U.S. patent number 3,746,909 [Application Number 05/083,910] was granted by the patent office on 1973-07-17 for area electron flood gun.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Northrop Corporation. Invention is credited to Walter F. Goede, Royal K. Runtzel.
United States Patent |
3,746,909 |
Runtzel , et al. |
July 17, 1973 |
AREA ELECTRON FLOOD GUN
Abstract
A strip filament provides a source of electrons. A deflector
electrode, which may be in the general form of a parabolic dish, is
placed behind the filament and a screen electrode placed forward of
the filament, i.e., in the direction in which electron flow is
desired. The electrodes are positioned relative to the filament and
have potentials applied thereto such that the electrons emitted
from the filament are evenly distributed over a predetermined area
throughout which electron flow is desired.
Inventors: |
Runtzel; Royal K. (Hawthorne,
CA), Goede; Walter F. (Torrance, CA) |
Assignee: |
Northrop Corporation (Beverly
Hills, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
22181449 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/083,910 |
Filed: |
October 26, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/396;
315/13.1; 315/14; 315/382 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
29/488 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
29/48 (20060101); H01j 029/50 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/12,13R,14,31R
;313/69,7R,71,83,84 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Padgett; Benjamin R.
Assistant Examiner: Nelson; P. A.
Claims
We claim:
1. An electron flood gun for providing a uniform flow of electrons
over a predetermined area comprising:
elongated linear filament means for generating electrons,
deflector electrode means positioned proximate to said filament
means and partially surrounding said filament means so as to
prevent electron flow away from the direction in which the flow of
electrons is desired, said deflector electrode means being in the
form of a single conductive parabolic shell substantially
co-extensive with said filament means, said filament means being
positioned along the focal point of the parabola formed by such
shell,
director electrode means placed proximate to said filament means in
a direction therefrom towards which the flow of electrons is
desired, said director electrode means having a surface area
substantially equal to the area over which the electron flow is
desired,
means for applying successively higher potentials than that on said
filament means to said deflector electrode means and said director
electrode means respectively whereby the electrodes from said
filament means are accelerated through said director electrode
means and arranged in a substantially uniform pattern over the
predetermined flow area.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said director electrode means
comprises wire mesh screens positioned substantially at the mouth
of said parabolic shell.
3. An electron flood gun for providing a uniform flow of electrons
over a predetermined area comprising:
elongated linear filament means for generating electrons,
a conductive elongated parabolic shell substantially co-extensive
with said filament means and having an open mouth portion, said
filament means being supported in said shell along the focal point
of the parabola formed thereby,
conductive grid means placed proximate to the mouth portion of said
shell, said grid means substantially encompassing the area of said
mouth portion,
means for applying potentials to said shell and said grid means for
accelerating the electrons out of said shell through said grid
means,
said shell forming a deflector electrode and said grid means
forming director electrode means for arranging the electrons in a
substantially uniform pattern over said predetermined area.
4. An electron flood gun for providing a uniform flow of electrons
over a predetermined area comprising:
a plurality of elongated linear filaments for generating
electrons,
deflector electrode means positioned proximate to said filaments
and partially surrounding said filaments so as to prevent electron
flow away from the direction in which the flow of electrons is
desired, said deflector electrode means being in the form of a
plurality of elongated arcuate shell members arranged in side by
side relationship, a separate one of said filaments being
positioned within an associated one of each of said shell
members,
director electrode means placed proximate to said filaments in a
direction therefrom towards which the flow of electrons is desired,
said director electrode means having a surface area substantially
equal to the area over which the electron flow is desired,
means for applying successively higher potentials than that on said
filaments to said deflector electrode means and said director
electrode means respectively, whereby the electrons from said
filaments are accelerated through said director electrode means and
arranged in a substantially uniform pattern over the predetermined
flow area.
5. The device of claim 4 wherein said shells are substantially in
the form of half cylinders.
Description
This invention relates to electron guns, and more particularly to
such a gun capable of uniformly distributing electrons emitted from
a strip filament over a predetermined area.
In certain applications such as, for example, in an area electron
beam scanner such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,408,532 issued
Oct. 29, 1968, it is necessary to provide a source of electrons
uniformly over a predetermined area. Efforts in the past to
implement this type of cathode have included the use of radioactive
or photo-emissive surfaces. The photo-emissive surfaces generally
have too low an electron yield, and due to their dependency on
incident light are limited to situations where the device is to be
operated at all times in an area having ambient light. Radioactive
type cathodes carry with them the hazards of radioactive exposure.
