U.S. patent number 3,771,422 [Application Number 05/188,756] was granted by the patent office on 1973-11-13 for automatic pressure relief and snubbing in hydraulic actuators.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Houdaille Industries, Inc.. Invention is credited to Gordon W. Kamman.
United States Patent |
3,771,422 |
Kamman |
November 13, 1973 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
AUTOMATIC PRESSURE RELIEF AND SNUBBING IN HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
Abstract
Rapid start-up acceleration is automatically attained by
pressure relief provided for the discharge chamber through a dump
valve referenced to the drive chamber of the actuator. Deceleration
is accomplished by snubbing hydraulic fluid discharge and by
diverting pressure directly from the hydralic feed line. Negative
pressure relief or anti-cavitation is provided for in the hydraulic
system of the actuator. A novel, efficient snubber valve is carried
by the actuator piston to control hydraulic fluid passing through
the discharge port of the actuator.
Inventors: |
Kamman; Gordon W. (Elma,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Houdaille Industries, Inc.
(Buffalo, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22694402 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/188,756 |
Filed: |
October 13, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
91/405; 91/421;
91/451; 91/420; 91/441 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F15B
15/12 (20130101); F15B 15/224 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F15B
15/00 (20060101); F15B 15/12 (20060101); F15B
15/22 (20060101); F15b 015/22 (); F15b 013/042 ();
F15b 011/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;91/452,451,405,407,408,420,441,421 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Maslousky; Paul E.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. In combination with a hydraulic actuator including a housing
defining a working chamber divided into subchambers on opposite
sides of piston means relatively movable in said chamber;
a. means providing a hydraulic pressure fluid source;
b. a pressure line for conducting hydraulic pressure fluid from the
source to one of said subchambers;
c. an exhaust line leading from the other of said subchambers and
having a pair of spaced restrictions therein; and
d. means referenced to said one subchamber to operate in response
to initial pressure build up in said one subchamber to relieve
pressure in said exhaust line between said restrictions for
accelerating running stroke of the piston.
2. In a combination according to claim 1, including a return line
to said source, and said means for relieving pressure comprising a
bypass from said exhaust line to said return line and a normally
closed dump valve in said bypass referenced to and driven open by
predetermined pressure in said one subchamber greater than normal
running pressure.
3. In a combination according to claim 2, said return line having a
restriction therein which is less than the restriction in said
exhaust line located downstream from said bypass, whereby to
maintain the return line in a filled hydraulic system and enabling
bypass pressure relieving dumping from the exhaust line into the
return line upon opening of said dump valve.
4. In a combination according to claim 1, means connected directly
to said pressure line and referenced to said other subchamber for
relieving pressure in the pressure line upon development of
excessive pressure in said one chamber.
5. In a combination according to claim 4, said pressure line
including spaced restrictions therein, and said pressure line
pressure relief means communicating with said pressure line between
said restrictions.
6. In a combination according to claim 5, a return line to said
source, said pressure relief means for the pressure line being
connected to said return line and including a dump valve normally
closed but responsive to excessive pressure in said other chamber
to open a passage from the pressure line to said return line.
7. In a combination according to claim 6, means providing an excess
pressure crossover relief for each of said subchambers
communicating with said return line, and anti-cavitation hydraulic
fluid make-up means communicating with each of said subchambers and
leading from said return line.
8. In combination with a hydraulic actuator including a housing
defining a working chamber divided into subchambers on opposite
sides of piston means relatively movable in said chamber;
means providing a hydraulic pressure fluid source;
a pressure line for conducting hydraulic pressure fluid from said
source to one of said subchambers to drive said piston means;
an exhaust line leading from the other of said chambers and
communicating with a low pressure means;
overload pressure relief means communicating directly with said
pressure line upstream from said one subchamber and referenced for
response to pressure buildup in said other subchamber to bypass
pressure from the pressure line to said low pressure means;
a return line to said low pressure means in addition to said
pressure and exhaust lines, and said overload pressure relief means
communicating with said return line;
said overload pressure relief means comprising a duct leading from
said pressure line to said return line and having a normally closed
dump valve therein;
a duct leading from said other subchamber and connected in
referencing relation to said dump valve to effect opening of the
dump valve in response to overload pressure from said other
subchamber;
and startup pressure relief means connected to said exhaust line
and discharging into said return line and responsive to pressure in
excess of running pressure developed in said one subchamber during
startup;
said startup pressure relief means comprising a dump valve in a
bypass duct from said exhaust line to said return line and normally
closed, with a referencing passage leading from said one subchamber
to said startup pressure dump valve.
