U.S. patent number 3,750,450 [Application Number 05/155,586] was granted by the patent office on 1973-08-07 for manufacture of articles.
This patent grant is currently assigned to GKN Sankey Limited. Invention is credited to Margaret Evelyn Norrish, Herbert John Sharp.
United States Patent |
3,750,450 |
Sharp , et al. |
August 7, 1973 |
MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES
Abstract
The specification discloses a method of making a road wheel for
a vehicle in which the material of the wheel has anisotropic
properties. The wheel comprises a central portion, a peripheral or
rim portion and a plurality of separate radial portions between the
central portion and the rim portion. The specification describes
how anisotropic properties can be obtained in the radial portions
and the peripheral portion by causing the material to flow radially
along the radial portions and peripherally around the peripheral
portion during the formation of the wheel. This formation is
effected by placing a billet of flowable material in a cavity and
then moving selected elements of the cavity to produce the desired
flow of the material. The wheel can be made of a thermoplastic,
synthetic polymeric material with or without fibre reinforcement, a
thermosetting, synthetic polymeric material with fibre
reinforcement or a metal with or without fibre reinforcement.
Inventors: |
Sharp; Herbert John (Greenford,
EN), Norrish; Margaret Evelyn (London,
EN) |
Assignee: |
GKN Sankey Limited (Bilston,
EN)
|
Family
ID: |
10317779 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/155,586 |
Filed: |
June 22, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Jun 26, 1970 [GB] |
|
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31,088/70 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
72/353.2; 72/413;
264/322; 29/894.34; 72/403; 264/294 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C
43/36 (20130101); B29C 43/02 (20130101); B21K
1/32 (20130101); B29D 99/0032 (20130101); B21J
13/025 (20130101); Y10T 29/49513 (20150115); B29K
2105/06 (20130101); B29L 2031/322 (20130101); B29K
2101/10 (20130101); B29C 2791/001 (20130101); B29K
2101/12 (20130101); B29L 2031/32 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B21J
13/02 (20060101); B29C 43/02 (20060101); B29C
43/36 (20060101); B29D 31/00 (20060101); B21K
1/32 (20060101); B21K 1/28 (20060101); B21j
013/02 (); B21k 001/32 () |
Field of
Search: |
;72/472,352,403,355,357,360,377,453,394,470,475,413,353
;29/159R,159.01,159.03 ;264/294,296,322 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lanham; Charles W.
Assistant Examiner: Crosby; Gene P.
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of making an article having a central portion a
peripheral portion and a plurality of separate radial portions
radiating from the central portion to the peripheral portion by
causing flow of flowable material within a cavity having central,
radial and peripheral parts in which said central, radial and
peripheral portions are respectively formed, the method comprising
displacing material from the central part of the cavity into the
radial parts thereof and then reducing the size of said radial
parts to cause material therein to flow radially outwardly into the
peripheral part around which the material flows peripherally.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein, during the displacement
of the material from the central part of the cavity into the radial
parts thereof, the peripheral part of the cavity is held at a
larger volume than its final volume at which the peripheral portion
is formed and the peripheral part is subsequently reduced in size
to its final volume, said reduction commencing no earlier than said
reduction in size of the radial parts.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said reduction in size of
the peripheral part of the cavity takes place after the reduction
in size of the radial parts.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the material flows in
T-shaped paths from the radial parts of the cavity into the
peripheral part thereof.
5. A method according to claim 1 including the step of forming,
between adjacent radial portions, webs by causing the material to
flow biaxially into intermediate cavity parts between the radial
cavity parts.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the cavity includes
intermediate parts each defined between two adjacent radial parts,
the central part and the peripheral part and wherein the method is
carried out by bringing the intermediate parts to their final
volumes no later than the displacement of the material from the
central part into the radial parts, the material being
simultaneously displaced into said intermediate parts.
