U.S. patent number 3,771,533 [Application Number 05/068,532] was granted by the patent office on 1973-11-13 for process for puffing tobacco.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Philip Morris Incorporated. Invention is credited to Robert G. Armstrong, Edward J. Deszyck, John W. Madures, Robert H. Young.
United States Patent |
3,771,533 |
Armstrong , et al. |
November 13, 1973 |
PROCESS FOR PUFFING TOBACCO
Abstract
Tobacco having at least 6 percent moisture is impregnated with
ammonia and carbon dioxide to introduce into the tobacco preferably
from about 3 percent to about 6 percent by weight of ammonia and
from about 2 percent to about 8 percent of carbon dioxide based on
the weight of the tobacco. The tobacco is thereafter heated at a
temperature of from 250.degree. F to about 700.degree.F for a time
sufficient to puff the tobacco.
Inventors: |
Armstrong; Robert G. (Richmond,
VA), Deszyck; Edward J. (Richmond, VA), Madures; John
W. (Richmond, VA), Young; Robert H. (East Brunswick,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
Philip Morris Incorporated (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22083166 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/068,532 |
Filed: |
August 31, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
131/293;
131/352 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A24B
3/182 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A24B
3/18 (20060101); A24B 3/00 (20060101); A24b
003/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;131/17,140-144 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Rein; Melvin D.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. The process of puffing tobacco comprising the steps of
contacting tobacco containing at least about 6 percent moisture by
weight in an impregnation zone with ammonia and with carbon dioxide
at or above atmospheric pressure to introduce into the tobacco from
about 3 percent to about 6 percent by weight of ammonia based on
the weight pressure below atmosphere of about 26 inches mercury
absolute or less to absorb carbon dioxide into the tobacco and then
puffing the impregnated tobacco by heating to 250.degree. to about
700.degree.F for a time sufficient to puff the tobacco.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the ammonia is separately added
to the tobacco and the carbon dioxide is thereafter separately
added to the tobacco, both additions being prior to the heating
step.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein carbon dioxide is separately
added to the tobacco and the ammonia is thereafter separately added
to the tobacco, both additions being prior to the heating step.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the ammonia and carbon dioxide
are added simultaneously to the tobacco prior to the heating
step.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein said heating is effected by
means of a member selected from the group consisting of steam, hot
air and mixtures thereof.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein said heating is conducted at a
temperature of from about 375.degree. to about 650.degree.F. for a
period of time of from about 0.1 second to about four minutes.
7. The process of puffing tobacco comprising the steps of
contacting tobacco containing at least about 6 percent moisture in
an impregnation zone with from about 1 to 12 percent by weight of
ammonia at a low pressure below atmospheric to absorb ammonia into
the tobacco, then contacting the tobacco with carbon dioxide at a
pressure below atmospheric to absorb carbon dioxide into the
tobacco, the temperature of contact being significantly below 100,
and then puffing the impregnated tobacco by heating to a
temperature in the range of 250.degree. -700.degree.F.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the ammonia impregnation is
carried out with liquid ammonia.
9. The process of claim 7, wherein the moisture content of the
tobacco prior to ammoniacal treating is in the range of about 5 to
about 20 percent by weight.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The art has recognized the desirability of increasing the bulk or
volume of tobacco for various reasons. An early purpose was to make
up the loss of weight caused by the curing process. A further
reason for expanding tobacco was to improve the smoking
characteristics of tobacco stems. Another purpose was to increase
the filling power so that a smaller amount of tobacco would be
needed to produce a firm cigarette rod or the like, which would
produce lower tar and nicotine than a comparable product made of
unexpanded tobacco.
A patent to Hawkins, U.S. Pat. No. 1,789,435 granted in 1931
describes a method and apparatus for expanding the volume of
tobacco in order to make up the loss of weight caused in curing
tobacco leaf. To accomplish this object the cured and conditioned
tobacco is subjected to air, carbon dioxide or steam under pressure
and then on release of pressure the tobacco tends to expand. The
patent states the volume of the tobacco is increased to the extent
of about 5-15 percent.
