U.S. patent number 3,725,986 [Application Number 05/196,628] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-10 for method of making power transducers.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Mechanical Technology Incorporated. Invention is credited to Leo Hoogenboom.
United States Patent |
3,725,986 |
Hoogenboom |
April 10, 1973 |
METHOD OF MAKING POWER TRANSDUCERS
Abstract
A method of making a power transducer device by thermally
shrink-fitting a transducer element and a metallic transducer
element support member within an opening in a metallic supporting
body member so that the body member, the transducer element and the
transducer element support member are disposed in a mechanical
interference-fit stress producing relationship with each other to
subject the transducer element to, and maintain it at, a desired
compressive loading.
Inventors: |
Hoogenboom; Leo (Ballston Lake,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Mechanical Technology
Incorporated (Latham, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
26701855 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/196,628 |
Filed: |
November 8, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
26950 |
Apr 9, 1970 |
3657581 |
Apr 18, 1972 |
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
29/25.35; 29/594;
29/447 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L
41/25 (20130101); H01L 41/00 (20130101); B06B
1/0607 (20130101); B06B 1/0655 (20130101); H01L
41/47 (20130101); Y10T 29/49005 (20150115); Y10T
29/42 (20150115); H04R 17/08 (20130101); Y10T
29/49865 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B06B
1/06 (20060101); H01L 41/00 (20060101); H01L
41/22 (20060101); H04R 17/04 (20060101); H04R
17/08 (20060101); B01j 017/00 (); H04r
017/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/25.35,447,594
;310/8.2,8.7,9.1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Herbst; Richard J.
Assistant Examiner: Hall; Carl E.
Parent Case Text
This application is a division of copending application Ser. No.
26,950 filed Apr. 9, 1970 now Pat. No. 3,657,581, issued Apr. 18,
1972 and entitled,"Power Transducers."
Claims
What we claim as new and desire to secure by United States Letters
Patent is:
1. The method of providing a hard and uniform coupling between a
transducer element means and a metallic supporting body member
comprising the steps of:
a. Providing a transducer element means constructed of a material
selected from the group consisting of electrostrictive and
magnetostrictive materials;
b. Providing a metallic transducer element support means shaped to
conform to a surface of said transducer element means;
c. Fitting said transducer element means and said transducer
element support means together to provide a transducer element
assembly;
d. Providing a metallic supporting body member;
e. Forming at least one opening in said metallic supporting body
member, said opening being dimensioned smaller than said transducer
element assembly to initially prevent insertion of said transducer
element assembly into said opening;
f. Heating said supporting body member to a temperature sufficient
to cause a desired expansion thereof and enlargement of the opening
therein but below the Curie point of the transducer element
material;
g. Cooling said transducer element assembly to a predetermined low
temperature;
h. Disposing said cooled transducer element assembly into the
thermally enlarged opening of said heated supporting body member;
and
i. Returning said supporting body member to its normal operating
temperature whereby said transducer element assembly is mounted in
said opening in a mechanical interference-fit relationship with
said supporting body member to effect and maintain a hard and
uniform coupling therebetween and said transducer element is
subjected to a desired preselected compressive loading.
2. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said transducer element is
constructed of an electrostrictive ceramic material and said
supporting body member is heated to a temperature in the range of
about 250.degree. to 280.degree. C.
3. The method recited in claim 2 wherein said transducer element
assembly is cooled to a temperature of about -20.degree. C.
4. The method of providing a hard and uniform coupling between a
transducer element means and a metallic supporting body member
comprising the steps of:
a. Providing a hollow cylindrical transducer element means
constructed of a material selected from the group consisting of
electrostrictive and magnetostrictive materials;
b. Slitting said hollow cylindrical transducer element means
axially to prevent development of hoop stress therein;
c. Shaping a metal cylindrical transducer element support member
and fitting said member within the central opening of said
transducer element to form an assembly;
d. Providing a metal supporting body member and forming at least
one opening therein dimensioned smaller than the outside diameter
of said transducer element assembly to initially prevent insertion
thereof into said opening but effective to receive said hollow
cylindrical transducer element assembly in mechanical
interference-fit relationship;
e. Bringing said supporting body member to a preselected elevated
temperature sufficient to cause thermal expansion thereof and allow
said transducer element assembly to be freely disposed in said
opening therein but below the curie point of the transducer element
material;
f. Disposing said transducer element assembly within the thermally
enlarged opening of said higher temperature supporting body member;
and
g. Returning said supporting body member to its normal operating
temperature whereby said hollow cylindrical transducer element
means is mounted and supported in the opening in said supporting
body member mechanical interference-fit relationship to effect and
maintain a hard and uniform coupling between the transducer element
and said supporting body and said transducer element is subjected
to a preselected compressive loading.
