U.S. patent number 3,757,290 [Application Number 05/123,516] was granted by the patent office on 1973-09-04 for automatic vehicle monitoring system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Sperry Rand Corporation. Invention is credited to William W. Bell, III, John J. Morrone, Gerald F. Ross.
United States Patent |
3,757,290 |
Ross , et al. |
September 4, 1973 |
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM
Abstract
A cooperative fleet vehicle location monitoring system utilizes
low-energy-level coded impulse transmissions characterizing
possible vehicle locations along a route to permit an impulse
receiver aboard the cooperating vehicle to cause generation of
coded transmissions receivable at a headquarters control location
repeatedly identifying the vehicle and its location.
Inventors: |
Ross; Gerald F. (Lexington,
MA), Morrone; John J. (Rego Park, NY), Bell, III; William
W. (Sands Point, NY) |
Assignee: |
Sperry Rand Corporation (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22409145 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/123,516 |
Filed: |
March 12, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/991; 455/99;
342/457 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08G
1/202 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08G
1/127 (20060101); G08G 1/123 (20060101); G08g
001/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/22,23,24,31R,32,33,38R,38S
;343/6.5R,6.8R,6.5SS,1CS,112R,112PT,112TC ;179/41A ;325/16,117 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Palatnick and Inhelder, AVI Systems-Methods of Approach, IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 19, No. 1, February
1970, Part of Article..
|
Primary Examiner: Claffy; Kathleen H.
Assistant Examiner: Myers; Randall P.
Claims
We claim:
1. A vehicle monitoring system for signalling to a central station
the presence of a cooperating vehicle at any one of a plurality of
predetermined locations comprising:
a plurality of independent electromagnetic impulse transmitter
means for continuously illuminating said respective discrete
predetermined locations,
each said impulse transmitter means being characterized by
transmitting signal impulses having a distinctive impulse
repetition frequency for identifying its respective predetermined
location,
electromagnetic impulse receiver means aboard said cooperating
vehicle for counting the number of said signal impulses received in
a predetermined time interval,
encoder means responsive to said electromagnetic impulse receiver
means for forming an encoded representation of said number of said
signal impulses received in a predetermined time, and
vehicle borne transmitter means responsive to said encoder means
for transmitting said encoded representation to said central
station for identification thereat of said location of said vehicle
when illuminated by said electromagnetic impulses.
2. Apparatus as described in claim 1 including means cooperating
with said vehicle borne transmitter means for transmitting
representations to said central station for identification thereat
of said vehicle.
3. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein said vehicle borne
transmitter means further includes omnidirectional antenna
means.
4. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein said electromagnetic
impulse receiver means comprises:
electromagnetic impulse receiver antenna means,
biased diode means for converting said electromagnetic energy
impulses collected by said receiver antenna means directly into
amplified current impulses, and
means for converting said amplified current impulses directly into
output pulse signals having durations substantially longer than
said amplified current impulses.
5. A communication system adapted for receiving impulse
transmissions having a distinctive repetition frequency
characterizing a particular vehicle location comprising:
vehicle mounted omnidirectional antenna means for collecting said
impulse transmissions when said vehicle is at said location,
biased diode circuit means connected to said omnidirectional
antenna means for converting said collected impulse transmissions
directly into amplified current impulses,
pulse shaping means connected to said diode circuit means for
forming corresponding output pulse signals having durations
substantially greater than said amplified current impulses,
counter means for counting the number of said output pulse signals
occurring in a predetermined time for identifying said location of
said vehicle, and
transmitter means responsive to said counter means for encoding the
output of said counter means and for transmitting said encoded
output of said counter means directly to a central station for
identification thereat of said particular vehicle location.
6. Apparatus as described in claim 5 further including means
cooperating with said transmitter means for transmitting
representations to said central station for identification thereat
of said vehicle.
7. Apparatus as described in claim 5 wherein said pulse shaping
means connected to said biased diode circuit means for forming
corresponding output pulse signals having durations substantially
greater than said amplified current impulses is coupled in feed
back relation to said biased diode circuit means for assuring
extinction of current flow through said biased diode circuit means
at a delayed time after the start of each amplified current
pulse.