A series of patents to Burde, granted in 1968, specifically U.S.
Pat. No. 3,409,022, 3,409,023, 3,409,027 and 3,409,028, describe
procedures for enhancing the utility of tobacco stems for use in
smoking products by subjecting the stems to a puffing operation
utilizing various types of heat treatment or microwave energy.
A patent to Hind granted in 1969, U.S. Pat. No. 3,425,425 also
relates to the use of carbohydrates to improve the puffing of
tobacco stems. In the process, tobacco stems are soaked in an
aqueous solution of carbohydrates and then heated to puff the
stems. The carbohydrate solution may also contain organic acids
and/or certain salts which are used to improve the flavor and
smoking qualities of the stems.
A publication in the "Tobacco Reporter" of Nov. 1969 by P.S. Meyer
describes and summarizes tobacco puffing or expansion procedures or
investigations for expanding and manipulating tobacco for purposes
of reducing costs and also as the means for reducing the "tar"
content by reduction in the delivery of smoke. Mention is made in
this publication of puffing tobacco by different procedures
including the use of halogenated hydrocarbons, low pressure or
vacuum operation, or high pressure steam treatment that causes leaf
expansion from inside the cell when outside pressure is suddenly
released. Mention is also made in this publication of freeze-drying
tobacco which apparently causes an increase in volume.
Thus far, no completely satisfactory process has been found. The
difficulty with the various earlier suggestions for expanding
tobacco is that, in many cases, the volume is only slightly or at
best only moderately increased, noting for example, the 15 percent
expansion as the maximum achieved by Hawkins. On the other hand,
while a substantial volume increase may be achieved by
freeze-drying, this type of operation has the disadvantages of
requiring elaborate and expensive equipment and very substantial
operating costs. With respect to the teaching of using heat energy,
infrared or radiant microwave energy to expand tobacco stems, the
difficulty is that while stems respond to these heating procedures,
tobacco leaf does not respond effectively to this type of
process.
The use of special expanding agents, for example, halogenated
hydrocarbons, such as are mentioned in the Meyer, publication for
expanding tobacco, is also not completely satisfactory because
these substances are generally relatively expensive and because a
high temperature is generally required to volatilize or remove the
substances after the tobacco has been expanded. The introduction,
in considerable concentration, of materials which are foreign to
tobacco presents the problem of removing the expansion agent after
the treatment has been completed in order to avoid affecting aroma
and other properties of the smoke due to extraneous substances used
or developed from the combustion of the treated tobacco.
The present invention relates broadly to the puffing of tobacco
with a relatively inexpensive, low combustibility, volatile and
nontoxic agent and more particularly to the production of a puffed
tobacco product of substantially reduced density produced by
impregnating tobacco with ammonia and carbon dioxide and then
subjecting the impregnated tobacco to expansion conditions such as
heat, or reduced pressure or both, or to other known radiant energy
conditions as previously mentioned.
To carry out the process of the invention, one may treat either
whole cured tobacco leaf, tobacco in cut or chopped form, or
selected parts of tobacco such as tobacco stems or reconstituted
tobacco. In comminuted form, the tobacco to be impregnated may have
a particle size of about 20 to >5 mesh, but preferably not less
than about 30 mesh. The material treated may be in relatively dry
form, or may contain the natural moisture content of tobacco.
Preferably the tobacco should have at least about 6 percent
moisture but less than 35 percent moisture. The reason for the
upper limit will be provided in the further description of the
invention.
The essential feature of the invention process is the expansion or
puffing of the tobacco utilizing ammonia and CO as the primary
expanding agents. It is believed that the ammonia under the
conditions of operation and possibly in the presence of some
moisture, causes the expansion of the tobacco to a greater and less
reversible extent than can be obtained with various other expanding
agents.
