U.S. patent number 3,770,972 [Application Number 05/287,694] was granted by the patent office on 1973-11-06 for corona charger configuration.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Savin Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Peter J. Hastwell.
United States Patent |
3,770,972 |
Hastwell |
November 6, 1973 |
CORONA CHARGER CONFIGURATION
Abstract
Charging Apparatus for an electrostatic copier wherein a
photoconductive surface is electrostatically charged and exposed to
a light pattern forming a latent image thereon which is developed
by application of a suitable toner. The photoconductive surface is
charged by exposure to a corona discharge field which is shielded
in a manner to provide uniform charge distribution over the major
area of the surface, and shaped so as to modify charge near the
borders of the surface in a manner which compensates for variations
in the intensity of the light pattern projected thereon.
Inventors: |
Hastwell; Peter J. (North
Adelaide, AU) |
Assignee: |
Savin Business Machines
Corporation (Vahalla, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23103949 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/287,694 |
Filed: |
September 11, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/324;
250/326 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0291 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/02 (20060101); G03g 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/49.5ZC,49.5GC,49.5TC |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lawrence; James W.
Assistant Examiner: Church; C. E.
Claims
Having thus described my invention, what I claim is:
1. In an electrostatic copying machine having an exposure system
for subjecting the surface of a photoconductor to an image of an
original to be reproduced over a generally rectangular illuminated
area, the light intensity of which falls off at the edges and
corners of said area and having means for positioning the
photoconductive surface adjacent to a charging station, charging
apparatus comprising means at said charging station for producing a
generally rectangular corona discharge field pattern, and means for
so modifying said field pattern adjacent to the periphery thereof
as to compensate for said fall off in light intensity over said
illuminated area to cause said machine to produce a copy having
contrast throughout corresponding to the contrast in the
original.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 in which said modifying means reduces
the effect of said field adjacent to said periphery.
3. Apparatus as in claim 2 in which said modifying means is a
conductive plate formed with an opening therein and means mounting
said plate between said field pattern producing means and a surface
positioned adjacent to said charging station.
4. Apparatus as in claim 3 in which said opening has a generally
oval configuration.
5. Apparatus as in claim 4 in which said surface moves relative to
said charging apparatus and in which the major axis of said opening
extends at right angles to the direction of relative movement
between said surface and said apparatus.
6. Apparatus as in claim 1 in which said field producing means
comprises a plurality of corona wires, means mounting said wires in
spaced parallel relationship and respective grounded conductive
plates disposed in the spaces between said wires.
7. Apparatus as in claim 6 in which the upper edges of said plates
are slightly below said corona wires.
8. Apparatus as in claim 7 in which said photoconductive surface
moves relative to said discharge station and in which said wires
and said plates are disposed generally perpendicularly to the
direction of relative movement between said surface and said
station.
9. Apparatus as in claim 8 in which the upper edges of said plates
are about one-sixteenth of an inch below said wires.
10. In an electrostatic copying machine having an exposure system
for subjecting the surface of a photoconductor to an image of an
original to be reproduced over a generally rectangular illuminated
area, the light intensity of which falls off at the edges and
corners of said area and having means for moving the
photoconductive surface along a path past a charging station,
charging apparatus comprising a plurality of corona wires adapted
to be energized to produce a charging field, means mounting said
wires in spaced relationship at said charging station with the
lengths thereof extending across said path, field distributing
plates disposed in the spaces between said wires, said plates
having upper edges spaced slightly below said wires, a field
shaping plate means having a generally centrally located opening
therein for modifying said field adjacent to the periphery thereof
so as to compensate for said fall off in light intensity to cause
said machine to produce a copy having contrast throughout
corresponding to the contrast of the original, and means mounting
said plate between said wires and said path.
11. Apparatus as in claim 10 in which said opening is generally
oval and in which the major axis thereof is generally perpendicular
to the path.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the art of electrostatic copying, an electrostatic charge is
applied to a photoconductive surface. When the surface is exposed
to a pattern of light a latent image is formed thereon which is
developed by application of a toner material.