8. Apparatus as described in claim 7 wherein said counter means for
counting the number of said output pulse signals occurring in a
predetermined time comprises:
a gate circuit having input, output, and control means,
means for coupling said output pulse signals to said gate input
means,
interrogator control means coupled to said control means for
causing said gate to conduct for a predetermined time period,
and
pulse counter means connected to said gate output means for
counting said output pulse signals passed by said gate within said
predetermined time.
9. Apparatus as described in claim 8 comprising:
encoder means responsive to said counter means for generating an
encoded representation of the number of said output pulse signals
passed by said gate within said predetermined time, and
omnidirectional radiating transceiver means responsive to said
encoder means.
10. Apparatus as described in claim 5 wherein said biased diode
circuit means comprises:
bistable semiconductor diode means,
circuit means for biasing said bistable semiconductor diode means
substantially at the current conduction condition thereof, and
means for coupling said impulses collected by said antenna means to
said bistable semiconductor diode means for causing impulse current
conduction thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to apparatus permitting rapid automatic
monitoring of the location of cooperating vehicles of a fleet and
more particularly relates to an impulse communication system for
identifying the location of each cooperatively equipped vehicle as
it passes selected electronically instrumented locations on its
route.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Operators of fleets of vehicles in urban environments, including
emergency vehicles, have need of a general purpose system for rapid
monitoring at a control headquarters location of the locations of
fleet vehicles. Typical operators facing the need are operators of
fleets of vehicles such as police, fire, bus, taxi, delivery truck,
ambulance, armored carrier, mass transport, utility repair, and
security guard patrol vehicles. Rapid location monitoring has not
been available for effective fleet management, roll call,
scheduling and headway control, optimum dispatching, priority
routing, and crime deterrence. Effective means for the monitoring
of locations of large vehicle fleets, often totalling as many as a
thousand vehicles and often scattered over large urban areas, has
not been possible. Even the widely spread call box system and
two-way radio transmission systems employed in emergency vehicles
and sometimes in mass transportation carriers are expensive and
time consuming to use. Reporting at frequent intervals distracts
the vehicle operator from attention to proper operation of his
vehicle and is therefore unsuitable in emergency situations. Yet it
is always in major emergency situations that effective monitoring
is most needed, for instance, to bring police or other vehicles
into proper convergence to surround a region of major disturbance,
or to route fire equipment to a major fire safely along separated
routes so that collisions between fire fighting vehicles are not
risked. Fully effective monitoring of the locations of elements of
commercial fleets is clearly also desirable as a tool permitting
maximum economic use and maximum highjack resistant operation of
such commercial vehicles.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is an impulse radio communication system using
low-energy-level coded impulse transmitters and impulse receivers
for signalling the presence of fleet vehicles at selected locations
as they progress along a route. Coded fleet vehicle identity and
location data is transmitted from the vehicle to a central
headquarters location from which instructions may be issued to
individual vehicle drivers over conventional broadcast
equipment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a typical urban intersection
equipped to operate according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a map of a network of streets useful in explaining the
operation of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view, partly in cross section, showing the
external appearance of an impulse transmitter-antenna configuration
used in the invention.
FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit of the apparatus of FIG. 3.
FIGS. 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b are graphs useful in
explaining the operation of the transmitter-antenna configuration
of FIGS. 3 and 4.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a preferred impulse receiver for use
in the invention.
FIG. 10 is an alternative form of an impulse antenna for use in the
impulse receiver of FIG. 9.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 illustrates a representative situation in which a
cooperating fleet vehicle 6 is present in an urban street
intersection area illuminated continuously by a train of
electromagnetic impulse transmissions provided by an impulse
transmitter-antenna configuration 1 mounted for example, in the
novel system on a street lamp standard 2 supported by a street lamp
pole 3. Other transmitter-antenna configurations like configuration
1 may be located at other street intersections or at any other
selected area location which may be traveled over by the
cooperating fleet vehicle 6. If desired, directive
transmitter-antenna configurations like device 1 may be suspended
from buildings and may otherwise be arranged to be hidden or
unrecognized by those having no basis for knowing of their
presence. Each transmitter-antenna configuration is characterized
by emitting impulses having an impulse repetition frequency
peculiar to its particular location.