5. The method recited in claim 4 wherein said transducer element is
constructed of an electrostrictive ceramic material and said
supporting body member is brought to a temperature in the range of
about 250.degree. to 280.degree. C.
6. The method recited in claim 4 wherein said assembly is cooled to
a preselected low temperature prior to being disposed within the
opening of said supporting body member.
7. The method recited in claim 6 wherein said assembly is cooled to
a temperature of about -20.degree. C.
8. The method recited in claim 6 wherein said transducer element is
constructed of an electrostrictive ceramic material having a curie
point of about 325.degree. C and said supporting body member is
brought to a temperature in the range of about 250.degree. C to
280.degree. C.
9. The method recited in claim 8 wherein said assembly is cooled to
a temperature of about -20.degree.C.
10. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said interference-fit is
in the range of about 0.0006 to 0.003 inches per linear inch.
11. The method recited in claim 4 wherein said interference-fit is
in the range of about 0.0006 to 0.003 inches per linear inch.
Description
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work
under NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section 305
of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law
85-568 (72 Stat. 435; 42 USC 2457).
This invention relates generally to power transducers and more
particularly to a method of making such transducers. The invention
has a wide range of applications, only some of which, wherein the
invention is especially adapted and useful, are described in detail
herein.
In recent years ultrasonic energy systems have found wide use in
many commercial and industrial applications such as in cleaning,
soldering and in bearings. Briefly, in such systems a transducer
element of the magnetostrictive or electrostrictive (piezoelectric)
type is driven from a suitable source of oscillatory energy to
produce the desired vibrations in the transducer element. As is
well known, magnetostrictive transducer elements have the property
of changing physical dimensions when subjected to an applied
magnetic field while electrostrictive transducer elements have the
property of changing physical dimensions when subjected to an
applied electric field. Conversely when such elements are subjected
to an applied force they have the property of modifying the applied
field.
Thus, for example, when transducer elements are used as mechanical
drivers they convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. The
electrical energy may be supplied, for example, in the form of an
oscillating electrical current. The resulting mechanical output is
in the form of repetitive expansions and contractions of the
transducer. The frequency of the oscillatory response (forced
vibration) of the transducer corresponds to the frequency of the
driving electrical output.
When the transducer elements are used as force sensors they convert
mechanical force impulses to corresponding electrical impulses
which can be measured by conventional means and a measure of the
mechanical force imposed on the transducer is thus obtained.
Calibration of such a device to obtain the mechanical force to
electrical signal correspondence may be accomplished in any
suitable manner known in the art.
The power generated by power transducers is transmitted to the
working area by their supporting structure, the design of which
will usually be determined by the transducer application. Efficient
transmission of the power from the transducer element to the
supporting body member, or other supporting structure, requires
that hard and uniform coupling be provided between their
interfaces. This is especially true when ultrasonic energy is
involved. In addition, many very desirable power transducer
elements are made of crystalline ceramic material, which materials
have high compressive strength but low tensile strength.
Accordingly, at higher power levels the transducer element must be
preloaded and adequately supported to prevent failure due to
internal tensile stresses. Many attempts have been made in the
prior art to achieve the required preloading and hard and uniform
coupling but none have been entirely satisfactory. For example,
attempts have been made to preload the elements by clamping
arrangements employing external bolts or other fastening means.
Such an arrangement has the disadvantage that considerable power
dissipation takes place in the bolted joints with severe local
heating. The efficiency of power transfer is thereby much reduced
and the structural failure rate is high.