They also are of relatively high cost and have a low electron yield
if kept within tolerable radiation limits. This type of cathode
also tends to generate gasses which adversely affect the vacuum in
the electron beam device with which the cathode is utilized.
Area filaments and indirectly heated cathodes which encompass a
fairly broad area require a fairly large amount of heat energy to
provide an adequate electron yield. This involves a fairly large
power requirement and undesirable heat dissipation. Also, with
indirectly heated cathodes it is often difficult to get uniformity
of electron emission over the cathode surface area.
The device of this invention overcomes the shortcomings of prior
art area cathodes by enabling the utilization of a thermionic strip
filament as the electron source, thus obviating the disadvantages
of radioactive and photo-emissive cathodes. An area electron flow
is developed from the strip filament by means of appropriately
placed and voltage biased electrode members to provide a uniform
electron supply over a predetermined area. In this manner,
significant heat energy is only generated in a small area
encompassed by the strip filament, so that there is substantially
lower power consumption and heat dissipation than involved with
indirectly heated cathodes and relatively wide area filament
devices. Further, with the device of this invention, the electron
beam can be more effectively uniformly distributed over the desired
emission area than with the prior art devices.
It is therefore the principal object of this invention to provide
an improved area electron flood gun which involves an efficient
utilization of power and which is capable of providing a uniform
distribution of electrons over a pre-desired area.
Other objects of this invention will become apparent as the
description proceeds in connection with the accompanying drawings,
of which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration showing the operation of the
area electron source of the invention,
FIG. 2 is a top plan view illustrating one embodiment of the device
of the invention as incorporated into a scanning device,
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view taken along the plane indicated by
3--3 in FIG. 2,
FIG. 4 is a front elevational view with sections partially cut-away
of the device of FIG. 3,
FIG. 5 is a front elevational view illustrating a second embodiment
of the device of the invention as incorporated into an electron
beam scanning device, and
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view taken along the plane indicated by
6--6 of FIG. 5.
Briefly described, the device of the invention comprises an
electron emitting filament in the form of an elongated wire or
strip, a conductive electron deflector electrode positioned behind
and in most instances also to the side of the filament, and one or
more electron director electrodes, generally in the form of a
conductive mesh or screen in front of the filament, i.e., in the
direction from the filament in which the flow of electrons is
desired. The electrodes are positioned, shaped, and have potentials
placed thereon such as to provide a uniform flow of electrons over
a predetermined area and in a desired direction. In one disclosed
embodiment, the deflector electrode is in the form of a shell
having parabolic sides, with the filament being supported along the
focal point of the parabola with the mesh elements being placed
near the mouth of the parabolic shell. In another disclosed
embodiment, a plurality of aligned filaments are utilized, each
having a separate substantially semicircular deflector electrode
with a single director electrode or set of such electrodes for all
of the filaments.
Referring now to FIGS. 2-4, a first embodiment of the device of the
invention as incorporated into an electron beam scanner of the type
described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,408,532, is illustrated. Deflector
electrode 11 has parabolically shaped side walls 11a and flat top
and bottom walls 11b and 11c respectively. Deflector electrode 11
is in the form of a shell and has an open mouth portion 11d.
Suspended between top and bottom wall portions 11b and 11c is a
wire filament 15. Filament 15 is mounted in insulator tabs 14 which
are fixedly attached to wall portions 11b and 11c by suitable means
such as cementing. A power source (not shown) is connected to
filament leads 16 to suitably heat the filament to cause the
emission of electrons therefrom. Deflector electrode 11 is
fabricated of a suitable electrically conductive material.
Running around the mouth portion of parabolic electrode 11 is a
flange 11e, this flange being attached to support plate 18. Support
plate 18 is used to support the entire assembly in casing 20 and is
attached thereto by means of rods 21. Electron directing electrodes
23 and 24 are in the form of wire meshes or screens which are
mounted in insulator frames 25 and 26 respectively. Frames 25 and
26 act as insulative separators between the edges of the meshes.