7. Apparatus for forming from flowable material an article having a
central portion, a peripheral portion, a plurality of separate
radial portions radiating from the central portion, and a plurality
of intermediate portions each defined between two adjacent radial
portions and the central and peripheral portions the apparatus
comprising a plurality of relatively movable elements which define
a cavity having a central part, radial parts, a peripheral part and
intermediate parts, each intermediate part being defined by two
adjacent radial parts and the central and peripheral parts, for
forming the central, radial, peripheral and intermediate portions
respectively, the elements defining the radial parts being movable
relative to other of said elements whereby the radial parts of said
cavity may be varied in size independently of the other parts of
the cavity, the elements defining the peripheral part of the cavity
being movable relative to other of said elements whereby the
peripheral part of the cavity may be varied in size independently
of the other parts of the cavity, and the elements defining the
intermediate parts being movable relative to other of said elements
whereby the intermediate parts of the cavity may be varied in size
independently of the other parts of the cavity.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the manufacture of articles, particularly
wheels, having a central portion, a peripheral portion and a
plurality of separate radial portions radiating from the central
portion to the peripheral portion and interconnecting the central
and peripheral portions.
The invention finds particular utility in the manufacture of road
wheels for motor vehicles although it is also applicable to the
manufacture of articles other than road wheels which have
continuous or discontinuous peripheral portions and radial portions
radiating from a central portion to the peripheral portion.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Heretofore, road wheels have been made from metal and conventional
wheels have been made from steel having a ring-like rim which is
fixedly or detachably mounted on a disc. The lighter type road
wheels usually comprise a one piece rim welded to a disc. Heavier
wheels comprise multipart rims secured to discs. Cast road wheels
of light alloy are also known. In metal wheels it has been
unnecessary to develop any anisotropic mechanical properties in the
metal since the normal isotropic properties are sufficiently good
to withstand the stresses in use.
It has also been proposed to manufacture road wheels from
fibre-reinforced, synthetic polymeric material by forming wheel
halves by laying up on a mould pieces of glass fibre mat,
impregnating these by hand with the polymeric material, allowing
the latter to cure and then fixing the two halves together with, if
required, a circumferential layer of resin-impregnated
reinforcement.
There is a continual search for ways of making, from synthetic
polymeric material, articles which have previously been made of
metal. The method described above of forming wheel halves with hand
laid and impregnated layers of glass fibre cloth is not susceptible
to the mass production of wheels. Moreover. since the yield point
and ultimate tensile strength of normal synthetic polymeric
material are less than those of steel it is necessary to develop
the best possible mechanical properties in the material to
withstand the stresses that occur in use.
In a road wheel embodying the invention the radial portions act as
spokes between the central portion which will be the hub and the
peripheral portion which will be the rim. The spokes are subjected
mainly to stress in radial directions and therefore it is desirable
that the best mechanical properties of the material in the spokes
are exhibited in radial directions. On the other hand, the rim will
be subjected mainly to hoop stress and therefore it is desirable
that the best mechanical properties of the material forming the rim
are exhibited in peripheral directions. The invention has as its
object to provide a method of and apparatus for forming an article
having the above characteristics in which the mechanical properties
of the material in the radial portions are improved in radial
directions with respect to such properties in other directions and
in which the mechanical properties of the material in the
peripheral portion is improved in circumferential directions with
respect to such properties in other directions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one aspect of the invention we provide a method of
making an article, e.g. a wheel, having a central portion, a
peripheral portion and a plurality of separate radial portions
radiating from the central portion to the peripheral portion by
causing flow of flowable material within a cavity having central,
radial and peripheral parts in which said central radial and
peripheral portions are respectively formed, the method comprising
displacing the material from the central parts of the cavity into
the radial parts thereof and then reducing the volume of said
radial parts to cause material therein to flow radially outwardly
and into the peripheral part around which said material flows
peripherally.
The result of this method is to produce an article formed of
material having anisotropic properties in both radial portions and
the peripheral portion such that the mechanical properties e.g. the
yield point, are better in radial than other directions in the
radial portions and are better in peripheral than other directions
in the peripheral portion.
During the first phase of forming in which the material is
displaced from the central part into the radial parts some material
may flow into the peripheral part but this will be insufficient to
fill the peripheral part which will only be filled when the
reduction in size of the radial part takes place with consequent
displacement of material from the radial parts into the peripheral
part.
In a preferred way of carrying out the method, during the
displacement of the material from the central part of the cavity
into the radial parts the peripheral part is held at a larger
volume than its final volume at which the peripheral portion is
formed and the peripheral part is subsequently reduced in size to
its final volume simultaneously with, or after, said reduction in
size of the radial parts.
This reduction in size of the peripheral part will assist in the
peripheral flow of the material in the peripheral part and thus the
obtaining of the desired anisotropic properties in the peripheral
portion. Preferably the reduction in size of the peripheral part
takes place after the reduction in size of the radial parts has
taken place or at least after the reduction in size of the radial
parts has commenced thus establishing a flow of material into the
peripheral part from the radial parts.
