the fact that the neutralizing current of the cleaning
corotron is no longer deviated from toner particles when the edges
48 or potential discontinuities are eliminated.
The details of shielding the pre-transfer corotron and lamp from
one another is best reviewed in light of FIG. 2. Remember, the
pre-transfer corona charging must be before and not simultaneous
with the pre-transfer exposing to light.
Baffles 57, 58 and 59 are coupled near the bottom of the developing
housing 12. Each of these baffles is closely spaced to drum 1.
Baffle 57 is the main developer pick-off baffle and diverts the
bulk of the developer cascaded over the drum back into the sump 60
near the bottom of the housing. In fact, baffle 57 and the lower
end of the background electrode 30 define a chute for guiding
developer into the sump. Baffle 58 is primarily a seal between the
housing 12 and drum 1. Baffle 58 deflects most of the developer
getting by baffle 57 down into the sump 60. Baffle 59 is an
additional baffle positioned to protect the pre-transfer corotron
15 from developer that may escape the first two baffles. Baffle 59
deflects the developer into catch pan 61 which is suitably mounted
on the frame of the machine.
Corotron 15 is mounted in the catch pan. It includes the shield
plate 62 and the corona wire 62a (only the end of the wire is
shown) which extends within the shield plate across the width of
the drum. Plate 62 is mechanically and electrically coupled to the
catch pan both of which are conductive and coupled to a bias such
as ground. The lip 63 on the pan along with the end 64 of the
shield plate insure that the corona current flows to the drum only
in the area between them as indicated by the bracket 65.
Beneath the catch pan is positioned the light baffle 67 which is an
opaque member that keeps the radiation emitted by lamp 16 from the
drum vicinity defined by bracket 65. Lamp 16 is a florescent lamp
that floods the drum 1 with light over the area indicated by
bracket 68. The radiation emitted by lamp 16 includes that which
the photoconductive material on drum 1 is sensitive. The lamp is
supported to the frame of the machine by suitable means including
the end braces 69. The shield 70 is an opaque member or reflector
that limits the emission of light in the direct of drum vicinity
68. The lamp is positioned sufficiently back from the lip 71 such
that baffle 68 and shield 70 prevent light from affecting the drum
in areas defined by bracket 65. In addition, the separation 72
between brackets 65 and 68, i.e. between corotron pan lip 63 and
light baffle lip 71, is deliberately provided to allow for
diffraction of light at lip 71. In other words, space 72 is
provided to insure that light diffraction by the lip 71 will not
reach the vicinity of bracket 65.
The transfer member 17, e.g., paper, is fed by appropriate means
including guides 73 and 74 to the registration rollers 76 and 77.
Rollers 76 and 77 are rotated at the exact time necessary to
advance a sheet 17 into contact with the drum in registration with
the developed toner image. The toner is transferred to the sheet 17
as the sheet passes under the corotron 18. Any non-transferred
toner from background and/or image areas is removed from the drum
at the cleaning station G (FIG. 1). The transfer toner is fixed to
the sheet 17 at the fusing station F.
Several modifications to the foregoing described embodiments may be
made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Accordingly, any such modifications are intended to be encompassed
by the present invention.
* * * * *