9. In a combination according to claim 8, a control valve operative
to connect or disconnect the pressure and exhaust lines
simultaneously relative to said source, crossover pressure relief
means connecting said subchambers with said return line, and
anti-cavitation means connecting said return line with said
subchambers.
10. In combination with a hydraulic actuator comprising a housing
having a working chamber therein divided into subchambers by piston
means movable in respectively opposite directions in response to
pressure differential in the respective subchambers, and a
symmetrical hydraulic control system for the actuator;
including means providing a hydraulic pressure fluid source; low
pressure means;
respective pressure/exhaust lines communicating with said
subchambers;
multi-position control valve means operative for selectively and
alternatively effecting pressure or exhaust relation between said
lines and said source and said low pressure means;
a separate return line communicating with said low pressure
means;
respective pressure relief means communicating said return line
with said pressure/exhaust lines upstream from the subchambers and
respectively referenced to be operative in response to overload
pressure sensed in the other of the subchambers in each
instance;
each of said pressure/exhaust lines having spaced restrictions
therein; and
said respective pressure relief means connected to said pressure
exhaust lines between said restrictions.
11. In a combination according to claim 10, said return line having
a restriction therein downstream from said pressure relief means
and providing for less restriction than the respective restrictions
in said pressure/exhaust lines which are located nearest to said
control valve means.
12. In a combination according to claim 11, said valve means being
operative to disconnect said pressure/exhaust lines from said
source, crossover pressure relief means connecting said subchambers
with said return line, and anti-cavitation means leading from said
return line to each of the respective subchambers.
13. In a combination with a hydraulic actuator comprising a housing
having a working chamber therein divided into subchambers by piston
means movable in respectively opposite directions in response to
pressure differential in the respective subchambers, and a
symmetrical hydraulic control system for the actuator;
including means providing a hydraulic pressure fluid source; low
pressure means;
respective pressure/exhaust lines communicating with said
subchambers;
multi-position control valve means operative for selectively and
alternatively affecting pressure or exhaust relation between said
lines and said source and said low pressure means;
a separate return line communicating with said low pressure
means;
respective pressure relief means communicating said return line
with said pressure/exhaust lines upstream from the subchambers and
respectively referenced to be operative in response to overload
pressure sensed in the other of the subchambers in each
instance;
each of said pressure/exhaust lines communicating with its
respective subchamber through a port by which pressure fluid is
delivered to either respective subchamber to move the piston means
into the other of the subchambers from which hydraulic fluid is
discharged through the port communicating therewith;
snubber valve means carried by the piston means operative to
terminate driving stroke of the piston means by closing the
discharge port whereby overload pressure in the associated
subchamber referenced to the overload relief means of the pressure
fluid delivering line bypasses the pressure therefrom to the return
line;
said ports being in respective surface defining the respective
subchamber, and said snubber valve means comprising a valve member
slidably engaging the respective surface and having progressively
restricting orifice means operative to progressively throttle and
close the associated port in the movement of the piston means
toward the port; and
said throttle valve members being normally biased into snubbing
relation to said respective surfaces and being movable away from
said port in response to fluid pressure to enable reversal of the
piston drive.