Most electrostatic copying machines of the prior art employ
charging systems in which a plurality of generally parallel corona
wires are oriented generally perpendicularly to the direction of
scanning movement of a photoconductive surface relative to the
charging system. Owing to the presence of discharge points along
the wires uneven charge distribution and streaking in the developed
copy has occurred in use of such systems. Various more or less
successful expedients have been proposed in an effort to overcome
this problem. In many machines of the prior art the charged
photoconductive surface is exposed to an image of the original
through a projection system having a rectangular aperture. The
projection system may be moved relative to the surface in a linear
scanning motion to produce thereon a latent electrostatic image
having a generally rectangular border. When the surface is thus
exposed to the light source it is found that light is not projected
evenly over the rectangular area. The light intensity falls off at
the edges and corners of the rectangular border. As a result
contrast in the developed copy is not faithfully reproduced from
the original.
While attempts have been made in the prior art to distribute the
charge over the photoconductor in a uniform manner, no system has
been developed to shape the charge distribution in a manner which
compensates for the diminution in light intensity at the borders of
the copy surface. My system comprises means for shielding a grid of
corona discharge wires to provide a more uniform charge pattern in
the central portion of the copy surface and means for shaping or
limiting the charge distribution near the borders of the
surface.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One object of my invention is to provide an improved charging
apparatus for an electrostatic copying machine which produces
consistent copies of good clarity and high contrast, free of
imperfections.
Another object of my invention is to provide an apparatus which
applies a uniform electrostatic charge to central regions of a
photoconductive surface and a compensating electrostatic charge at
edges and corners of the surface.
A further object of my invention is to provide an electrostatic
charger which emits a saturating level of charge, but in which a
portion of the charge is shielded and blocked before reaching the
photoconductive layer to shape the charge reaching the layer.
Other and further objects of my invention will appear from the
following description viewed in conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings which form a part of the instant
specification and which are to be read in conjunction therewith and
in which the reference numerals are used to indicate like parts in
various views:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an electrostatic copying machine
employing my invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the electrostatic charger of FIG. 1
inverted from the position of FIG. 1 to reveal the charge shaping
template.
FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of the electrostatic charger of FIG.
1.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of my electrostatic charger taken along
the line 4--4 of FIG. 3.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIG. 1 I have shown one form of electrostatic copying machine 10
using the invention. Machine 10 has a generally rectangular opaque
housing 12 whose upper surface carries an exposure window 14 on
which the original 15 to be copied is placed. An opaque cover sheet
16 of rigid or flexible design is hinged adjacent one edge of the
exposure window to normally cover the original during transmission
of the image contained thereon to the copy surface.
I provide an optical scanning system 20 comprising a pair of
horizontally disposed parallel slide rails fixed below the exposure
window 14. The rails 22 support a carriage 30 for linear travel
thereon. An endless drive chain 26 carried by sprockets 28 is
connected to the carriage 30 and is driven by a motor (not shown)
to reciprocate the carriage 30 between the limits of the rails
22.
The carriage 30 houses an optical system which exposes the
photoconductive surface to a light pattern derived from the
original. As the carriage 30 advances along the rails 22, the
optical system comprising a set of mirrors 34, a lamp 32, a
reflective lens system 36 and a shutter 38, is activated, and the
system sweeps across the face of the original, transmitting to the
photoconductive surface a reflected light pattern derived from the
original.
A shaft 40 carries a roll 42 of coated paper or other flexible
sheet material 44 to which the image of the original is to be
transferred. Material 44 may comprise a conductive base layer which
is coated with a suitable photoconductive material, such as finely
divided zinc oxide particles in an insulating resin binder. The
roll 42 is mounted on the shaft 40 in such a manner that when a
length of the material 44 or "copy paper" is drawn therefrom the
photoconductive face of the copy paper is in appropriate
orientation for exposure to light from the original.
