U.S. patent number 3,760,751 [Application Number 05/194,073] was granted by the patent office on 1973-09-25 for container body and a method of forming the same.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Aluminum Company of America. Invention is credited to Lloyd G. Dunn, James R. Morran, Donald L. Peters.
United States Patent |
3,760,751 |
Dunn , et al. |
September 25, 1973 |
CONTAINER BODY AND A METHOD OF FORMING THE SAME
Abstract
An aluminum container body and a method of forming the same by
ironing the side wall of a drawn cup to thin and lengthen it, and
reforming the bottom end wall of the ironed cup to form therein an
upwardly domed central portion connected through a substantially
vertical wall section and an outwardly and upwardly tapered
shoulder into the side wall of the can body. The ironed can body
may have a protective coating applied to its inner surfaces and
cured thereon prior to reforming the end wall.
Inventors: |
Dunn; Lloyd G. (Lower Burrell,
PA), Morran; James R. (New Kensington, PA), Peters;
Donald L. (Delmont, PA) |
Assignee: |
Aluminum Company of America
(Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
22716199 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/194,073 |
Filed: |
October 29, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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856331 |
Oct 9, 1969 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
72/348 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B21D
51/26 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B21D
51/26 (20060101); B21d 051/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;113/12A,12H,7R,7A
;220/70 ;72/348 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lanham; Charles W.
Assistant Examiner: Keenan; M. J.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 856,331, filed Sept.
9, 1969, now abandoned.
Claims
Having thus described my invention and certain embodiments thereof,
I claim:
1. A method of forming a light weight can body comprising in
sequence the steps of thinning and lengthening, without heat
treatment, the side wall of a drawn cup made of at least full hard
temper aluminum alloy by moving the cup through at least one
ironing ring by means of an ironing punch having a rounded corner
around its forward end to form a can body having a substantially
flat bottom end wall with a rounded corner therearound leading into
the side wall of the can body, withdrawing the ironing punch from
the ironed can body, heating at least the bottom end wall of the
can body to reduce its temper, introducing a reforming punch into
the can body, and reforming the bottom end wall of the can body
between the reforming punch and a reforming die to form an upwardly
domed central portion therein connected to the side wall of the can
body by an outwardly and upwardly flared shoulder.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1 in which metal from said
rounded corner of the can body is drawn into said upwardly domed
central portion during said reforming of the bottom end wall of the
can body.
3. A method as set forth in claim 1 in which a substantially
vertical wall section is formed in the bottom end wall of the can
body extending downward from the periphery of the central domed
portion to the inner edge of the flared shoulder.
4. A method as set forth in claim 1 in which small radii are formed
on the top and bottom of the vertical wall section connecting such
wall section with the central domed portion and with the flared
shoulder.
5. A method of forming a light weight can body comprising in
sequence the steps of ironing, without heat treatment, the side
wall of a cup made of at least full hard temper aluminum alloy by
moving the cup through at least one ironing ring by means of a
punch having a rounded corner on its forward end leading into the
side wall of the punch to thin and lengthen the side wall of the
cup to form a can body, withdrawing the ironing punch from the
ironed can body, coating at least part of the surface of the can
body, heating the can body to cure the coating thereon, and
introducing a reforming punch into the can body, and reforming the
bottom end wall of the can body between the reforming punch and a
reforming die to form an upwardly domed central portion therein
with a substantially vertical wall section extending downward from
its periphery to an outwardly and upwardly flared shoulder leading
into the side wall of the can body.
6. A method as set forth in claim 5 in which small radii are formed
on the top and bottom of the vertical wall section connecting such
wall section with the central domed portion and with the flared
shoulder.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,402,554, is is well known to iron the
side wall of a drawn cup to thin it and thereby extend the length
of the cup, and to reform the end wall of the ironed container to
improve its resistance to outward bulging which may result from
high pressures in the container. By ironing the side wall of the
container and forming a pressure resistant end wall thereon, the
formed container may be of a relatively thin gauge and light in
weight. It is desirable, however, to further reduce the weight of
drawn and ironed containers without sacrificing the strength of
such containers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a method of forming a light weight container
by ironing the side wall of a drawn aluminum cup and thereafter
reforming the bottom end wall of the ironed cup to form an upwardly
domed central portion therein connected through a substantially
vertical wall section to a rim or shoulder which tapers into the
side wall of the can body. Small radii may be provided in the end
profile to connect the vertical wall section with the central domed
portion and with the tapered shoulder. The drawn cup may be made of
a hard temper aluminum alloy, and an interior protective coating,
an exterior decorative ink and an overvarnish may be applied and
cured on the ironed cup prior to forming the end profile thereon.