The material from which the article is made is preferably either
thermoplastic synthetic polymeric material with or without fibre
reinforcement or a thermosetting synthetic polymeric material with
fibre reinforcement. The reinforcing fibres will be of any
convenient material e.g. carbon or glass. The invention is also
applicable to the manufacture of an article by causing metal to
flow in the manner described above and the metal can be fibre
reinforced, e.g. with tungsten or boron fibres.
When the material is a thermoplastic synthetic polymeric material,
the polymer chains will be orientated by the flow of the material
during manufacture of the article so that the chains extend
radially in the radial portions and peripherally in the peripheral
portions thus giving the desired anisotropic properties. Where the
material, whatever it is, is reinforced with fibres then the fibres
will be orientated generally radially in the radial portions and
generally peripherally in the peripheral portions which further
assists in obtaining the desired anisotropic properties. With the
cross-linked thermosetting polymeric materials the anisotropic
properties will be obtained by the orientation of the fibre
reinforcement.
The material during its flow as the size of the radial parts is
reduced will follow L-shaped paths. Thus during the second forming
phase the material will be caused to flow radially outwardly along
a radial part and then peripherally in the peripheral part. Where
the article has a continuous peripheral portion, e.g. a wheel rim,
the material may be caused to flow in generally T-shaped paths.
Thus the material may be caused to flow radially outwardly along
each radial part and then, when it reaches the peripheral part,
caused to flow peripherally in opposite directions until the
material initially fed along one radial part meets in the
peripheral part, material initially fed radially outwardly along an
adjacent radial part into the peripheral portion.
The areas of the article between the radial portions mentioned
above may be formed by webs in which the material forming them has
flowed biaxially. That is to say that as the material flows
outwardly from the central part of the cavity it will expand both
radially and peripherally and therefore the polymer chains, metal
grains and/or reinforcing fibres as the case may be will be
oriented substantially half in radial directions and substantially
half in peripheral directions. Where such webs are provided the
cavity will include intermediate parts each defined between two
adjacent radial parts, the central part and the peripheral part.
These intermediate parts will be brought to their final volume
simultaneously with, or before, the first phase of the forming when
the material is displaced from the central part into the radial
parts, the material being simultaneously disposed into said
intermediate parts.
In one way of carrying out the method the material is initially in
the form of a slug which is deformed and caused to flow between
moving parts which define the cavity and are moved to obtain the
desired directions of flow of the material.
The slug may be formed in situ in the central part of the cavity by
injection.
When the material being formed is a thermoplastic polymeric
material or a metal, reduction in size of the mould cavity is
arranged to occur at an appropriate time and speed to effect cold
work on the material and thus improves the physical properties
thereof.
According to another aspect of the invention we produce apparatus
for forming from flowable material an article having a central
portion, a peripheral portion and a plurality of separate radial
portions radiating from the central portion, the apparatus
comprising a plurality of relatively movable elements which define
a cavity having a central part, radial parts and a peripheral part
for forming the central, radial and peripheral portions
respectively, the elements defining the radial parts being movable
relative to other/of said elements whereby the radial parts of said
cavity may be varied in size independently of other parts of the
cavity.
The elements defining the peripheral part of the cavity are movable
relative to other of said elements whereby the movable relative to
other of said elements whereby the peripheral part of the cavity
may be varied in size independently of other parts of the
cavity.
The cavity includes intermediate parts, each such part being
defined by two adjacnet radial parts and the central and peripheral
parts and the elements defining the intermediate parts are movable
relative to other of said elements whereby the intermediate parts
of the cavity may be varied in size independently of other parts of
the cavity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described in detail by way of example
with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is a section through a cavity showing a billet of material
about to be deformed by the method of the invention to produce a
road wheel;
FIG. 2a is a section through the cavity showing the billet partly
deformed and in a section containing one of said radial parts of
the cavity;
FIG. 2b is a section through the cavity corresponding to FIG. 2a
but in a section through one of said intermediate parts of said
cavity;
FIG. 3 is a section similar to FIG. 2a showing the fianl position
of the mould elements in a section containing a radial part;
FIG. 4 is a section through the apparatus with the elements in
their open positions showing the finished wheel ready for
ejection;
FIG. 5 is a section through the finished wheel on the line 5--5 of
FIG. 6;
FIG. 6 is a plan of the wheel of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a section through one of the radial portions of the wheel
spokes on the line 7--7 of FIG. 6; and
FIGS. 8 and 9 are a diagrammatic section and plan respectively of
another form of apparatus for forming a road wheel embodying the
invention.