14. In combination with a hydraulic actuator comprising a housing
having a working chamber therein divided into subchambers by piston
means movable in respectively opposite directions in response to
pressure differential in the respective subchambers, and a
symmetrical hydraulic control system for the actuator;
including means providing a hydraulic pressure fluid source; low
pressure means;
respective pressure/exhaust lines communicating with said
subchambers;
multi-position control valve means operative for selectively and
alternatively affecting pressure or exhaust relation between said
lines and said source and said low pressure means;
a separate return line communicating with said low pressure
means;
respective pressure relief means communicating said return line
with said pressure/exhaust lines upstream from the subchambers and
respectively referenced to be operative in response to overload
pressure sensed in the other of the subchambers in each
instance;
each of said pressure/exhaust lines communicating with its
respective subchamber through a port by which pressure fluid is
delivered to either respective subchamber to move the piston means
into the other of the subchambers from which hydraulic fluid is
discharged through the port communicating therewith;
snubber valve means carried by the piston means operative to
terminate driving stroke of the piston means by closing the
discharge port whereby overload pressure in the associated
subchamber referenced to the overload relief means of the pressure
fluid delivering line bypasses the pressure therefrom to the return
line;
said actuator being of the rotary type wherein said piston means
comprise a vane carried by an oscillating wing shaft with which an
abutment in the working chamber cooperates as a barrier to divide
the working chamber with said piston vane into said subchambers and
said ports are located in an end closure of the housing providing
such surfaces;
said snubber valve means comprising respective elongated plate
members mounted on and projecting in respectively opposite
directions from said piston vane;
means connecting said valve members operatively to the piston vane
and enabling limited movement of the valve members toward and away
from said closure surfaces;
means normally biasing the valve members toward said surfaces;
and
each of said valve members having a face slidably engaging with
said surfaces and provided with a respective orifice groove
diminishing from a leading end to a trailing end for progressively
throttling discharge through the associated port as the respective
valve member is moved over the port by advance of the piston vane
in a driving stroke.
15. A method of controlling operation of a hydraulic actuator
having a housing providing a working chamber and piston means in
said housing relatively movable in response to hydraulic pressure
in a driving subchamber of the working chamber and discharge of
hydraulic fluid from an exhaust subchamber of the working chamber,
comprising:
delivering pressure fluid from a source to said driving
subchamber;
returning the hydraulic fluid from said exhaust subchamber through
a return line and spaced running speed stabilizing restrictions in
said line to a sump; and
at the start of piston drive referencing pressure buildup in said
driving subchamber to a bypass valve in a bypass passage connecting
said return line between said restrictions with the sump, and
thereby opening said bypass valve in response to said pressure
buildup to relieve pressure in the exhaust line whereby to
accelerate attainment of running stroke of said piston.
16. In combination with a hydraulic actuator including a housing
providing a working chamber, piston means movably operative in said
chamber in response to hydraulic pressure fluid differential, means
for delivering hydraulic pressure fluid to one side of said piston,
and means for exhausting hydraulic fluid from the opposite side of
said piston including a surface having an exhaust port therein, the
improvement comprising:
a snubber valve member carried by the piston means and comprising
an elongated plate movable therewith on said surface toward said
port and having a face slidably engaging said surface;
said valve member having progressive throttling orifice means
comprising a groove in said face of substantially the same width
throughout its length and diminishing in depth from a leading end
to a trailing end operative as the valve member moves over the port
and the groove advances from said leading end in alignment with the
port to effect progressive throttling of exhaust flow through the
port;
said groove having a first portion diminishing in depth from said
leading end at a greater angle than a second portion of the groove
which diminishes at a shallower angle to said trailing end, for
smooth progressive throttling effect in the advance of the groove
over the port.
17. A combination according to claim 16, wherein said piston
includes a wing shaft having a radial vane rotatably movably
operative in said chamber relative to an abutment in said chamber,
said means for delivering hydraulic pressure fluid delivering the
pressure fluid into the chamber between said abutment and one side
of said vane and said exhaust port being located between the
opposite side of said vane and said abutment, said vane having a
mounting recess therein at the side of the vane which faces toward
said port, said valve member comprising an elongated plate having
lug mounting structure at one end received in said recess and with
the remainder of the valve plate projecting from the vane toward
said port, and means connecting said mounting lug to said vane
within said recess enabling limited relative movement of the valve
plate toward and away from said surface but retaining the valve
plate against transfers relative movement.
18. A combination according to claim 17, said connecting means
comprising a pin mounted in said vane across said recess, said
mounting lug having a clearance hole therein elongated in the
direction of permissible movement of the valve plate toward and
away from said surface, said mounting lug having a slot therein
across which the pin extends, and a torsion biasing spring engaged
about the pin in said slot and having one end thrusting against the
valve plate and an opposite end thrusting against the vane in said
recess.
Description
This invention relates to hydraulic actuators in general and is
more particularly concerned with automatic pressure relief in a
hydraulic system, and driving stroke terminal deceleration
snubbing.