By this method, a very light weight container body may be formed
which has substantial resistance to outward bulging of the end wall
of the container.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a method of
forming a light weight, high strength container body.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved light
weight container body.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects and advantages of the invention will be
more fully understood and appreciated with reference to the
following description and drawings appended thereto in which:
FIG. 1 is a sectional elevation view of an ironing punch, drawn
aluminum cup and ironing ring;
FIG. 2 is a elevation view in partial section showing an ironed
container body;
FIG. 3 is a sectional elevation view of the ironed container body
of FIG. 2 positioned on a punch prior to reforming the end wall of
the container against a reforming die;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional elevation view similar to FIG. 3
showing a container body in the dies during reforming of the
container's end wall;
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 showing completion of reforming
of the container's end wall; and
FIG. 6 is an elevation view in partial section showing a container
body with an end profile formed thereon.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED MODE
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a drawn cup 10,
preferably formed from hard temper aluminum alloy, having an end
wall 12 and a side wall 14. Preferably, cup 10 is made of an
aluminum base alloy in a state resulting from cold reduction, e.g.
rolling, of approximately 80 percent of the thickness of fully
recrystallized, e.g. annealed, stock known as H19 temper. An
ironing punch 16 for moving cup 10 through at least one ironing
ring 18 has a forward end 20 for pushing against end wall 12 of the
cup 10, and has a rounded corner 22 between its forward end 20 and
its side 24. Punch 16 may be hollow to receive a mandrel, not
shown, and the end 20 thereof may be centrally recessed to receive
means such as a nut, also not shown, for securing the punch to the
mandrel and to an ironing press. The radius of rounded corner 22 of
punch 16 is large enough to distribute the force of punch 16
against cup 10 around the corner of the cup and thereby avoid high
stress concentration at the corner which could tear or rupture the
metal along such corner during ironing, but is also small enough to
effect ironing of a maximum length of side wall 14. With an
excessively large radius at corner 22, an excessive amount of metal
in cup 10 would be formed around the radius and not be disposed far
enough outwardly to bear against the working surfaces of ironing
ring 18 to be thinned during ironing. An excessively large radius
at corner 22 may also cause wrinkling around the corner of the
container bottom when the end profile is formed. For a two and
one-half inch diameter can, a corner radius of approximately
one-quarter inch has been found to work well.
Ironing ring 18, selected for illustration, has an ironing face 26
and a relief portion 28 therebelow, but may be of a variety of
other configurations known in the art. Preferably, ironing ring 18
is made of carbide or high carbon steel, is set in a reinforcing
ring, not shown, and has an inside diameter a few thousands of an
inch less than the diameter of punch 16 plus the double thickness
of side wall 14 of cup 10 to squeeze or iron side wall 14 as cup 10
is moved through ring 18. Cup 10 has an inner diameter slightly
larger than the outer diameter of punch 16 so that the punch can be
readily moved into cup 10 and the air in the cup be exhausted
therefrom. A difference of approximately 0.025 inch in such
diameters has been found to be adequate for such purposes. A redraw
ring, not shown, may be provided anterior to the ironing ring or
rings to redraw cup 10 against punch 16 prior to moving through the
ironing ring. FIG. 2 shows a container body 30 after ironing.
Container 30 has a substantially flat end wall 32 and a side wall
34 having a thickness less than the thickness of end wall 32, and a
rounded corner 36 at the junction of the end wall and side
wall.
After the side wall of cup 10 has been ironed, an interior
pretective coating and exterior decoration in the form of ink and
an overvarnish may be applied on the ironed cup and cured thereon.
