U.S. patent number 3,754,963 [Application Number 05/100,980] was granted by the patent office on 1973-08-28 for surface for impression development in electrophotography.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Leo S. Chang.
United States Patent |
3,754,963 |
Chang |
August 28, 1973 |
SURFACE FOR IMPRESSION DEVELOPMENT IN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY
Abstract
In an impression development process for electrophotography,
toner particles and an electrostatic image are brought into
contact; the toner particles are transported by means of a
developer surface which is resilient, electrically conductive,
rough, and triboelectrically remote from the toner; mutually
interrelated moving means are used to move said developer surface
and said latent electrostatic image into contact at zero relative
peripheral speed.
Inventors: |
Chang; Leo S. (San Jose,
CA) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22282517 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/100,980 |
Filed: |
December 23, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
430/101; 118/261;
399/294; 428/402 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
9/00 (20130101); G03G 15/0818 (20130101); Y10T
428/2982 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/08 (20060101); G03G 9/00 (20060101); G03g
013/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;117/17.5,111R
;118/637,261 ;355/3,15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Martin; William D.
Assistant Examiner: Sofocleous; M.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In an electrophotographic impression development process
involving bringing toner particles and an electrostatic image into
contact, said toner particles being transported on a developer
surface, with mutually inter-related moving means being used to
move said developer surface and said latent electrostatic image at
zero relative peripheral speed, the improvement wherein the
developer surface comprises a binding resin having dispersed
therein finely divided graphite particles in an amount from about 5
to about 60 percent by weight of the total weight of the graphite
and resin.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the graphite particles
are approximately 2-12 microns in diameter.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the surface is made
resilient by a backing of foamed polymeric material.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is concerned with a development process for
use in electrophotography. Electrostatic printing involves the
production of electrostatic images on the surface of a dielectric
member or the like, the application of charged minute electroscopic
pigmented toner particles to the image-bearing surface, and the
fixing of the developed image before or after transfer to a print
medium, such as paper. Various techniques have been devised for
applying the toner particles to the image-bearing surface. Among
these is the technique sometimes called impression development. The
present invention particularly relates to an improved impression
development process.
In impression development, the surface of a carrier member, such as
a sheet or roller, is coated or impregnated with a quantity of
minute electroscopic pigmented toner powder particles; i.e., toner,
to form an image-developing surface. The developing surface is then
placed against the surface of the electrostatic image-bearing
member. The placing of the developing surface on the image-bearing
surface is performed so that virtually no relative peripheral speed
exists during the contact between the developer and image-bearing
surfaces. Thus, there is substantially no wiping, patting, or other
motion during contact as is usally found in other techniques (e.g.,
brush or cascade development) for applying the toner to the
image-bearing surface. For the purpose of the present invention,
the term impression connotes contact without relative peripheral
speed during contact.
PRIOR ART
Impression development is well known in the prior art. U. S. Pat.
No. 3,152,012, issued Oct. 6, 1964 to Roland M. Shaffert, and the
references cited therein, contain a very good summary of the prior
art. In so far as we are aware, however, nothing1 in the prior art
suggests the particular features of novelty of the present process:
namely, the use of a developer surface with the specified
properties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the process of the present invention, latent
electrostatic images are developed by contacting them with toner
particles transported by means of a resilient developer surface.
The developer surface is textured; i.e., it is rough and uneven. It
is electrically conductive and is triboelectrically remote from the
toner. A more detailed understanding of the present invention may
be obtained by referring to the drawings, which schematically
depict a preferred embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically (not according to scale) a preferred
embodiment of an apparatus suitable for use in the process of the
present invention. FIG. 2 is a cross section through the developer
surface and shows a preferred embodiment for such a surface.
Referring in more detail to FIG. 1, an apparatus is shown having
the impression surface in a drum form. The system comprises an
impression surface on a resilient backing with a toner reservoir
adjacent to the drum surface. A series of toner distribution blades
(made, for example, of polytetrafluoroethylene) are also provided.
The blades rest directly on the impression drum and are held in
contact by springs. They are electrically insulated from the
remainder of the apparatus. Toner is drawn under the blades as the
drum rotates. Contact among the drum surface, the blades and the
toner results in a uniform layer of triboelectrically charged toner
on the surface of the drum. By rotation of the drum, the charged
toner is then brought into contact with the photoconductor, where
toner is selectively transferred to the latent electrostatic image,
which is also rotating on a drum. In the process of the present
invention a single pass is sufficient to provide enough toner to
give adequate image density. It is important that zero relative
peripheral speed exist between the toner surface and the
photoconductor, as is always the case in impression
development.