Several areas in hydraulic actuator operation, and more
particularly in the operation of heavy-duty, large-load, high
inertia actuators, have been in need of improvement. Such actuators
are especially useful in numerous and varied types of industrial,
load-lifting, earth-moving and similar types of equipment. High
hydraulic pump pressures are needed to perform the desired work.
Because of the necessity for start-up from zero velocity, abrupt
stops, definite operating and return stroke limits, rapid changes
of direction, and the like, fairly sophisticated hydraulic controls
have been developed in the actuator operating systems.
Nevertheless, some areas in the operating systems have heretofore
escaped proper attention or solution, or attempts at solutions have
raised additional problems.
For example, during start-up, pressure leveling, surge-preventing,
anti-cavitation devices in the hydraulic systems have retarded
acceleration to the point of undesirability and have reduced the
efficiency of operation of the actuator and its associated
equipment.
During deceleration snubbing, progressive discharge flow
restriction and thus stopping back pressure on the piston causes a
corresponding pressure build-up on the driving side of the piston
and in the driving chamber of the cylinder, with potentially
damaging consequences in the apparatus. Some attempts, lacking in
efficiency have heretofore been made to relieve this condition.
Due to high inertia load and necessity for high operating
pressures, but necessarily rapid and sometimes abrupt
decelerations, cavitation in the operating chambers of the actuator
is an ever-present hazard. Prior attempts to solve this problem
have lacked efficiency.
There has been need for an effective, rugged, trouble-free and
durable snubber valve construction for hydraulic actuator pistons,
even though numerous prior attempts have been made in this
direction.
Accordingly, it is an important object of the present invention to
overcome the foregoing and other disadvantages, defects,
deficiencies, shortcomings and problems in prior methods and
structures and to attain important advantages, improvements and new
results in and in connection with hydraulic actuators.
Another object of the invention is to attain new and improved
start-up acceleration in the operation of hydraulic actuators and
more particularly heavy-duty actuators.
A further object of the invention is to provide new and improved
deceleration method and means in the operation of hydraulic
actuators.
Still another object of the invention is to provide new and
improved anti-cavitation control for hydraulic actuators.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide new and improved
snubber valve control means in hydraulic actuators.
A still further object of the invention is to improve the operating
efficiency and equipment life in and in association with hydraulic
actuators.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be
readily apparent from the following description of a preferred
embodiment thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, although variations and modifications may be effected
without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts
embodied in the disclosure, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a representative hydraulic
actuator and hydraulic operating and control system;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional plan view of the actuator and
snubber control valve structure;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional detail view taken substantially
along the line III--III of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of one of the snubber valve
members.
Although in some respects it will be readily apparent that the
present invention is applicable to a linear actuator, that is an
actuator having a cylindrical working chamber and a rectilinearly
stroking piston, especially advantageous applicability is evident
in connection with rotary actuators, that is of the type having an
oscillatably stroking piston in an annular working chamber
structure. As represented in FIG. 1, a rotary hydraulic actuator 10
comprises an annular housing 11 having opposite end walls 12 (only
one being shown) coaxially journalling a wingshaft 13 within an
annular working chamber 14 defined within the housing 11. Suitable
means (not shown) are provided, as is customary, for securing the
housing 11 and the shaft 13 to respective parts of equipment which
must be relatively moved by operation of the actuator. Such
operation is effected by means of hydraulic fluid such as suitable
oil under pressure introduced into the working chamber 14 to cause
hydraulic pressure reaction between an abutment 15 carried by the
chamber and a piston vane 17 carried by the shaft 13. As is usual,
the abutment 15 is fixedly mounted in the housing and in sliding
engagement with the perimeter of the shaft 13 and provides a liquid
barrier across the chamber 14. By its projection from the shaft 13
into sliding engagement with the cylindrical housing wall defining
the chamber 14, the piston vane 17 divides the chamber in
cooperation with the abutment 15 into respective subchambers, with
the result that when hydraulic fluid is introduced under pressure
into one subchamber while the opposite subchamber is permitted to
drain or discharge, expansion of the pressurized chamber causes
relative rotation of the shaft 13 and the housing 11 by driving
force of the pressure against the piston vane 17.
Hydraulic pressure fluid for driving the actuator 10 is supplied
through a hydraulic circuit by a pump 18 controlled and powered in
a suitable manner and operative to draw hydraulic fluid through a
duct 19 from a tank or sump 20 and force the fluid under pressure
into a supply duct 21 under a constant head of pressure of, for
example, about 2,000 psi., depending upon service requirements.