It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a new
and improved transducer arrangement which overcomes one or more of
the foregoing prior art problems and in addition offers a number of
distinct advantages in operation, ease of manufacture and
reliability.
It is another object of the invention to provide a transducer
arrangement exhibiting superior transducer element support and
giving high transmission efficiency between transducer element and
supporting structure.
Another object of the invention is to provide a transducer
arrangement exhibiting high reliability and long operating
life.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a transducer
arrangement wherein the energy density of transmission is high
thereby making possible the use of smaller ceramic crystals and
operation at lower voltages.
Yet another object of the invention is a transducer arrangement
which readily lends itself to the use of mass production techniques
with consequent cost savings.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a new and
improved transducer arrangement having high dimensional stability
permitting the device to be used as a mechanical reference, for
example, in bearing metrology.
Briefly stated, in accordance with one aspect of the invention,
there is provided a novel method which achieves both preloading and
supporting of the transducer element or elements in the supporting
structure, or body, as well as hard and uniform coupling thereto by
shrink fitting a transducer element and a transducer element
support member with a supporting body member. The transducer
element may be constructed of a magnetostrictive material, or an
electrostrictive material. Conveniently, this may be accomplished
by machining corresponding internal and external dimensions of the
supporting body member, transducer elements, and mating transducer
elements support means to tolerances of mechanical interference fit
and shrink fitting the transducer element support means and the
supporting body member together into a unitary assembly. If desired
the transducer element may be shrink fitted to the body member
without utilizing any separate support means. The use of such a
support means however allows for a very convenient means of
applying an electric field across the element.
The novel features believed characteristic of this invention are
set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention
itself, together with its organization and method of operation, as
well as additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be
understood from the following description taken in conjunction with
the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is the schematic plan view of a transducer device
constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is the schematic cross-section of the arrangement shown in
FIG. 1 taken along the line 2--2 and showing, in addition,
attachment of suitable electrical connections;
FIG. 3 is a section view showing another embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 4 is a section view showing yet another embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 4a is a perspective view of the transducer element support
member disposed between the rectangular transducer elements in
FIGS. 3 and 4.
Referring now more particularly to the drawing, there is shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 one embodiment of a transducer constructed in
accordance with this invention. As shown, the transducer device
comprises a transducer element 11, which may be of a suitable
magnetostrictive or electrostrictive material. As illustrated,
element 11 is of hollow cylindrical configuration. To achieve
maximum amplitude vibrations when subjected to an applied field in
the radial direction, the material of transducer element 11 is
polarized in the radial direction.
In accordance with this invention a lengthwise slit 22 is provided
in transducer element 11 to prevent the introduction of hoop
stresses in the element during assembly or operation. Hoop stresses
do not contribute to the generation of power by the transducer
element but rather tend to cause damage to it. Transducer element
11 is shrink fitted into a supporting body 12 of any desired shape.
Element 11 has a transducer element support means, shown as a
concentric pin 13 shrink fitted into it, as shown. For example,
transducer element 11 and pin 13 form a transducer element assembly
which is disposed in shrink-fit relationship with the supporting
body 12. The supporting body 12 and the internal pin 13 may be
conveniently used as terminals as well as supports for the
transducer device 10.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, pin 13 may be provided with suitable
flexible members which make it possible to attach electrical leads
at locations where they are not exposed to the adverse effects of
high frequency vibrations. These members can also be used as points
of attachment of external supports or suspensions for the
transducer device. To this end, annular diaphragms 14 and 15 are
provided which terminate in ring sections 16 and 17, respectively.
Diaphragms 14 and 15 are formed integral with the pin 13 and the
supporting body 12, respectively. Such members are operative to
assure that vibrations of the pin 13 or body 12 are not transmitted
to the face portions 18 and 19 of the ring sections 16 and 17,
respectively. Power leads 20 and 21 may be attached to the face
portions 18 and 19, as shown in FIG. 2. Oscillatory current may
thus be conveniently supplied from a suitable power source (not
shown) to the transducer element 11 through leads 20 and 21,
annular diaphragms 14 and 15, the internal pin 13, and the
supporting body 12. When oscillatory current is so supplied, the
transducer element 11 is set into a radial or thickness mode of
oscillation. The hard and uniform coupling provided by the novel
mounting arrangement of this invention assures that the mechanical
energy so produced is transmitted to the desired working area of
the transducer device.