A cooperating fleet vehicle, such as the emergency vehicle 6, is
equpped with a radome-protected antenna 8 specially designed for
receiving the impulse transmissions of each transmitter-antenna
configuration 1 as the area illuminated by the latter is traversed
by the vehicle. Reception, therefore, of an impulse wave train of a
particular repetition frequency identifies the location being
traversed by the vehicle at the moment of reception. Reception of
the impulse wave by novel radio receiver equipment coupled to
antenna 8 may cause broadcast of identification information by a
conventional communication transceiver antenna 7 to a central
headquarters, thus informing such a central command post
instantaneously of the presence of emergency vehicle 6 at, for
example, the intersection of 9th Street and I Street.
As seen in FIG. 2, the pole 3 on which the transmitter-antenna
configuration 1 of FIG. 1 is located at 9th Street and I Street is
placed on one corner of a common type of right angle street
intersection in such a way that impulse radiation from the
transmitter-antenna 1 generally covers an area indicated for
convenience by circular boundary 3a, a boundary which generally may
be other than truly circular. It is to be understood that the
center of the illuminated area will not necessarily define the
location of the transmitter-antenna 1. If I Street is to be
furnished with a generally regular array of monitored
intersections, other directive antenna-transmitter apparatus 1
according to FIGS. 3 and 4 may be placed on street lamp poles 10
and 11, for example, for illuminating the respective areas 10a and
11a with impulse radiation. It is thus seen that the successive
intersections of I Street with 9th, 10th, and 11th Streets are
served and that a cooperating vehicle moving along I Street will
enter areas of illumination by impulse energy of successively
different impulse repetition frequencies. The area of effective
illumination, for example, at the 9th Street and I Street has a
maximum dimension of substantially 200 feet.
Such an area of illumination is also sufficient, for example, to
cover the various proximate intersections of I Street, 10th Street,
and Boulevard A from a centrally placed transmitter-antenna system
1 on street light pole 10. If more of Boulevard A is to be serviced
by the system, non-overlapping illumination areas 12a and 13a may
be similarly produced at the intersections of Boulevard A and J
Street and of Boulevard A and 11th Street. A cooperating vehicle
passing along Boulevard A will then meet successive impulse energy
illuminated areas 12a, 10a, and 13a, each having a distinctive
impulse repetition frequency.
An antenna-transmitter system for use as configuration 1 in the
novel system of FIG. 1 is of a special type to be discussed in
connection with FIGS. 3 and 4. The configuration 1 employs an
electrically smooth, constant impedance, transmission line system
for propagating TEM mode electromagnetic waves. The transmission
line system which is an improvement over that disclosed in the G.F.
Ross et al. Pat. application Ser. No. 46,079 for a "Balanced
Radiator System," filed June 15, 1970, issued Apr. 25, 1972 as U.S.
Pat. No. 3,659,203, and assigned to the Sperry Rand Corporation, is
employed for the cooperative cyclic storage of energy on the
transmission line and for its cyclic release by propagation along
the transmission line formed as a flared or tapered directive
antenna. Thus, cooperative use is made of the transmission line
system for signal generation by cyclically charging the
transmission line at a rate determined by the distributed capacity
C.sub.1 and resistors 51 and 51a, as will be seen, and for signal
radiation into space by discharge of the line in a time much
shorter than required for charging. Discharge of the transmission
line causes a voltage wave to travel toward the open end or
radiating aperture of the antenna structure. The process operates
to produce, by differentiation, a sharp impulse that is radiated
into space. The antenna system has a wide instantaneous bandwidth,
so that it may radiate very sharp impulse-like signals with low
distortion. Further, the antenna has an energy focusing
characteristic such that energy radiated in predetermined direction
is maximized.
The antenna-transmitter configuration 1 of FIGS. 3 and 4 comprises
a structure having mirror image symmetry about a median plane at
right angles to the direction of the vector of the electric field
propagating within the antenna. The same is true of the cooperating
transmission line 30 which comprises parallel plate or slab
transmission line conductors 31 and 31a of similar shape.
Conductors 31 and 31a are spaced planar conductors constructed of a
material capable of conducting high frequency currents with
substantially no ohmic loss. Further, conductors 31 and 31a are so
constructed and arranged as to support TEM mode propagation of high
frequency energy, with the major portion of the electric field
lying between conductors 31 and 31a and with the electric field
substantailly perpendicular to the major interior surfaces
thereof.