The interior coating is adapted to protect the contents of
container 30 against reaction with the metal of the container, and
may be applied to the interior surfaces of the ironed container, by
spraying or the like as is well known in the art. Coatings for such
product protection may be any of a variety of known thermosetting
compositions including the epoxy, vinyl and acrylic resins, among
others. The decoration for the exterior surfaces of the container
may be applied by means of rollers, and an overvarnish sprayed,
brushed or rolled thereover. It is noted that such decoration can
be applied to substantially the full length of the side wall of the
ironed container body to the top of rounded corner 36 thereon. The
protective coating and overvarnish can be cured on a container by
controlled heating of the same, for example, by controlled heating
in an oven, not shown, or by other means and methods well known in
the art. Such curing may be effected at a temperature in the range
of 300.degree. to 600.degree.F or greater, maintained for 2 to 30
or more minutes. Controlled heating of a container 30 reduces the
temper of, or partially anneals, the metal in the container, with
the higher temperatures and longer curing times effecting greater
reductions in the temper of the metal container. Generally
speaking, a harder temper alloy before curing, will also usually
result in a harder final temper alloy after heating at a particular
temperature for a specified time. Different alloy will, of course,
react differently to heat. Commencing with a typical aluminum alloy
in a full hard condition, it has been found that curing of a
protective coating thereon by heating it to approximately
400.degree.F for 20 minutes will reduce the temper and yield
strength of the alloy by approximately 15 percent with
corresponding incrase in the workability of the metal. With more
rapid curing, the reduction in temper may be in the range of 5
percent or less.
While it is desirable to have a coated container having a hard
temper, the present invention takes advantage of the reduction in
temper of the metal during curing of coatings thereon, regardless
of the degree of such reduction in temper, by forming the end
profile on the can after such curing. By forming the end profile
after heating the container to cure a coating thereon, the softer
or partially annealed metal is more easily formed into a rigid,
pressure resistant profile having small radii in its configuration,
without fracture or rupture of the metal in the profile. Coating
the interior surfaces of the can prior to forming the end profile
also assures complete coating of the surfaces since the surfaces
are all well exposed, with no sharp corners or vertical interior
walls as exist in a formed profile. Furthermore, the interior and
exterior coatings act as lubricants for forming the end profile and
may reduce or eliminate the need for additional lubricants which
would have to be removed after forming of the profile. The coatings
also reduce or eliminate metal build-up on the reforming tools.
After the coating or coatings have been cured on the surfaces of
container 30, the end of the ironed container body 30 is reformed
by means of a reforming punch 40 which is moved into container body
30 and the body moved against a reforming die 42 as illustrated in
FIGS. 3 through 5. Reforming punch 40 preferably has a diameter
slightly less than the inside diameter of container body 30 so that
the punch can be readily moved into the container body. In the
practice of the invention, it has been found that a difference of
approximately 0.010 to 0.020 inch in the diameters of the punch 40
and container body 30 is sufficient for insertion of the punch into
the container body without difficulty. Punch 40 has a recessed end
44 with an annular rim 46 therearound which tapers into the side of
the punch at 48. Reforming die 42 comprises a central seat portion
50 and an annular ring 52 therearound. Seat portion 50 is in the
form of a cylinder having an upwardly domed end 54 for forming end
wall 32 of container 30 inwardly into recess 44 in punch 40, and is
rigidly supported. Annular ring 52 is positioned in an enclosure 56
around its base which forms an air chamber 58 under ring 52. Air
chamber 58 is sealed and has sufficient air pressure therein,
approximately 40 pounds per square inch gauge for a ring 52 having
the bottom surface area of the preferred embodiment, to resiliently
support ring 52. Springs or other resilient means could be used in
lieu of the air support for ring 52. As illustrated, ring 52 has a
throat portion 60 for containing or restraining side wall 34 of
container 30 during forming of an end profile, and an inwardly
tapered shoulder 62 for forming the end wall of container 30
against punch 40. Tapered shoulders 62 on ring 52 and 48 on punch
40 are parallel, and in the preferred embodiment form an angle A of
53.degree. with the horizontal (FIG. 5). Inasmuch as throat 60 does
not work or form side wall 34 of container 30, but only restrains
it from bulging, the throat has a diameter slightly larger than the
diameter of punch 40 plus the double thickness of the side wall of
container 30 to assure a small clearance therebetween.