Referring again to FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of the developer
surface is shown in greater detail. This comprises a binding resin
in which finely divided graphite particles are dispersed in an
amount from about 5 to about 60 percent by weight of the total
weight of the graphite and resins. Underneath this resin-graphite
surface is a layer of flexible conductor, and a resilient backing
which may, for example, be foamed polymeric material or the like,
for example, foamed rubber or polyurethane foam. Excellent results
have been obtained with foam rubber having 100 pores per linear
inch. When so desired, this resilient backing may be supported by a
rigid metal drum substrate, as is shown in FIG. 2. It is important
that the surface be resilient, to insure proper contact with the
image-bearing surface.
It should be mentioned that the drawing showing the developer
surface in the form of a drum merely illustrates a preferred
embodiment. The process of the present invention is applicable to
developer surfaces having other configurations. For example, the
surface may be in the form of a continous belt. On the other hand,
it may also be planar.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the surface is
made of a binding resin in which graphite particles are dispersed.
It is preferred that the graphite constitute from about 5 percent
to 60 percent of the total weight of the graphite and resin, and
that the graphite particles be very small, e.g., from submicron
size to about 20 microns, with the major portion from about 2 to 12
microns in diameter. The optimum graphite content is about 20 to 30
percent.
In cases where reversal (discharged area development) development
is desired, a particularly useful surface may be obtained, for
example, using mica and carbon black dispersed in ethyl cellulose
as the insulating resin.
It is essential that the developer surface be triboelectrically
remote from the toner. This means that the toner and the surface
are far apart from each other in the triboelectric series. The
triboelectric series is well known to those skilled in the art and
is discussed fully, for example, by V. E. Shashoua in the Journal
of Polymer Science, 33, p. 65-85 (1958), where there is also
described a simple test to enable one to place a material in the
series.
It is necessary that the impression development surface be
electrically conductive for it to be useful in the process of the
present invention. In general, a quantitative idea of conductivity
may be obtained as follows. The surface is charged with a corona,
and residual charge is measured by a rotating disc electrometer.
The residual charge (measured a split second later) should be quite
low, preferably below about 50 volts, and most preferably zero or
very close to zero.
It is essential that the surface be rough. In general, the mean
surface variation should be from about 1 to about 15 microns,
preferably about 7 to 8 microns. The average number of surface
variations per linear inch is from about 100 to about 350,
preferably about 250.
The following is a preferred procedure to make an impression
development surface useful in the process of the present
invention.
A copolymer of vinyl chloride (87 percent) and vinyl acetate (13
percent) is dissolved in a 1:1 by weight mixture of methyl ethyl
ketone and 2-methoxyethyl acetate. A 15 percent solution
concentration is used. The solution may be filtered, for example,
through filter pad having 0.1 micron pore size. To 150 grams of the
filtered solution is added 6.75 grams of graphite, for example,
Asbury 007. The mixture is roll milled for one-half hour.
A sheet of aluminized polyethylene terephthalate is rinsed with
tetrahydrofurane. The above mixture is coated on the rinsed sheet
using a horizontal coater at a speed of 2.8 feet per minute to
obtain a coat approximately 20 microns thick. The coating is cured
overnight in an oven at 100.degree.C.
Although an apparatus is shown in the drawing with blades used to
distribute the toner, the present invention can be used with other
methods of toning, such as magnetic brush, or cascade. In like
manner, it is useful with both A.C. and D.C. corona. In cases where
corona charging of the toner is used (rather than triboelectric
charging using blades), the graphite content of the coating should
be above about 20 percent.
The present process has several advantages. It requires very simple
machinery, which occupies a small amount of space and can be
produced at relatively low cost. It is particularly suitable to the
development of large solid areas without edge effect. It has the
advantage of requiring only one component replenishing and avoiding
the need to maintain a toner-to-carrier ratio within a narrow
range. Excellent quality has been obtained at the rate of 4 inches
per second. Satisfactory results have been obtained at the rate of
32 inches per second. Higher speeds of development are
feasible.
The process of the present invention is not to be limited to the
use of particular materials. For use as the binding resin, many
materials will suggest themselves too those skilled in the art. The
resin should form an acceptable surface. Its mechanical strength
should be sufficient so that it will be long wearing. It must also
be triboelectrically remote from the particular toner being used.
In general, the commercially available toners at present in use in
electrophotography are based on polymers or copolymers of materials
such as styrene and methacrylate esters. For use with such toners,
particularly good results have been obtained with the developer
surface the preparation of which is described above. Other useful
resins include polytetrafluroethylene, ethyl cellulose and various
phenoxy resins. Roughness may be obtained by adding any of a
variety of particulate materials such as graphite, mica powder and
asbestos powder. Conductivity is increased by the addition of
carbon black. Various combinations of these additives are also
suitable for use.
* * * * *