The pretreatment of tobacco may be with liquid or gaseous ammonia
or with ammonium hydroxide to permit absorption of ammonia into the
tobacco cellular structure. A preferred method is to introduce both
ammonia and carbon dioxide into the tobacco or by contacting
tobacco with either ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate
applied directly, or formed in situ by the reaction of ammonia with
carbon dioxide and moisture in the tobacco. In any of the
procedures indicated, substantial expansion takes place on heating
the impregnated tobacco either by means of the ammonia alone or the
combined effects of both ammonia and carbon dioxide within the
tobacco structure.
The treatment of tobacco with ammonia may be by direct contact with
liquid ammonia, solutions of ammonia, ammonia vapor or by
substances capable of evolving ammonia such as by incorporating
ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate in the tobacco to be treated.
Sufficient time is provided to result in impregnating at least 1
percent by weight of ammonia or its equivalent into the tobacco
cell structure for acceptable expansion, with 2.5 percent to 8
percent by weight absorbed being preferred.
Various methods are contemplated for exposing the tobacco to the
selected ammoniacal agent. One procedure is to use liquid ammonia
applied in a form of a spray, followed by a period of stabilization
or equilibration of a few minutes to 24 hours to effect the desired
absorption and retention of the agent in the tobacco. Substantial
addition of ammonia to the tobacco may thus be reached, amounting
to as much as 100 percent by weight. However, a thorough spraying
for five minutes is satisfactory requiring no further standing,
with about 50 percent absorption being achieved.
Another method in the use of liquid ammonia is to dip the tobacco
into liquid ammonia for a period of one to two minutes followed by
draining and standing or retaining the treated tobacco in a closed
vessel up to two to four hours. This will result in about eight to
about 12 percent absorption. Satisfactory absorption may be
achieved by dipping the tobacco into liquid ammonia for about five
minutes and merely draining the tobacco on withdrawal. By this
procedure about 50 percent of ammonia is absorbed. Concentrated
ammonium hydroxide may alternatively be used as a substitute for
liquid ammonia, the tobacco being held therein for about one to two
minutes.
Ammonia vapor may also be used, for example, by exposing the
tobacco to ammonia vapors from an aqueous solution of ammonia
(ammonium hydroxide) for a period of one hour to one week but
preferably from about four to 24 hours which results in an ammonia
intake of from 1 percent to about 12 percent by weight with
additional intake of some moisture. In general, where tobacco is
exposed to ammonia long enough to absorb 2 percent or more, the
impregnated tobacco should not be exposed to the air for more than
a few minutes before puffing, so that undesirable darkening is
avoided.
By following the above described ammonia vapor procedure for
ammonia absorption, the tobacco can be impregnated with from 1
percent to as high as 50 percent by weight ammonia depending on the
partial pressure of the ammonia vapor over the aqueous ammonia. As
indicated previously, about 2.5 to 8 percent ammonia impregnation
is preferred.
While ammonia by itself is a satisfactory puffing agent, it has
been found that excellent results are achieved by combining the
effects of ammonia and carbon dioxide puffing by introducing both
of these expansion agents into the tobacco. To obtain the combined
effects, a preferred procedure is to expose tobacco to ammonia
vapors or gas, then CO.sub.2 gas or the reverse, and, if desired,
adding powdered carbon dioxide, allowing the ammonia and carbon
dioxide sufficient time to be absorbed. About 10 minutes to an hour
of exposure to the ammonia vapor followed by the same length of
time for CO.sub.2 with cooling by the use of a water jacket or the
like will yield a satisfactory amount of impregnation. The
absorption may be improved if the impregnation vessel is first
evacuated to a low initial pressure up to 26 in. of mercury
absolute. Th amounts and rates of absorption are determined by the
rates at which heat can be dissipated from the mass of tobacco
undergoing treatment and the final temperature attained since there
is an exothermic heat of solution and reaction of the ammonia,
carbon dioxide and the moisture in the tobacco. It is therefore
best to keep the temperature of the tobacco undergoing absorption
at a reasonably low point, below about 100.degree.F. and preferably
in the neighborhood of about 75.degree.F. by cooling, to achieve
satisfactory absorption and formation of ammonium carbonates in the
tobacco.