When punch 40 with container body 30 thereon is moved against
reforming die 42, end wall 32 is drawn upward into recess 44 by
seat 50 before rounded corner 36 on container body 30 is completely
flattened between tapered shoulders 48 and 62. As shown in FIG. 4,
this permits the slack metal over tapered shoulder 48 on punch 40
to be drawn inwardly by seat 50 into the center of the end profile
on container 30. Utilizing the slack or extra metal around corner
36 in forming the upwardly domed central portion of the end profile
facilitates the formation of a vertical wall section and sharp
radii in the end profile as will be hereinafter described. If
rounded corner 36 were completely flattened and squeezed between
die shoulders 48 and 62 prior to at least partial drawing of end
wall 32 into recess 44, the slack metal at this corner would be
driven or forced up the side of punch 40 and could not be drawn
into the center of the end profile by seat 50. Drawing of such
slack metal into the upwardly domed central portion of the end
profile is assured by positioning the domed end 54 of seat 50 by
means of die stops and controls, not shown, so that it contacts end
wall 32 either approximately simultaneously with, or prior to,
contact of tapered die shoulder 62 against corner 36 on can body
30.
After the slack metal in corner 36 is drawn into the center of the
container end, further travel of punch 40 completely flattens and
squeezes corner 36 between tapered die shoulders 48 and 62 to form
a tapered shoulder 64 on the container. Thereafter, with tapered
shoulder 64 tightly held and restrained between die surfaces 48 and
62, annular ring 52 moves downward with punch 40. The final travel
of punch 40 draws the metal in the end wall tightly around domed
end 54 of the punch and forms an upwardly domed central portion 66
and a vertical wall section 68 in the end profile. Two small radii
70 and 72 at the ends of wall section 68, connect such section with
shoulder 64 and central domed portion 66 (FIG. 6). Wall section 68
may be of varying lengths but it is always relatively short and
only a few thousands of an inch long to minimize loss of container
volume. A third small radius 74 is also formed between shoulder 64
and side wall 34 of container 30.
There is little, if any, thinning of the end wall of the container
during drawing of the metal over seat 50. The additional metal
required for forming upwardly domed central portion 66 comes from
the slack metal in corner 36 as shown in FIG. 3 prior to reforming
of the end wall. Referring to FIG. 6, the thinner gauge of
container side wall 34 begins at least continguous container
shoulder 64, and preferably extends into such shoulder 64. This is
achieved through the use of a reasonably small radius on ironing
punch 16 to form a similar radius on container corner 36 during
ironing, and drawing of slack metal around corner 36 into the
center of the end profile rather than pushing such metal up the
side of the punch during reforming. Maximun Maximum of the metal is
thereby effected to strengthen the end profile of the container
body. Moreover, since the side wall of container body 30 was
decorated to the top of corner 36 on cup 30 prior to forming the
end profile thereon, such decoration will extend at least to the
top of tapered shoulder 64 of the formed profile, and preferably
extends around radius 74 and into shoulder 64 to give such a
container an aesthetically pleasing appearance. After the end wall
of the container body is reformed, punch 40 is moved upward and the
container body is removed therefrom. Container body 30 is then
ready for necking, flanging, and other operations to be performed
before final use.
In reforming the end of container body by the present invention,
tapered shoulder 64 effectively reduces the area of end wall which
must withstand the internal pressures of the container. The smaller
the area of the end wall that faces upwardly against such internal
pressures, the less will be the total foce against such end wall
which could cause the end wall to dome outwardly. If, however, the
can end tapers too far inwardly, the can may not have satisfactory
stability inasmuch as a can having too small a diameter for the rim
on which it sits may fall over when tilted on a relatively small
angle. Accordingly, a base diameter has been selected which will
provide both stability and strength.
Among the advantages of the present invention, it is believed that
straight angular section or leg 68 with relatively small radii 70
and 72 connecting the section with shoulder 64 and domed portion 66
provide rigidity to the end wall to prevent flexing or bulging
thereof. Inwardly domed portion 66 acts as an arch to resist
outward bulging. As an example of a container body formed by the
present invention, cans for containing 12 ounces of liquid, 4.812
inches in height and 2.675 inches in diameter were formed from a
hard temper aluminum alloy 0.012 inch thick, and end profiles were
formed on the cans having a base angle A on taper 64 as shown in
FIG. 4 of 53.degree., radii 70 and 72 of 0.04 inch and a base
diameter of 2.03 inches. Side wall 34 of these cans was
approximately 0.0045 inch thick, starting approximately 0.125 inch
below radius 74 on side wall 34. These can bodies had good
stability when filled with liquid and withstood internal pressures
in the range of 90 to 95 p.s.i.g. without outward bulging of the
end profile.