Normally, the supply duct 21 may be blocked by a control valve 22
which may be of the reciprocable manually operated or controlled
type having a central non-demand or neutral zone. As thus blocked
the hydraulic fluid may by-pass from the duct 21 through a normally
closed pressure release valve 23 to return by way of a duct 24 to
the intake duct 19 or the sump 20.
When it is desired to operate the actuator 10 by driving the vane
shaft 13 in either the clockwise or counterclockwise direction
relative to the housing 11 as shown in FIG. 1, the control valve 22
is shifted to a effect communication between the pressure side of
the pump 18 and the actuator subchamber which is to be pressurized
and between the low pressure or suction side of the pump and the
discharge or low pressure subchamber of the actuator. In the
present instance a symmetrical reversible hydraulic control system
is provided wherein each of the working subchambers of the actuator
is connectable alternatively with either side of the pump 18
through a similar respective duct 25 communicating with its
subchamber through a port 27 in the selected end wall 12 of the
actuator housing, such port being located in an instance near but
suitably spaced from the abutment 15. When the spool of the right,
the lefthand working subchamber of the actuator as shown in FIG. 1
is pressurized by connecting its duct 25 with the pressure delivery
duct 21 while the other communication duct 25 is placed in
communication with the low pressure duct 24 communicating with the
intake side of the pump 18. When the valve 22 is moved towards the
left as shown in FIG. 1, the reverse communication relationship is
effected, namely, the right hand working subchamber is pressurized
and becomes the drive chamber and the lefthand subchamber becomes
the discharge chamber. In order to limit and smoothly regulate the
flow of pressure fluid from the pump through either of the ducts
25, each such duct is provided with a flow restriction 28 near the
valve 22. In addition, pressure flows through each of the ducts 25
to its port 27 is controlled by a flow limiting restriction 29
located near the subchamber port.
Upon adjusting the valve 22 for pressurizing either selected
working subchamber of the actuator 10, drive chamber pressure will
promptly reach substantially pump pressure, i.e., 2,000 psi., and
the actuator wing-shaft 13 will begin to turn by reason of the
pressure exerted on the piston vane 17. However, in view of the
restrictions 29 and 28, in that order, in the discharge line 25,
back pressure will tend to resist rapid acceleration. Therefore
pressure is automatically relieved from the discharge line between
the restrictions 28 and 29. For this purpose, means are provided
comprising a port 30 adjacent to the abutment 15 and by which
pressure is referenced from the drive chamber through a duct 30a to
a drive piston 31 by which a dump valve plunger 32 is shifted in
opposition to biasing means in the form of a spring 33 to connect a
normally blocked bypass duct 34 connecting the duct 25 between the
orifices 28 and 29 with a return duct 35 communicating with the
suction line 19 and/or the sump 20. Inasmuch as the flow
restriction through the path provided by the duct 34 and the valve
32 is substantially less than through the restriction 28, the
pressure relief afforded results in faster acceleration of the
wingshaft 13 and its attached inertia load. Although for
maintaining a filled system, the return line duct 35 has a flow
restriction 37 therein downstream from the point of communication
of the by-pass duct 34, the flow path through this restriction is
substantially less than through the restriction 28, thereby
facilitating the rapid acceleration phase in operation.
As actuator operation attains the desired running or designed
speed, the pressure line restrictions 28 and 29 reduce the drive
chamber pressure to a lower value, for example to 1,000 psi., and
below the bias value of the dump valve spring 33 which is thus
closed to disconnect or block the by-pass duct 34 and restore the
discharge line 25 to flow through the restriction 28 thereof to
pump or sump. The exhausting hydraulic fluid is thereby maintained
at a back pressure which nearly approximates the drive pressure to
maintain smooth, constant speed in the driving stroke of the
operating cycle. As a result of this back pressure, if there is any
tendency to over-speed due to changing gravitational or other bias
on the load being moved, higher pressure will be generated in the
exhaust chamber, and according to the present invention
compensating pressure relief is provided. This comprises opening
the dump valve 32 connected with the pressure line 25 to by-pass
and thus relieve sufficient pressure downstream from the orifice 28
to the return line duct 35 to reduce driving pressure in the drive
chamber enough to maintain substantially constant running speed.