An alternative method employs ammonium carbonate or ammonium
bicarbonate for supplying both ammonia and carbon dioxide as
expansion agents for tobacco. One procedure for obtaining
impregnation of these compounds is to subject the tobacco in an
enclosed zone from 24 to 96 hours to the ammonia and carbon dioxide
gas that is given off or released from the ammonium carbonates,
permitting these gases to be absorbed and to react with the
moisture present to form ammonium carbonates. Penetration of the
gases and formation of ammonium carbonates in the tobacco is
expedited if the tobacco impregnation chamber is first evacuated.
Pressures ranging up to 26 in. of Hg absolute may be used.
Absorption is enhanced by cooling the contents to hold the
temperature of the tobacco below about 100.degree.F. Following the
impregnation, completed when the temperature is in the neighborhood
of about 75.degree.F., the tobacco is held for about 15 minutes to
one hour before the final puffing step.
Still another procedure is to utilize ammonium carbonate or
ammonium bicarbonate in the form of a dust applied to tobacco leaf
in an amount of about 1-25 percent by weight of the tobacco. The
treated tobacco is then held for about 18 to 96 hours but
preferably about 24 hours is sufficient for equilibration and
retention of about four to eight percent of the carbonates within
the tobacco structure.
A still further method for impregnating tobacco with ammonium
carbonate or bicarbonate is to contact the tobacco with these salts
suspended or partially dissolved in a suitable liquid medium for
about 1 to 48 hours, permitting the carbonates to be absorbed along
with some absorption of the liquid medium itself. Examples of
liquid carriers or solvents that may be used are methylene chloride
or highly concentrated methanol or ethanol aqueous solutions
comprising about 75 to 95 percent alcohol. The liquid solvent or
carrier may be removed in good measure by exposing the tobacco to a
flow of inert gas or air before puffing.
In the impregnation of tobacco with carbonates, whether by
contacting the tobacco with ammonia and carbon dioxide, or when
these gases are produced from impregnation with ammonium carbonate
or bicarbonate, good subsequent expansion to densities of about
0.25 has been found when the individual levels of ammonia and
CO.sub.2 in the penetrated tobacco is in the range of about 3 to 6
percent by weight of ammonia and 2 to 8 percent by weight of carbon
dioxide.
An important advantage in the use of ammonium carbonate or
bicarbonate is the fact that these compounds easily decompose at
temperatures quite substantially below the charring temperature of
tobacco. A still further advantage is that the treated tobacco need
not be expanded immediately but may be stored or handled for short
periods in air without loss of puffing capacity.
Following the impregnation of the tobacco by the various means
described above, the impregnated tobacco is then exposed to
expansion conditions by subjecting the treated product to heat or
the equivalent, or to reduced pressure or a combination of these
effects. This may comprise the use of hot surfaces, or a stream of
hot air, a mixture of gas and steam, or exposure to radiant energy
such as radiant microwave energy or infrared radiation. Another
method for causing expansion after the ammonia treating step is to
subject the treated leaf to a sudden decrease in pressure as for
example in "guns" such as are commonly used for puffing cereals. A
convenient means of expanding treated tobacco is to entrain it in a
stream of heated gas, such as superheated steam, which serves to
carry away the expelled ammonia which may subsequently be recovered
for reuse.
As is well known in processing of any organic matter, overheating
can cause damage, first to color, such as undue darkening, and
finally, to the extent of charring. The necessary and sufficient
temperature and exposure time for puffing without such damage is a
function of these two variables as well as the state of subdivision
of the tobacco. Thus, to avoid undesirable damage in the heating
step, the impregnated tobacco, at heating temperatures in the
neighborhood of 700.degree.F., should not be exposed to such
temperatures for longer than the time it takes for the tobacco
particles to attain a temperature of about 285.degree.F., which is
normally about 0.1 seconds.