Insulative separator frame 27 acts to separate mesh 23 from support
plate 18. Supported on support plate 18 in front of electrodes 23
and 24 is electron beam scanner assembly 30, which includes target
32 and a plurality of beam control plates 37 sandwiched between the
target and the cathode. As already noted, this assembly may be
similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,408,532. Casing 20 is
suitably evacuated to provide a vacuum environment for the flow of
electrons. Electron beam scanning assembly 30, as well as electron
directing electrodes 23 and 24, are held to support plate 18 by
means of ceramic rods 35.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the operation of the device of the
invention is schematically illustrated. Filament 15 is located at
the focal point of parabolic deflector electrode 11. Grid director
electrodes 23 and 24 are located in succession at the mouth of
parabolic electrode 11. Bias potentials supplied from voltage
divider 38 which is connected across power source 39, are placed on
electrodes 11, 23, and 24, to make electrode 11 more positive than
filament 15, electrode 23 more positive than electrode 11 and
electrode 24 more positive than electrode 23. These potentials are
selected empirically for an optimum area beam capable of producing
a uniform flow of electrons over the area encompassed by grids 23
and 24. As can be seen from the lines 40 which indicate the
electron path, the electrons are deflected by electrode 11 but for
the most part prevented from impinging to any great degree on the
inner walls of this electrode in view of the higher electrostatic
fields provided at the mouth of the parabola by electrodes 23 and
24. In an operative model of the device of the invention, with the
focal point location of filament 15 being spaced .4 inches from the
vertex of the parabola, the mouth of the parabola being 2.9 inches
wide, and 1.2 inches high, a potential of 20 volts was applied to
electrode 11 and potentials of 25 volts and 30 volts applied to
electrodes 23 and 24 respectively.
It is to be noted that while it presently appears that optimum
operation can be achieved with filament 15 lying along the focal
point of the parabolic sides of electrode 11, it is believed that
reasonably good operation can be obtained with some variation from
this point. Further, reasonably satisfactory operation could also
be obtained with some variations from a parabolic shape for
electrode 11, to some other shape such as a semicircular shape.
Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, a second embodiment of the device
of the invention is illustrated. In this second embodiment, rather
than utilizing a single filament and deflector electrode for
generating the electrons, this end result is rather achieved by
means of a plurality of elongated wire filaments, each operating in
conjunction with a separate deflector electrode. This results in a
flatter overall structure than possible with the single parabolic
electrode of the first embodiment, thus making for a more compact
unit.
Each of thermionic filaments 15a- 15e is suspended between the flat
top and bottom wall portions 43 of an associated one of deflector
electrodes 41a-41e. Deflector electrodes 41a-41e, as for the
deflector electrode of the first embodiment, are electrically
conductive and the filaments are insulated therefrom by means of
insulator tabs 44. Power is supplied to the filaments from a power
source (not shown), which is connected to terminals 45. The side
walls of deflector electrodes 41a-41e are substantially
semicircular rather than parabolic in configuration, with the
filaments 15 being positioned substantially at the center of the
semicircular arcs. Director electrodes 23 and 24 are mesh grids
similar to those described for the first embodiment and are
insulatively separated from each other and the structural elements
between which they are sandwiched by means of insulative frame
members 25, 26 and 27, as for the first embodiment. As for the
first embodiment, each of electrodes 41a-41e has a more positive
potential than that of the filaments, with electrode 23 having a
more positive potential than electrodes 41a-41e, and electrode 24
having a more positive potential applied thereto than electrode
23.
In an operative model of this embodiment, with electrodes 41a-41e
having an arc radius of 0.625 inches, the following potentials were
utilized:
Filament 15 5 volts AC ElecJrodes 41a-41e 20 volts DC Electrode 23
25 volts DC Electrode 24 30 volts DC
the semicircular configuration for the deflector electrode
facilitates fabrication as compared with the use of a parabolic
configuration and appears to provide good results, at least in the
multi-filament embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6. The use of a parabolic
deflector, at least in the situation where only a single filament
is utilized, appears at present to give optimum results in
providing a uniform electron flow over the desired area.
Experiments indicate that it may be possible to utilize a plurality
of elongated wires arranged substantially along the circumference
of a circle or of a parabola in lieu of deflector electrodes 11 or
41a-41e, as the case may be, these wires having the same potentials
as presently applied to the described deflector electrodes. In such
case, the wires would effectively perform the function of the
deflector electrodes and thus would be the equivalent thereof.
The devices of this invention thus provide a simple yet highly
effective means for obtaining a uniform flow of electrons over a
predetermined area for use in an area electron beam scanner.
* * * * *