Referring first to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, the wheel comprises a rim or
peripheral portion 10 and eight spoke-like or radial portions 11.
FIG. 7 shows that each spoke-like portion 11 is thicker in the
axial direction of the wheel than the immediately surrounding or
intermediate portions 12. These intermediate portions 12 form
generally triangular webs between the adjacent radial portions 11
and are further defined by the rim portion 10 and a central or hub
portion 13 from which the spoke portions 11 radiate to the rim
portion 10.
Referring now to FIG. 1, this is a section through the apparatus
used to produce the wheel of FIGS. 5 to 7. There are two annular
outer elements 14 which form the outer surfaces 15 of the rim, see
FIG. 5 and there is a split core element 16 which forms the inner
surface 17 of the rim. The core element 16 is made in three or more
parts to enable it to be withdrawn from the finished wheel. There
is a telescopic shut off betwee the elements 14 and 16 constituted
by mating surfaces 14a and 16a.
Within each element 14 is an assembly 18 of 16 elements, thus there
are either elements corresponding to the spokes or radial portions
11 and eight elements corresponding to the swebs or intermediate
portions 12. The elements corresponding to the spokes can be moved
independently of the elements corresponding to the webs.
A slug 19 of deformable material is shown between the elements in
FIG. 1. All the elements in the central assemblies 18 are moved
together to cause the material of the slug 19 to flow outwardly
from the central part 20 of the cavity into the radial parts 21,
the intermediate parts 22 and the peripheral part 23. The amount of
material in the peripheral part is insufficient to fill it and tis
situation is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b. In FIG. 2a the elements
indicated at 24 correspond to the spoke portions 11. In FIG. 2b the
elements 25 correspond to the web portions 12. In this first stage
of forming the elements 24 are moved to their final positions as
shown in FIG. 2b but the elements 24 and 14 are moved only part way
to their final positions as shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b. The material
of the slug 19 which is to form the webs 12 is therefore caused to
flow outwardly into the cavity parts 22 and can expand peripherally
due to the triangular shape of the cavity parts 22 so that the
orientation of the polymer chains (if a thermoplastic polymer is
used) or metal texture (ie the larger grain boundaries and
inclusions) and the fibre reinforcement if used is biaxial in the
webs 12. That is to say that if the material is a thermoplastic
plymer approximately half of the chains are oriented radially and
approximately half peripherally. Similarly, if the material is
metal it will be substantially equally textured in radial and
peripheral directions. Any fibre reinforcement will be oriented
half radially and half peripherally. The small amount of material
is indicated at 26 which has entered the peripheral cavity part 23
within which the rim is to be formed.
In FIGS. 2a and 2b it will be noted that the mould elements 14 and
24 are spaced apart by a greater distance than the thickness of the
finished spoke portions 11 and rim portion 10 respectively but that
the faces 14a and 16a are in engagement thus closing the cavity.
The elements 24 are now closed together as shown in FIG. 3 and this
causes the material in the spoke parts 21 of the cavity to move
radially as indicated by the arrow 27 in FIG. 3 and the material
enters the cavity part 23. The material in the cavity part 23 is
caused to move peripherally around the part 23 both by being caused
to enter the part 23 from the parts 21 and also by the movement of
the elements 14 together to the positions shown in FIG. 3. The
material which flows radially outwardly from a cavity part 21 flows
peripherally around the cavity part 23 until it meets the material
flowing from the adjacent cavity part 21. Suitable arrangements are
made for venting the cavity parts. It will be seen, therefore, that
the flow of material in the spoke cavity parts 21 is generally
radial and the flow around the rim cavity part 23 is generally
peripheral. This has the effect of producing anisotropic properties
as described above with the corresponding advantages.
FIG. 4 shows the mould open with the core 16 withdrawn and the
finished wheel about to be ejected by ejectors 28.
It will be seen from a consideration of FIG. 6 that the material
flow is along a generally T-shaped path as indicated by the arrows
29 in that figure. Alternatively, it could be considered that the
material follows a generally L-shaped path i.e. radially along the
spoke cavity part and then peripherally around the rim cavity
part.