One method for causing the expansion of the tobacco cells is to use
the radiation methods described in either U.S. Pat. No. 3,409,022
or No. 3,409,027. Another method involves the use of a heat gun
such as the Dayton heat gun or the equivalent, operating at an exit
air temperature of 375.degree.-650.degree.F. for a period of about
0.2 seconds to four minutes, the shorter times of course being
given for the higher temperatures. In this operation, the tobacco
never attains a temperature above about 285.degree.F., being cooled
by the rapid evolution of gases.
Another system, usually preferred, is to use a dispersion dryer,
for example, one that is supplied either with steam alone or in
combination with air. An example of such a dryer is a Proctor &
Schwartz PB dispersion dryer. The temperature in the dryer may
range from about 250.degree.-700.degree.F. with contact time in the
dryer of about four minutes at the lowest temperature to about 0.1
to 0.2 seconds at the highest temperature. In general, a 0.1 to 0.2
second contact time is utilized when the hot gas temperature is
500.degree.-600.degree.F. or somewhat higher. As stated before,
other known types of heating means may be used as long as they are
capable of causing the impregnated tobacco to puff without
excessive darkening. It should be noted, that where a high
percentage of oxygen is present in the hot gases, it will
contribute to darkening, so that if a hot-steam mixture is
employed, a high proportion (e.g., over 80 percent by volume) of
steam is preferred.
When tobacco with very high moisture content is treated with
ammonia and puffed by heat, or ammonia-treated tobacco is heavily
moisturized before heat puffing, the product may become
unnecessarily darkened. It has not been shown that smoke flavor or
other properties are particularly affected, but where light color
is desired excess moisture should be avoided. The moisture level
that has been observed to cause darkening is in the neighborhood of
about 35 percent or higher. The moisture content in the tobacco
prior to the above described treatment should be in the range of
about 3 percent to 25 percent and preferably from about 5 percent
to about 20 percent to avoid undesirable darkening effects.
A measurement of the expansion effect produced in the tobacco by
the above procedures may be carried out by determining the
percentage of the product that floats on a specific low density
liquid such as acetone, alcohol, petroleum ether or hexane, or by
measuring the density of the product by a simple application of the
weight in air vs weight in liquid method, with acetone as the
immersion liquid. A perforated metal case (conveniently a tea ball)
holds the sample (3-5g.). The weight in liquid is recorded when the
balance has come to rest (60 to 90 seconds). The only precaution is
to see that all bubbles have been released by tapping the case, if
necessary, during both the tare and sample weighings.
As described herein, a density of the final puffed tobacco product
in the range of 0.25 to 0.60g./cc. is preferred.
The following examples will serve to illustrate the techniques in
greater detail. It should be noted that percentages as given in the
examples are on a weight basis, unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLE 1
Bright tobacco in the form of cut filler and having a moisture
content close to 12 percent is sprayed with a mist of liquid
ammonia for a period of five minutes. The flow rate of gas through
a Proctor & Schwarz "P.B." dispersion dryer (attached at outlet
to a cyclone separator) is set at 2200 ft/min., at a superheated
steam/air mixture in a ratio (volume) of about 90/10. Inlet
temperature is 550.degree.F. The treated filler is fed into the
system and the estimated exposure time is two seconds. The product
is well puffed and has color equivalent to that before treatment or
slightly lighter.
EXAMPLE 2
Tobacco as cut filler was exposed for 16 hrs. at room temperature
in a closed vessel containing vapors from an open container of
aqueous ammonium hydroxide.
The filler when placed on a hot plate, surface temperature
480.degree.F, expanded noticeably. Filler similarly prepared was
passed through a Proctor & Schwarz dispersion dryer set at 2000
ft/min. steam/air (5:1) flow, inlet and outlet temperatures
500.degree.F and 400.degree.F (minimum) respectively. Microscopic
examination showed puffing had occurred; about 50 percent of the
product floated on petroleum ether.