The TEM transmitter-antenna 1 further consists of a pair of flared,
flat, electrically conducting planar members 32 and 32a. Members 32
and 32a are, for example, generally triangular in shape, member 32
being bounded by flared edges 33 and 33a and a frontal aperture
edge 34. Similarly, member 32a is bounded by flaring edges 35 and
35a and a frontal aperture edge 34a. Edges 34 and 34a may be
straight or arcuate. Each of triangular members 32 and 32a is
slightly truncated at its apex, the truncation being so constructed
and arranged that conductor 31 is smoothly joined without overlap
at junction 36 to antenna member 32. Likewise, conductor 31a is
smoothly joined without overlap at junction 36a to antenna member
32a. It is to be understood that the respective junctions 36 and
36a are formed using conventionally available techniques for
minimizing any impedance discontinuity corresponding to the
junctions 36 and 36a.
It is also to be understood that the flared members 32 and 32a of
antenna 1 are constructed of material highly conductive to high
frequency currents. It is further apparent that the interior volume
of transmitter-antenna 1 may be filled with an air-foamed
dielectric material exhibiting low loss in the presence of high
frequency fields. The interior of transmission line 30 may be
similarly filled with dielectric material, such material acting to
support conductor 31 in fixed relation to conductor 31a and,
likewise, the flared antenna member 32 relative to flared member
32a. Alternatively, the conductive elements of transmission line 30
and transmitter-antenna 1 may be fixed in spaced relation by
dielectric spacers which cooperate in forming enclosing walls for
the configuration, protecting the interior conducting surfaces of
antenna-transmitter configuration 1 from the effects of
precipitation and corrosion. For example, thin vertical walls 38
and 38a of low loss dielectric sheet material may be used in
conjunction with transmission line conductors 31 and 31a. Side
walls for separating the horn elements 32 and 32a may take the form
of triangular low loss dielectric wall elements 39 and 39a; such
side walls, in cooperation with a thin front or radome wall 40 of
low loss dielectric material, lend mechanical strength to the
transmitter-antenna configuration 1 and aid in protecting the
interior thereof. It will be understood that the elements 32 and
32a forming the antenna aperture may be exponentially tapered, as
indicated in FIG. 4, as well as lineally tapered.
A form such as that of the transmission line 30 and the
transmitter-antenna 1 as illustrated in FIG. 3 is preferred, in
part, because TEM mode propagation therein is readily established.
The TEM propagation mode is preferred, since it is the
substantially non-dispersive propagation mode and its use therefore
minimizes distortion of the propagating signal to be transmitted.
The simple, balanced transmission line structure permits
construction of the configuration 1 with minimum impedance
discontinuities. Furthermore, it is a property of the symmetric
type of transmission line of antenna-transmitter 1 that its
characteristic impedance is a function of b/h, where b is the width
dimension of the major surfaces of conductors 32, 32a and h is the
distance between the inner faces of the conductors 32 and 32a. For
example, the ratio b/h is kept constant in the instance of
transmission line 30 because both b and h are constant.
According to the invention, the transmitter-antenna 1 is made
compatible with transmission line 30 by using the same value of the
ratio b/h for both elements. In other words, if the ratio b/h is
kept constant along the direction of propagation in
transmitter-antenna 1, the characteristic impedance of
transmitter-antenna 1 will be constant along its length and may
readily be made equal to that of line 30. By maintaining a
continuously constant characteristic impedance along the structure
including line 30 and transmitter-antenna 1, frequency sensitive
reflections are prevented therein. It has been elected, for the
sake of simplicity of explanation, to show in FIG. 3 triangular
flaring planar configurations for elements 32 and 32a. It should be
evident, however, that other configurations may readily be realized
which maintain a constant characteristic impedance according to the
above rule, and that such configurations may also be used within
the scope of the present invention.
The system for exciting the transmitter-antenna 1 of FIG. 3 has
compatible properties, such as being balanced in nature and as
avoiding the complicating deficiencies of an interface balun or
other transition element. The system of FIG. 4 achieves such
objectives and, in addition, makes beneficial use of the balanced
dual element configuration of transmitter-antenna 1 as part of the
charging line for the excitation generator. It will be understood
that certain liberties have been taken in the drawing of FIG. 4
better to explain the structure and operation of the device
disclosed therein. For example, it is seen that FIG. 4 is intended
schematically to indicate conductor elements 32 and 32a of FIG. 3
as respective single wire transmisison lines 42 and 42a having the
same effective electrical characteristics as elements 32 and 32a of
FIG. 3 and the same radiating characteristic. As a further example,
junctions 36 and 36a in FIG. 3 are represented by junctions 46 and
46a in FIG. 4. The symbols 31 and 31a in FIG. 3 are represented in
FIG. 4 by symbols 41 and 41a and identify the opposed conductors of
transmission line 30. Dimensions in FIG. 4 are exaggerated, such as
the spacing h between conductors 41 and 41a of line 30, as a matter
of convenience.