A copying operation is initiated on energization of a solenoid 46
which causes a pair of feed rollers 48 to draw the copy paper 44
from the roll 42 around guide rollers 50. The feed rollers 48
advance the copy paper 44 past a cutting station, indicated
generally by reference numeral 52, comprising rotary cutter 53 and
stationary blade 51, to a pair of forwarding rollers 54 which
continue to transport the copy paper past a corona charging system,
indicated generally by reference numeral 56 to a conveyor belt
assembly indicated generally by reference numeral 58.
The corona charging system 56 comprises a charger housing 60 in
which a plurality of horizontally disposed parallel corona charging
wires 130 oriented normally to the direction of motion of the copy
paper 44 is mounted. The corona wires 130 are arranged to line in a
plane generally parallel to a horizontally disposed, grounded
support plate 62 over which the copy paper 44 moves during the
charging stage.
I provide a rotary solenoid which is energized following the
charging step to rotate the rotary cutter 53 through a small angle,
and into contact with the stationary blade 51 to shear the copy
paper 44 to a preselected length.
As the copy paper leaves the corona charging station it is grasped
by the forwarding rollers 64 and delivered to the conveyor assembly
58. The conveyor assembly comprises a plurality of horizontally
disposed parallel belts 68 arranged to pass over drive roller 72
and idler roller 70. The belts 68 are driven by a motor (not shown)
through a gear chain (not shown) tracking a pinion 74 securely
mounted on the drive roller 72. Air is drawn downward through a
multiplicity of small holes in an exposure bed 76 by the action of
a partial vacuum created by a motor driven fan 78. The exposure bed
76 comprises a perforated surface extending laterally between
limits defined by rollers 70 and 72 and secured in a horizontal
plane generally below the plane defined by the plurality of belts
68. The suction created by the fan 78 draws air through the
perforations in the exposure bed 76 and through an elongated slot
80 opening into a duct 82, where the air moves upward to be
expelled through an exhaust port 84. This airflow holds the copy
paper onto the upper surfaces of belts 68 while it is being
transported and optically scanned on the exposure bed 76. The
charged photoconductive surface remains stationary on the exposure
bed 76 during exposure by optical scanning system 20.
Following exposure, the conveyor assembly 58 transports the image
bearing surface to a developing station indicated generally by
reference numeral 86 comprising a paper guide arm 88, a developer
trough 90 and squeegee rollers 92 which deliver the developed copy
to a discharge slot 94. I may arrange in trough 90 a set of rollers
(not shown) or a similar instrumentality for applying to the
exposed photoconductive surface the toner material contained in the
trough.
I provide automatic controls (not shown) to execute a programmed
sequence of steps comprising drawing copy material 44 from roll 42,
charging the photoconductive surface of the paper, cutting the copy
paper to a desired length, exposing the charged surface to a light
pattern derived from the original, developing the image bearing
surface and discharging the developed copy. I further provide a
density control knob 96, calibrated for light densities ranging
from "dark" to "light" which controls the voltage applied to the
corona charging wires 130.
My charger housing 60 and conductive support plate 62 are arranged
relative to one another so that the corona wires 130 and the
photoconductive surface of the copy paper lie in parallel planes.
Forwarding rollers 54 transport the photoconductive surface at
constant speed relative to the corona wires, in a direction of
motion normal to their orientation.
Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, a form of my electrostatic
charging system comprises a rectangular housing 60 with a shielding
base plate 104, approximately 9 inches .times. 3 inches suitably
joined to enclosing side walls 106 approximately 3 inches .times. 1
inch and closing end walls 108 approximately 9 inches .times. 1
inch. The bottom of the charger is open when the charger is in the
position indicated in FIG. 1. Adjacent to the end walls 108 and
extending across the width of the housing 102, I mount a pair of
insulating blocks 110 and 112, having generally rectangular
configurations into which U-shaped channels 113 and 115 are cut.
Blocks 110 and 112 may be fabricated of one of several insulating
materials. I have found the acrylic resin of the type known as
plexiglas, which is the registered trademark of Rohm and Haas Co.,
to be suitable.
A brass bus bar 116 embedded in block 110 extends transversely from
a cable socket 117, in one wall of the block 110, to a series of
internal connections 111 to horizontally disposed parallel brass
rods 119 oriented normally to the direction of bus bar 116 and
extending outwardly from the block 110 into the channels 113.