Operation of the pressure line dump valve 32 is the same as already
described for the dump valve 32 of the exhaust line, the excess
pressure being referenced by way of the port 30 communicating with
the exhaust chamber through the associated duct 30a to the drive
piston 31 of the dump valve 32 in opposition to its spring bias 33
to open the by-pass line 34. It will thus be apparent, that when
either of the subchambers of the working chamber 14 is in the
pressurized condition the dump valve 32 referenced thereto serves
to effect acceleration pressure relief for the exhaust line, while
when the same subchamber is in the relationship of exhaust chamber,
the dump valve 32 referenced thereto acts as an overload relief,
speed leveling dump valve in control of the high pressure line.
Should the main control valve 22 be closed for any reason while the
actuator is operating at running speed, as for example through the
mid-portion of travel of the piston after attaining full
acceleration, pressure in the exhaust chamber will rise due to
operating momemtum. Since the exhaust line 25 is at this time
closed, pressure relief means to the return duct 35 are provided.
For this purpose, a respective crossover relief valve 38 for each
of the working subchambers of the actuator communicates on the
pressure responsive or upstream side with the respective
referencing duct 30a and on the downstream or discharge side with
the return line 35, desirably by way of a branch duct 39. Each of
the valves 38 desirably is normally biased as by means of a spring
40 to remain closed until a predetermined pressure is referenced
thereto from the exhaust chamber, for example 1800 psi., which
pressure is great enough to effect reasonably prompt deceleration
of the actuator but low enough to avoid system over-load and
damaging stress.
Further, during sudden stops by closing of the control valve 22
while the actuator is running at force of substantially full speed,
cavitation tendency may develop in the pressure chamber. To
alleviate that condition, make-up hydraulic fluid is supplied to
the shut-off pressure chamber from the low pressure or the return
line portion of the hydraulic system. For this purpose, a
respective anti-cavitation make-up duct 41 communicates with the
return line duct 35 through the duct 39 with a respective check
valve 42 communicating with the associated working subchamber of
the actuator through a respective port 43 adjacent to the abutment
15. The check valves 42 prevent outflow through the ports 43 but
permit anti-cavitation inflow as required. Anti-cavitation inflow
or replenishment to the respective subchamber is implemented by the
constant pressure maintained in the return duct line 35 by the
restriction 37.
New and improved means are provided for snubbing deceleration of
the actuator piston at terminus of each driving stroke which, in
the actuator 10 and its hydraulic control circuitry as illustrated,
is in each opposite direction of travel of the piston vane 17,
since the same pump pressure is utilized in each opposite direction
and the hydraulic control circuitry in the system is symmetrical as
shown. To this end, the piston vane 17 has at each side thereof a
respective laterally projecting snubber valve plate 44 operative to
close off or throttle discharge through the port 27 of the
associated working subchamber progressively in the terminal portion
of each driving or working stroke, thereby attaining smooth
stress-free deceleration and stopping of the actuator. As the port
27 is closed, pressure increases in the exhaust chamber between the
location of the port 27 and the abutment 15. Such pressure is
referenced to and operates the dump valve 32 of the pressure line
25, thereby diverting pump pressure to the return line 35 and
relieving pressure in the drive chamber of the actuator. By dumping
the hydraulic fluid directly from the pressure line 25 into the
return line 35, by-passing the control valve 22, no check valves
are required between the dump valves and the inlet line and the
outlet line to prevent the fluid from flowing the wrong way through
their respective dump valves and simplifies and increases the
efficiency and safety of the system, especially when driving at
full supply pressure during snubbing.