At the left end of line 30, conductors 41 and 41a are joined by a
series circuit comprising battery 50 coupled between charging
resistors 51 and 51a each having a resistance value R/2 ohms. At
the end of line 30 adjacent junctions 46 and 46a, the conductors 41
and 41a are joined by a series circuit comprising an electrically
actuable switch 52, which may take the form of an avalanche
transistor or other transistor switch; thus, transistor 52 is
coupled across battery 50 through resistors 51, 51a, 56, and 56a.
Also coupled across battery 50 is an astable multivibrator 54 which
is connected through capacitor 53 to the base of transistor 52 for
the purpose of controlling the state of conduction of transistor
52. Resistors 56 and 56a each have a resistance value of r/2 ohms,
where r is equal to the characteristic impedance of line 30 (and of
the transmission line comprising elements 42 and 42a). Transistor
52 is also provided with a base-to-ground resistor 53a.
Astable multivibrator or pulse generator 54 produces a regular
bipolar wave train such as wave 55, of a predetermined pulse
repetition frequency for actuation of transistor switch 52. In
operation, it will be observed that transistor switch 52 is first
held non-conducting by pulse generator 54 for a time sufficient for
the entire structure including the conductors of line 30 and
conductors 42 and 42a to become charged to a potential difference V
equal to that supplied by battery 50 as if charging an effective
capacitor C.sub.1. On the next cycle of wave 55, transistor switch
52 is rendered conducting, forming a conducting circuit path
through resistors 56 and 56a. The effect is that of putting a
second or effective source B in series with the first source A or
battery 50, but reversed in polarity relative to the polarity of
the first source A.
FIGS. 5a, 6a, 7a, and 8a show the positive voltage V, contributed
by the source A or battery 50, as a positive constant voltage at
successive intervals in the operating cycle. The same set of
figures shows the progress of the negative wave due to the second
or effective source B at the same successive intervals. For
example, FIG. 5a shows the situation at the instant switch 52 is
rendered conductive; note that the wave due to the effective second
source B has not started to flow.
In FIG. 6a, however, the negative wave of voltage -V/2 from the
effective second source B has begun to flow toward the aperture of
transmitter-antenna 1. Upon reaching the ends 44, 44a of conductors
42 and 42a of FIG. 4, and upon being reflected, the situation is
depicted in FIG. 7a. It is seen that when the -V/2 wave reaches the
respective ends 44, 44a of antenna conductors 42 and 42a, it is
reflected and begins to flow back toward junctions 46, 46a. The
total contribution of the second of effective source B, beginning
at the instant of reversal, is now -V volts. It will be seen that
the total potential due to the real and the effective sources A and
B between conductors 42 and 42a at the aperture 44, 44a of the
antenna at the instant of reversal suddenly drops from +V volts to
zero; this instant of time is one of primary interest in the
operation of the transmitter-antenna 1. The wave due to the
effective source B continues to travel back toward junctions 46,
46a until the antenna conductors 42, 42a, which have served as part
of the charging line for the system are substantially completely
discharged, if the value of r is the characteristic impedance of
the line comprising conductors 42, 42a. The charging cycle is then
reestablished when pulse generator 54 renders switch 52
nonconductive again and the system may be repeatedly recycled.
It will be readily appreciated that the total potential difference
seen across the aperture 44, 44a of the antenna, for the same
successive instants of time as described above, may be illustrated
as in the respective FIGS. 5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b. It is seen that the
potential at the antenna aperture due to the real source 50 (or A)
is progressively eaten away by the travel of the wave due to the
second or effective source B started toward the aperture 44, 44a
when switch 52 is conductive and then reflected at the aperture
where radiation occurs ultimately to effect substantial discharge
of the line formed by conductors 42 and 42a, the wave having
returned to be absorbed in the resistances 56, 56a.