Similarly several horizontally disposed parallel insulating rods
120 are affixed within block 112 and extend into channels 115
toward block 110. The corresponding pairs of brass rods 119 and
insulating rods 120 lie along parallel, colinear line segments in a
common plane above and parallel to the base plate 104.
I secure in a suitable opening in each one of the rods 119 and 120,
one end 124 of an individual tension spring 122. The other end 126
of each of the tension springs 122 is connected to and serves to
hold an end of a tungsten corona wire 130. In this manner, the
three parallel corona wires 130 are held taut between corresponding
sets of the springs 122. Arrayed between the wires 130 are secured
by notches in blocks 110 and 112 are several dividers 132. The
dividers are made of metal and grounded together with the walls 108
and 106 and base plate 104 of the charger housing.
It is well known that the corona current is created when a
sufficiently high voltage is applied between the wires and the
parallel conducting surface beneath the photoconductive material to
be charged. Air near the wires becomes ionized and the ions are
swept by the electric field toward the photoconductive surface. The
corona discharge threshold voltage for a corona wire is an
increasing function of the diameter of the wire. The corona on a
negative wire appears as a bluish-white sheath over the surface of
the wire connecting bright glowing foci uniformly spaced along the
wire. The direction of motion of the photoconductive surface is
normal to the orientation of the wires 130. Absent the dividers
132, the charge distribution on the photoconductive surface would
appear as a pattern of parallel bands of high charge density
oriented in the direction of motion of the surface and
corresponding to the spacing of the corona foci along the wires
130. The metal dividers perform a valuable function in obtaining a
uniform charge distribution. The dividers attract much of the
corona current generated so that the wires may be operated at a
potential exceeding the threshold voltage without overcharging the
photoconductor. Operation at voltages exceeding the threshold
voltage reduces variations in corona current owing to variations in
wire diameter or to adherence of contaminants to the wire. The
dividers also serve to spread the bands of charge so that they
cover the photoconductive surface in a more uniform manner. It has
been found that to produce the desired improvement in charge
uniformity, the height of the divider must be about one-sixteenth
of an inch below the distance of the wires from the base plate 104.
If the dividers extend above the wires the corona current is too
severely diminished. If the dividers are too far below the wires,
then not enough corona current is attracted and the photoconductor
is unevenly charged as previously described.
I place above the corona wires, parallel to and opposite the base
plate 104 a cover plate 134 which serves as a charge shaping
template. The plate 134 is attached to the charger housing in any
suitable manner. The plate 134 has an opening designed to modify
the charge density distributed at edges and corners of the
photoconductive surface. This is done because the light projected
onto the surface, after charging, falls off in intensity at the
borders of the surface, in a manner which yields a border-to-center
illumination ratio between 0.8 and 0.9. Since less light is
available to remove charge at the borders of the surface, it
follows that somewhat less charge should be distributed near border
regions so that, on development, proper contrast relative to
central regions of the photoconductive surface will be achieved.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the preferred elliptical opening for my
charging apparatus. However, any one or more openings of any shape
which by experimental determination achieve a desired diminution in
charge intensity at any region of the photoconductive surface may
be employed. The wires are raised to corona potential by a voltage
source connected to the wires through a cable 118.
My charger 56 is placed in the electrostatic copying machine so
that the corona wires are 1 inch above the photoconductive surface
as viewed in FIG. 1. This height was determined by the charge
acceptance rate of the paper and the relative speed of traverse of
the carriage.
It will be seen that I have provided an apparatus for uniformly
charging the central region of a photoconductive surface and
simultaneously shaping the distribution pattern so that less charge
is deposited on border regions of the surface to compensate for the
diminution in light intensity subsequently projected thereto.
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are
of utility and may be employed without reference to other features
and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the
scope of my claims. It is further obvious that various changes may
be made in details within the scope of my claims without departing
from the spirit of my invention. It is, therefore, to be understood
that my invention is not to be limited to the specific details
shown and described.
* * * * *