As presently appreciated, the biggest advantage of this development
is that it facilitates the production of very light weight can
bodies having substantial end wall strength against outward bulging
or doming. The light weight of the can bodies is primarily a result
of the ability to use a thinner gauge metal for forming the drawn
cup from which the can bodies are formed. Using a thinner gauge
metal results in a thinner gauge in the bottom of the container
body produced therefrom, as well as a thinner gauge in the side
wall of the container body. Prior to this invention, drawn cups for
aluminum cans were formed from sheet aluminum of 0.016 inch gauge
or thicker in order to produce strong enough end walls on the cans
as provided by the relatively thick gauge of metal in the end
walls, whereas the present invention permits the use of aluminum
sheet in the range of 0.0012 to 0.0014 inch, depending on the alloy
and temper, for producing cans having a high resistance to bulging
of the end walls thereof. Thicker sheet can also obviously be used,
but such thicker sheet is not necessary for producing a can body of
the desired strength. The present invention makes the use of
thinner sheet metal possible by ironing the can body using a first
punch, and then forming an end profile on the can body using a
second forming punch. By using two separate punches, the punch
which forms the end profile can have much sharper radii and form a
much stronger profile structurally than it could if it were to be
employed both in the ironing operation and the forming operation.
By using two separate punches, the slack metal around the corner on
the ironed can body on the first punch can also be reformed into
the final end profile which is formed on the second punch as
discussed above. The increase in the structural strength of the
profile produced by such forming permits the use of a thinner gauge
of metal in the end wall and therefore a thinner gauge for the
sheet from which the containers are formed.
The present invention further permits the use of a thinner gauge
sheet from which container bodies are formed by taking advantage of
the reduction in the temper of the hard temper alloy during curing
of the coating on the container body. By forming the end profile
after such curing, the end profile can be formed with a vertical
wall section therein and small radii which increase the strength of
the end profile against outward doming. If the end profile were
formed prior to curing, the harder uncoated metal could not be
formed into as strong a profile, and the metal would have to be
thicker in order to resist pressures in the container without
bulging. Forming after curing also effects an increase in, or
recovery of, temper of the metal. For example, a can body
originally in a full hard condition which is heated during curing,
with an attendant reduction in the temper of the metal by
approximately 15 percent, will have the metal in the critical areas
which are worked, such as around radii 70 and 72, hardened or
re-tempered to approximately 90-95 percent of the original full
hard condition when the can end profile is formed after such
curing. Consequently, with the stronger profile and recovery of
part of the metal strength which was lost during curing, a thinner
end wall will have as much resistance to outward bulging as did
many previously formed end walls of substantially greater
thickness. By way of comparison, the twelve ounce cans described
above which were formed by the method of present invention using
0.012 inch thick sheet weight approximately 26 pounds per 1,000
cans and have side wall thicknesses averaging 0.0045 inch, whereas
12 ounce aluminum cans presently on the market with the same
performance with regard to internal pressures, weigh 34 pounds or
more per 1,000 cans and have side wall thicknesses of 0.006 inch or
more. Twelve ounce cans formed in accordance with the invention
from 0.014 inch aluminum sheet weigh approximately 28.5 pounds per
1,000 cans and have side wall thicknesses averaging 0.0047
inch.
While the invention has been described and several practices for
the employment thereof have been set forth, it will be obvious to
those skilled in the art that many modifications of the invention
are possible without departing from the scope thereof. For example,
the invention includes within its scope ironing the side wall of a
drawn cup using a first punch having a rounded corner around its
forward end, and then forming the end profile on the ironed cup
without heating the cup between such operations. It is also
contemplated as being within the scope of the invention to heat the
container, either generally or locally in the area of its wall,
even in the absence of any coating to reduce the temper of the
metal so that the sharp radii and straight wall section can be
formed in the profile. Such heating could be effected either before
ironing or after ironing and before the profile is formed.
* * * * *