EXAMPLE 3
Cut filler weighing 15 g. was sprayed in a polyethylene bag with 10
ml. of aqueous ammonium hydroxide (30 percent NH.sub.3) and left in
the closed bag several days. With the dispersion dryer set at 2200
ft/min. superheated steam/air (5:1 approx. volume ratio) flow,
525.degree.F and 420.degree.F at inlet and outlet, respectively,
the filler was given two passes through the system for an estimated
four-second exposure (after one pass it was still damp). The
product was puffed and about 95 percent floated on absolute
ethanol.
EXAMPLE 4
Cut filler was exposed over aqueous ammonium hydroxide over-night
to impregnate it with ammonia. The filler was then exposed to
CO.sub.2 gas and finally it was mixed with powdered solid carbon
dioxide to allow the ammonia, carbon dioxide, and moisture to
react. The filler was passed through the dispersion dryer (2000
ft/min. steam/air, approx. 5:1, 550.degree.F and 450.degree.F at
inlet and outlet). The filler was puffed and 95 percent floated on
absolute ethanol.
EXAMPLE 5
Burley filler (moisture 12-15 percent) was sprayed with liquid
ammonia for varying lengths of time, then exposed in a rotating
wire cage to air from a Dayton heat gun at approximately
400.degree.F for one minute, followed by one minute of air with the
heat off. The degree of puffing was noted by the fraction of filler
which floated on various solvents: ethanol, d. 0.794; petroleum
ether, d. 0.733; hexane, d. 0.687. Results are shown in Table
I.
Table I
Puffing of Burley Filler
(Con- NH.sub.3 spray, min. 1 3 5 0 trol)* % Floating on absolute
ethanol 100 100 100 10 % Floating on petroleum ether 50 100 100
<5 % Floating on liquid hexane 25 90 100 <5 *Heating just 15
sec. to avoid charring.
Bright filler with five minute spray also showed 100 percent
floating. Microscopic examination of sectioned particles led to
estimate of at least 100 percent expansion in cross-section
thickness.
EXAMPLE 6
Cut Burley filler at varying moisture levels was sprayed with
anhydrous liquid ammonia for five minutes and treated with air at
400.degree.F for 70 seconds from the Dayton heat gun. Results are
shown in Table II. Acetone has d. 0.782.
TABLE II
Puffing of Burley Filler
% Moisture 2.8 12.0 17.8 20.8 % Floating on acetone 0 100 100 100 %
Floating on petroleum ether 0 70 100 100 % Floating on liquid
hexane 0 70 100 100
In another test, appreciable puffing occurred at 5.5 percent
initial moisture, and puffing at 19.4 and 25.3 percent initial
moisture was approximately equal.
EXAMPLE 7
A 4.8 liter glass resin-flask was fitted with a chromel-alumel
temperature probe connected to a recorder, and with connections to
sources of vacuum, gaseous CO.sub.2, gaseous ammonia and a vacuum
gage. 40 grams of bright tobacco was placed in the container. A
vacuum of 20 inches (of mercury) was drawn or about 1/3 of an
atmosphere absolute pressure and CO.sub.2 was introduced to a
vacuum of 10 inches. Then ammonia was introduced to a vacuum of two
inches. During the next 20 minutes, ammonium bicarbonate deposited
in the tobacco causing a temperature rise of 11.7.degree.C. After
two hours, the temperature had returned to ambient (26.degree.C)
and the pressure had returned to 10 inches. The container was then
filled with more CO.sub.2 (to ambient pressure) and almost no
further temperature change was observed.
Calculations, based on the amounts of CO.sub.2 and ammonia added,
indicated that nearly 25 percent excess CO.sub.2 appeared to have
been present initially. Converting the temperature rise to calories
of heat evolved, it was calculated that about 60 percent of the
ammonia present had reacted on the tobacco to the equivalent of
ammonium bicarbonate. The sample was subsequently puffed as in
Example 4 at 500.degree.F and showed 70 percent floaters on
petroleum ether.
EXAMPLE 8
One hundred and ninety grams of flue cured tobacco at 7.7 percent
moisture was stored for 72 hours with 68 grams of commercial
ammonium carbonate at a partial pressure of 44 mm. The pressure
rose to an equilibrium of 180 mm after a few hours. About nine
grams of the carbonate sublimed, and a total of nearly six grams of
ammonia and CO.sub.2 was found on the tobacco by analysis.