Construction and operation of the snubber valves 44 is such as to
maintain pressure in the exhaust chamber at a value which will
decelerate the load at a constant rate and prevent excessive surges
or pressure peaks. In addition, the valves are constructed and
arranged to enable ready, restriction-free reverse operation of the
actuator by inlet flow through the associated port 27, when the
control valve 22 is reversed to reverse the driving stroke of the
piston vane 17. To this end, having reference to FIGS. 2-4, each of
the valve plates is constructed to provide a slide face 45 arranged
to bear against the face of the actuator housing closure 12 through
which the port 27 communicates. The face 45 is on a portion of the
valve plate which is elongated to project a substantial distance
laterally from the associated side of the piston vane 17 and in the
direction of movement of the vane into the respective working
subchamber. Thereby as the vane 17 moves toward the port 27 in the
terminal portion of a working stroke the projecting valve member
44, and more particularly the bearing face 45 progressively covers
the port 27 which, of course, is properly located in the surface of
the closure 12 for this purpose. By having the throttle valve
member 44 constructed to provide an orifice restriction operative
to effect deceleration at a constant rate and prevent surges or
pressure peaks, the port 27 can be in the form of a single hole in
the face of the closure 12. For this purpose, the bearing face 45
has therein a longitudinally extending shallow orifice groove 47
which although is desirably straight to facilitate machining is of
substantial width to remain at substantial registration with the
port 27 as the throttle valve advances along an arc with the vane
17. As shown schematically in FIG. 2, as the tip of the valve
member 44 comes into registration with the port 27, the leading end
of the orifice groove 47 registers with the port and registration
of the groove with the port continues to the trailing end of the
groove. Progressive throttling is effected by having the groove 47
progressively diminishing in depth to merge with the bearing face
45 at the trailing end of the orifice groove. Thereby a smooth,
progressive throttling action is attained. In the approximately
first half of its length, the orifice groove 47 diminishes in depth
at a greater angle to a transition point or line 48 from which the
throttling orifice groove diminishes at a shallower angle to the
terminal end of the groove, both tapering angles being calculated
to be complementary for smooth, progressive throttling coordinated
with functioning of the pressure line dump valve 32 by reference to
the pressure built up in the exhaust chamber as the throttling
progresses. At the trailing end of the throttle orifice groove 47,
the sliding surface 45 fully covers the port 27 and thus brings the
piston vane to a complete halt. Aiding the throttling action of the
throttle valve member 45 is the pressure built up in the exhaust
chamber as throttling progresses so that at the terminus of
throttling the pressure firmly presses the throttle valve face 45
against the face of the closure 12.
To make the throttle valve 44 responsive not only to chamber
pressure for firm throttling bearing against the closure 12 but
also to enable release of the throttle valve in response to
hydraulic pressure fluid entry through the associated port 27 to
effect reversal of the actuator piston, the valve member 44 is
mounted in a manner to enable a limited range of movement toward
and away from the face of the closure 12. For this purpose, the
side of the vane 17 from which the throttle valve member 44
projects is provided with a mounting recess 49 for the trailing or
butt end of the valve member, such recess opening not only from the
side of the vane but also from the edge of the vane which opposes
the closure 12 in which the port 27 is located. In width, depth and
length, the mounting recess 49 is complementary to and accommodates
an integral mounting lug 50 on the butt end portion of the valve
member, with the sides of the mounting lug and the sides defining
the recess 49 being in close but slidable relation so that movement
of the valve member is permitted longitudinally of the recess but
the valve member will be held firmly against any significant
movement laterally thereof as it is carried into throttling
relation to the port 27. For connecting the valve member in the
mounting recess, means comprising a connecting pin 51 are provided
which pin is secured at its opposite ends in the vane 17 and
extends through a bearing opening 52 in the lug 50 and which
bearing lug is sized to retain the valve member against
displacement in its longitudinal direction relative to the vane 17.
To enable a limited range of movement of the valve member 44 to
assure firm bearing of the face 45 against the surface of the
closure 12 independently of the bearing relationship of the vane 17
to the closure member and to enable backing away of the valve
member 44 under inlet pressure from the associated port 27, the
bearing hole 52 is elongated on an axis normal to the valve face
45, as best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4.
Desirably, the valve member 44 is normally biased toward and into
bearing engagement with the closure member 12. For this purpose,
means comprising a biasing spring 53 are provided desirably in the
form of a coiled torsion or sear spring engaged about the pin 51
within a clearance slot 54 provided therefor in the lug 50. One leg
of the spring 53 thrusts against the valve member 44 and the other
leg thrusts against the back wall defining the recess 49. Bias
provided by the spring 53 need be only sufficient to positively
hold the valve member against the confronting face of the closure
12. Such bias should be of only limited thrust value so as to
enable quick release of the valve member 44 in response to
hydraulic driving pressure through the port 27 closed by the valve,
when it is desired to reverse operation of the actuator.
It will be understood that variations and modifications may be
effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of
the present invention.
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