As noted previously, it is the instant of reflection of the wave of
the effective source B at the distance L along conductors 42 and
42a (the aperture of transmitter-antenna 1) that is of prime
interest. Because of the finite characteristic impedance r of the
transmitter-antenna system, the leading edge of the -V/2 wave
launched into the aperture or mouth of the antenna, which is in
effect an open circuit, reverses in direction of flow while
maintaining its previous polarity. Radiation into space of an
impulse signal proportional to dV/dt must occur at this instant of
time. No further radiation can obtain until after switch 52 is
recycled and conductors 42 and 42a are recharged. As noted above,
if the resistance r of the sum of resistors 56 and 56a is made
equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
system, the reflected wave front finally terminates in resistors
56, 56a and the potential difference across the entire line drops
to substantially zero and then begins to recharge to approximately
rv/R volts, recharging requiring 2rC.sub.1 seconds.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that alternative
ways are available for producing cyclic storage of energy in the
transmission line systems of FIGS. 3 and 4 and for its release for
propagation along the transmission line to an antenna radiating
aperture. For example, mercury-wetted reed switches may be employed
of the type disclosed in the H. Maguire U.S. Pat. application Ser.
No. 852,656 for a "Coaxial Line Reed Switch Fast Rise Time Signal
Generator with Attenuation Means Forming an Outer Section of the
Line," filed Aug. 25, 1969, issued Feb. 16, 1971 as U.S. Pat. No.
3,564,277, and assigned to the Sperry Rand Corporation. Switches of
the type disclosed in the G.F. Ross et al U.S. Pat. application
Ser. No. 843,945 for a "High Frequency Switch," filed July 23,
1969, issued Mar. 9, 1971 as U.S. Pat. No. 3,569,877, and also
assigned to the Sperry Rand Corporation, may be employed. The
transistor switch 52 may be organized in the transmitter-antenna
system in such a way that it is part of a self-exciting circuit.
Such arrangements and others applicable in the present invention
are discussed in the forementioned G.F. Ross et al U.S. Pat.
application Ser. No. 46,079 for a "Balanced Radiator System."
The omnidirectional bicone antenna 8 intended to receive impulse
transmissions from transmitter-antenna 1 is seen in FIGS. 1 and 9
mounted within a cylindrical radome 63 on the roof 6a of the
cooperating fleet vehicle. An alternative type of antenna
illustrated in FIG. 10 may be used if the pulse repetition rate
approaches the resonant frequency of the antenna. However, the
omnidirectional antenna element shown in FIG. 9 maximizes the
response amplitude without excessively increasing the response time
of the received signal. The antenna is composed of a conducting
cone 61 with its apex pointed downwardly and supported so as to
pend from the inner surface of a flat top portion 63a of dielectric
radome 63. The apex of cone 61 is coupled to the inner conductor 62
of a short coaxial cable cooperating with the concentric outer
conductor 62a. Conductors 62 and 62a comprise a coaxial
transmission line projecting through a hole in the roof 6a of the
fleet vehicle 6. In this way, the roof 6a forms a ground plane for
antenna 8 in the conventional manner, enhancing the energy
collecting efficiency of antenna 8.
Filter 65 is used to eliminate undesired relatively low frequency
signals and to pass received impulse wave trains to a detector
circuit featuring diode 69, which diode is coupled to ground and
through series resistors 67 and 68 to a suitable source of bias
voltage (not shown). Diode 69 is preferably a tunnel diode or other
high speed diode adapted to serve as an impulse detector. A
suitable diode has a negative resistance current-voltage
characteristic such that, under proper bias, the diode response to
the arrival of impulse emissions from the transmitter-antenna
configuration 1 is to move abruptly into its region of instability,
causing it to become highly conductive.
In this manner, a current impulse of somewhat greater amplitude but
of considerably longer duration is generated by tunnel diode 69 and
is coupled to the input of one shot multivibrator circuit 70; the
longer duration, higher energy signal is required for reliable
triggering of multivibrator 70. The output pulse of multivibrator
70 is a rectangular pulse of 100 nanosecond duration, for example,
which is passed to AND gate 72. The 100 nanosecond pulse is coupled
also by lead 71 to the junction 66 between bias control resistors
67 and 68. At junction 66, the trailing edge of the 100 nanosecond
pulse has the effect of resetting diode 69 and of stopping
conduction therethrough. Thus, tunnel diode 69 is reset to its
original low conduction state and is prepared to receive the next
arriving impulse from transmitter-antenna configuration 1 which
exceeds the triggering level of diode 69. Accordingly, if the
transmitter-antenna configuration 1 produces impulses at an impulse
repetition frequency in the vicinity of 5 kilohertz, the output of
multivibrator 70 is a pulse train of 100 nanosecond pulses having a
repetition frequency of five kilohertz.