FIGS. 8 and 9 show a second embodiment of apparatus for producing a
wheel similar to that shown in FIGS. 5,6 and 7 except that there
are triangular openings between the spoke portions 11 in place of
the webs 12.
Referring to these figures, the apparatus comprises a lower die
element 29 which is of generally circular shape in plan and which
is formed, around its outer periphery, with an upstanding ring 30
which provides a die shut off face 31. Immediately within the ring
30 there is an annular die face 32 shaped to form the outer surface
of the rim i.e. the surface corresponding to the surface 15 in FIG.
5.
The central part of the element 29 has upstanding therefrom eight
generally sector shaped abutments 33 which correspond to the spaces
between adjacent poke or radial portions of the wheel. Between the
inner ends of the abutments 33 there is defined a central part 34
of the die cavity and fitting closely into this central part is a
central element 35.
Formed between adjacent abutments 33 are radially cavity parts 36
in which the radial portions of the wheel are formed. Moveable in
each of these radial parts 36 is a radial element 37.
There is a peripheral element 38 having a die face 39 which shapes
the other outer surface of the rim and is similar to the die
surface 32 and there are three core members 40 which form the inner
surface of the rim in a manner similar to the core members 16 of
the first embodiment. The peripheral element 38 provides a shut off
face 41 and the shut off faces 31 and 41 co-operate with shut off
faces 42 and 43 respectively on the core elements 40.
In operation, the core elements 40 are moved together to form a
ring and the lower die element 29 is moved upwardly into the
position shown in FIG. 8 so that the shut off faces 30 and 31 are
in engagement. The elements 35, 37 and 38 are in their withdrawn
positions and a billet of material is then placed in the central
part 34 of the cavity. The elements 35, 37 and 38 are then moved
downwardly, the elements 37, closing the radial parts 36 of the
cavity and the element 38 closing the peripheral part 44 of the
cavity but the elements 37 and 38 are not moved to their final
positions. The element 35 is moved to its final position thus
displacing material into the radial part 36 and some material into
the peripheral part 44. The elements 37 are then moved to their
final positions thus causing radial flow of the material along the
radial parts 36 of the mould cavity and simultaneously with or
subsequently with the movement of the die elements 37, the die
element 38 is moved to its final position thus causing peripheral
flow of the material around the die cavity 44.
The completed wheel is removed from the cavity by returning the
parts to their open position and ejectors not shown, are used for
disengaging the wheel from the elements.
The material which may be used for carrying out the method in
either embodiment may be a synthetic polymeric material or a metal.
In the former case, if the polymeric material is thermoplastic then
the anisotropic properties desired are obtained both by orientation
of the polymer chains and, if fibre reinforcement is present,
orientation of the fibres of the reinforcement. Thus the chains and
the reinforcement if provided will be oriented generally radially
in the spoke or radial parts 11 of the finished wheel and the
polymer chains and or fibre reinforcement if provided will be
oriented peripherally in the rim part of the finished wheel. If the
synthetic polymeric material is a thermosetting material then there
will be no orientation of the polymer chains since of course cross
linking occurs but with a termosetting polymeric material it will
be reinforced with a fibre reinforcement and the orientation of the
reinforcement will be radial in the spoke portions of the wheel and
peripherally in the peripheral portions of the wheel.
If the material used for making the wheel is metal then the grain
boundaries will be oriented as described and if fibre reinforcement
is used then the reinforcing fibres will also be oriented in the
required manner.
It is not necessary that the peripheral part of the cavity be
variable in size except for the purpose of course of opening the
cavity. Thus in a modification of the method, the peripheral part
of the cavity may be brought to its final size with the first phase
of the forming i.e. in the phase illustrated in FIGS. 2a and 2b.
The overall flow of the material around the peripheral part of the
cavity would, in such an arrangement, be obtained by the radial
displacement of the material from the radial parts of the cavity
into the peripheral part thereof.
Where the peripheral part of the cavity can be changed in size then
this change in size can either be caused to occur simultaneously
with the movement of the mould elements 24 to their final positions
or subsequently to such movement. Preferably, the peripheral part
of the cavity is brought to its final size at least after the
commencement of the movement of the parts 24 to their final size so
that such movement of the parts 24 establishes a flow of material
into the peripheral part of the cavity before the latter is brought
to its final size.
The invention has been described in relation to a road wheel having
a continuous rim but obviously a similar method can be followed for
a wheel or similarly shaped article having a discontinuous rim.
* * * * *