The treated tobacco from the above experiments was expanded in the
dispersion dryer at 400.degree. and 550.degree.F with 1.8 percent
NH.sub.3 and 1.2% CO.sub.2 produced in the tobacco, expansion
densities found were 0.60 at 400.degree.F and 0.41 at
550.degree.F.
EXAMPLE 9
Cut bright leaf filler was dipped in methylene chloride saturated
with ammonium carbonate. It was exposed for two days to the air.
When this filler was placed on a hot plate, it puffed with some
audible popping but without the more violent and irregular popping
observed with methylene chloride. Most of the solvent had
apparently been lost before the puffing.
EXAMPLE 10
In equipment like that used in Example 7, 40 grams of E-7 bright
tobacco filler was evacuated and exposed to ammonia vapor at
atmospheric pressure. After about 30 minutes the tobacco was
removed and subjected to steam/air (90/10) in the dispersion dryer
at an inlet temperature of 500.degree.F. approx. Density was found
to be 0.27g./cc. as compared with 1.14g./cc. for the filler before
treatment.
EXAMPLE 11
Fifty pounds of filler-cut flue-cured tobacco at 11 percent (dry
basis) moisture was charged to a large tumbler cooled by water at
42.degree.F. The tumbler was set in motion at 6 RPM and evacuated
to about one inch Hg (absolute pressure). Then, four pounds of
liquid ammonia was injected in a period of 10 mins., followed by
six pounds of CO.sub.2 (gas) during a period of 30 mins. The use of
liquid rather than gaseous ammonia greatly reduced the amount of
heat evolved when tobacco is ammoniated. The residual vacuum was
then discharged by admitting air. The impregnated tobacco was
analyzed and contained 4.4% NH.sub.3, 5.3% CO.sub.2 and 18.6
percent (dry basis) total oven volatiles. It was injected into a
high velocity turbulent stream of combustion gases and steam at
500.degree.F. and yielded a low density (0.28), (The density was
measured by an acetone displacement method.) light yellow-colored,
expanded product.
When equilibrated after treating in a fine water spray to 13
percent moisture, this material showed a filling index about twice
as great as untreated tobacco at a similar moisture content.
It should be noted that ammonia is naturally present in tobacco but
obviously at levels substantially below that needed for significant
expansion. The fact that ammonia is a natural constituent of
tobacco is a material advantage in carrying out the puffing process
of the invention as described here. Thus, it is not necessary to
remove every trace of the expansion agent before the product is
incorporated into smoking articles as is clearly necessary when
using such foreign and extraneous materials as hydrocarbons or
halogenated compounds for expansion purposes. Ammonia also has the
advantage of being relatively much less hazardous in forming
explosive mixtures with air than would be encountered if one used
some of the organic liquids that have been previously
suggested.
Ammonia is especially efficacious in causing puffing of tobacco
parts because first it readily penetrates the cell walls and second
at least in the presence of moisture is believed to have a
softening effect on the cell structure which facilitates the
puffing. Moreover, its low boiling temperature (vapor pressure)
makes possible the use of relatively low puffing temperatures. A
further advantage is the relatively low cost of ammonia which means
that losses due to incomplete recovery are of no great concern.
An important advantage in the use of ammonium carbonate or
bicarbonate is that these compounds not only have negligable
explosion hazard as compared to other substances but also have the
advantage of producing ammonia and carbon dioxide at relatively low
temperatures whereas excessive darkening and charring temperatures
could be incurred with other substances capable of furnishing a
gaseous puffing agent but only at a relatively high decomposition
temperature. Thus, tobacco puffed with ammonia that is either
absorbed or produced in situ shows little or no darkening in the
absence of an excess amount of moisture. The latter, of course, can
be prevented by avoiding the deliberate addition of water as is
sometimes believed necessary in prior processes.
* * * * *