The output of one shot multivibrator circuit 70 is coupled to AND
gate 72, to which a controlling signal from interrogator device 78
is also supplied. Interrogator device 78 may be operated regularly
by a suitable digital or other clock at intervals of five seconds,
at the will of the vehicle operator, or by a command signal
received, for instance, from head-quarters by transceiver 75, and
comprises any conventional pulse generating device suitable for
supplying an interrogation pulse of predetermined length for proper
control of the conventional AND gate 72. The duration of the
interrogation pulse may be, for example, fixed at 500
milli-seconds. Thus, separated pulse trains are passed to counter
circuit 73 by AND gate 72 as the vehicle moves along a serviced
route. The pulses present in each such pulse train are counted by
counter 73 for a standard time interval, counter 73 being a
conventional counter circuit of the type adapted to count incoming
pulses and to transfer the count to an encoder 74 at the end of the
prescribed time interval or other condition.
A signal representing the pulse count in the predetermined time,
and therefore identifying the corresponding location of the
cooperating fleet vehicle 6, may be transmitted directly to central
headquarters by the usual voice radio communication link already
present within the vehicle, for example, by transceiver 75 and
omnidirectional antenna 7.
In a preferred system, the pulse count in counter 73 may be
automatically shifted out of counter 73 into a conventional encoder
74. Encoder 74 reduces the burden of transmission by transceiver 75
by converting the pulse count into an encoded representation
thereof that is much simpler to transmit. Consequently, encoder 74
may be designed in a conventional manner also to cause transmission
to the headquarters center of a pulse coded signal automatically
identifying the particular fleet vehicle as it reports its
location.
It is seen that the receiver of FIG. 9 is a wide band device;
except for the presence of high pass filter 65, which may have, for
example, a gigahertz cut-off frequency, the receiver would respond
to any signal level in excess of, for example, the 80 millivolt
level which might be dictated by the characteristics of a
particular tunnel diode 69. The amplitude of the received impulse
at the receiving antenna 8 is, or example, about 200 millivolts in
the usual operating circumstance, a value several orders of
magnitude greater than the signals present in an urban environment
due to conventional radiation sources, such interfering signals
normally being at the microvolt level. Accordingly, although the
receiver of FIG. 9 essentially accepts all signals in the pass band
of filter 65, it is substantially immune to interference from
conventional radiation sources, including electrical noise signals
such as internal combustion engine ignition noise.
As has been observed in the foregoing discussion, the directive
transmitter-antenna configuration 1 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is
capable of transmitting a regular train of extremely short
duration, high amplitude impulses. In a typical situation, these
impulse-like signals have time durations of 200 pico-seconds and an
impulse repetition frequency in the order of 10 kilohertz. If the
voltage applied by battery 5 of FIG. 4 is assumed to be 500 volts
and the source impedance 50 ohms, then the upper bound on the
average power transmitted into all of space is less than 1
microwatt. The spectrum of the transmitted signal is spread over an
extremely wide band width, typically 100 megahertz to 10 gigahertz.
Accordingly, the power radiated in any typical narrow communication
band is far below the thermal noise threshold of a typical receiver
operating in that band. The transmitted impulse is therefore
incapable of interfering with the operation of standard radio
communication equipment. Indeed, the operation of the
transmitter-antenna configuration 1 is such as not to require
governmental licensing under present regulations.
The conical antenna used in the receiver system of FIG. 9 best
optimizes the maximum received signal and the minimum response time
of any known omnidirectional receiving antenna. Other
omnidirectional antennas can also be used when response time or
amplitude limitations are not severe. In particular, when the pulse
repetition frequency approaches 100 magahertz, a thin film
top-hat-loaded antenna such as shown in FIG. 10 may be used. Such
an antenna is disclosed in the G.F. Ross U.S. Pat. application Ser.
No. 832,337 for a "Time Limited Impulse Response Antenna," filed
June 11, 1969, issued June 22, 1971 as U.S. Pat. No. 3,587,107, and
assigned to the Sperry Rand Corporation. Antennas that have a
time-limited impulse response do not ring, so as to cause
interference with a succeeding input pulse.
In FIG. 10, the antenna is seen to be mounted on a ground plane 6a,
which again represents the roof of the cooperating fleet vehicle,
the antenna being coupled to a receiver system via coaxial line 62,
62a, as in FIG. 9. In FIG. 10, a thin resistive layer 90 formed of
a thin chromium plating is positioned above and parallel to ground
plane 6a. Resistive film 90 may be applied to a glass or dielectric
disc 91. The coated plate 91 is preferably constituted of
dielectric material and may in practice be the flat portion 63a of
a radome 63 fully enclosing the antenna, as illustrated in FIG. 9.
In other arrangements, resistive film 90 and the top disc 91 may
very simply be supported upon a layer 92 of air foamed dielectric
material of conventional nature, layer 91 thus performing the
protective function of a radome.
A portion 93 of the central conductor 62 of coaxial line 62, 62a
extends through dielectric layer 92 and joins resistive disc 90
substantially at its center. Resistive layer 90 is preferably
constructed to have a radius approximately equal to the length of
the portion 93 of conductor 62 found within dielectric layer 92.
Typically, the resistive layer 90 has a radius greater than 200
times the diameter of conductor 93.
The operation of the antenna 8 of FIG. 10 is described in the above
mentioned U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 832,337, and is understood
by assuming that an impulse plane-polarized wave with its electric
factor oriented parallel to conductor 93 is caused to impinge on
the antenna from the left in the drawing, as indicated by arrow 94.
As the incoming impulse wave reaches the antenna, voltages are
established between ground plane 6a and the resistive layer 90.
When the incoming impulse wave first reaches the conductor 93,
impulsive currents are produced at each infinitesimal segment of
conductor 93 and flow downward toward the entrance to coaxial line
62, 62a. The induced currents also flow upward toward resistive
layer 90, where any such are absorbed. The useful downward flowing
current passes without reflection into coaxial line 62, 62a and is
detected by diode 69. Because the upward flowing current is
absorbed by resistive layer 90, it cannot be reflected downward
subsequently to appear in coaxial line 62, 62a and thus distortion
which would ordinarily be produced is substantially eliminated.
Accordingly, the monopole receiving antenna of FIG. 10 is equipped
with a monopole conductor portion 93 of a length such that the
voltage induced at its upper tip travels to its base adjacent
ground plane 6a in a time substantially equal to the duration of
the received impulse. The monopole element 93 extends between the
aperture ground plane 6a and the thin resistive layer 90, the
latter having a surface resistivity substantially equal to the
impedance of free space. The resistive layer 90 also has a radius
at least equal to the length of the monopole 93 so as to provide an
essentially reflectionless termination for monopole 93 and
substantially to eliminate distortion of the received
electromagnetic impulse.
It is seen that the invention is an impulse radio communication
system using very low total energy level, coded, transmitted
impulses having a spectral contant spread over a very wide band so
as to make no significant contribution to the background electrical
noise level and thus operating well below levels interfering with
government controlled radio transmissions. The transmitters of the
system are adapted to excite vehicle borne impulse recievers for
identifying fleet vehicles, at the same time identifying their
presence at selected locations along routes traversed by the
vehicles. Coded identify and location data is automatically
transmitted to a central headquarters location where it may be
processed and stored for deriving instructions which may be issued
to drivers of individual vehicles by conventional broadcast
communication equipment. The impulse transmitter and impulse
receiver elements are of very simple nature and are otherwise
inexpensive of installation maintenance, and operation, adapting
readily to cooperative use with conventional transceiver equipment
already in use in many types of fleet vehicles. The invention has
great versatility, being adaptable to use, for example, with manual
monitoring and manual map posting at headquarters, along with voice
communication of instructions where the vehicle fleet to be
monitored is small. On the other hand, the invention lends itself
to use at headquarters with complex data processing equipment for
performing one or more of the same or other functions in a multiple
unit fleet. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
the central processing equipment, including displays, may be
generally similar to those employed in air line or rail road
traffic control systems.
While the invention has been described in its preferred
embodiments, it is to be understood that the words which have been
used are words of description rather than of limitation and that
changes within the purview of the appended claims may be made
without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention
in its broader aspects.
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