Any suitable electrostrictive or magnetostrictive material may be
used for the transducer elements 11. Some examples of materials
known to exhibit highly magnetostrictive characteristics are
permanickel, nickel and permendur. Especially desirable
electrostrictive materials are the piezoelectric ceramic materials
such as lead titanite-lead zirconite. One especially suitable
electrostrictive material of this type is a ceramic material
manufactured and sold under the designation PZT4 by the Clevite
Corporation. Transducer elements 11 of such material can be readily
obtained in finish machined form. For some hollow cylindrical
transducer elements it is desirable, to assure uniform internal
stresses during operation and allow for operation at low voltages,
that the thickness of the transducer elements be made smaller than
the radius thereof. For example, in one particular transducer
arrangement the transducer thickness was made less than about
one-eighth inch. Operation at low power input has the added
advantage that operating temperatures are lower and any thermally
caused frequency drift is much reduced.
The material of the supporting body 12 is not especially critical,
although appropriate physical properties of the transducer element
and supporting body should be properly matched. For example, the
materials for element 11, pin 13 and body 12 should be selected so
that their moduli of elasticity are approximately the same. If a
transducer element of PZT4 ceramic material is used, a suitable
material for supporting body 12 and pin 13 would be aluminum or
titanium.
The geometric configuration of the supporting body 12 will usually
be determined by the type and shape of transducer device desired,
and the purpose for which the device is intended. The openings into
which the transducer elements 11 are to be fitted can be machined
accurately by conventional means, for example, by boring, broaching
or any other suitable technique. The material of the internal pin
13 may be the same as that of the supporting body 12. The desired
outside finish of pin 13 can be obtained in any suitable manner
such as, for example, by grinding. The machining tolerances of all
mating surface dimensions are such as to provide for a mechanical
interference fit. Control of the degree of shrink fit is important
as this determines the power density which can be transmitted from
the transducer element to the supporting body. Moreover, uneven or
excessive loading of the element 11 may damage or depolarize
it.
The method of making a power transducer in accordance with this
invention can best be explained by reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
Selecting transducer element 11, for example, of Clevite PZT4
electrostrictive ceramic material and the supporting body 12 and
internal pin 13 of aluminum, the desired compressive preload is
achieved with an interference fit of 0.0006 to 0.003 inches per
linear inch of corresponding component dimension. This is
conveniently provided by heating the body 12 to a temperature in
the range of about 250.degree. to 280.degree. C. The ceramic
transducer element 11 is slit axially to remove and prevent hoop
stresses from being developed and the pin 13 is inserted in the
central opening thereof. The hollow cylindrical transducer element
11 with the pin 13 therein is cooled to about -20.degree. C and
disposed in the opening in the heated body 12. When body 12 is
returned to room temperature the transducer element assembly is
supported and mounted in body member 12 and the transducer element
11 is in shrink-fit relationship with such body member and
subjected to a preselected compressive loading. In a transducer
device constructed as just described, the preloading of the
transducer element 11 may be of the order of 2,000 to 10,000 psi.
The critical maximum temperature to which the transducer element
may be exposed is the Curie point of the material at which
temperature the element depolarizes. The Curie point of Clevite
PZT4 ceramic material, for example, is about 325.degree. C and the
highest compressive load to which it should be subjected is about
10,000 psi.
One criterion by which suitable design and machining tolerances of
components and the correct assembly procedure can be assessed is
the internal power loss under normal operating conditions which can
be tolerated. This can be expressed conveniently as Q, the ratio of
(energy stored in the transducer element at zero velocity/energy
dissipated per cycle). The larger Q, the better the design and the
higher the conversion efficiency of the device. Thus, for example,
a prior art device using separate flanged flexures, large ceramic
elements and clamping bolts was considered excellent with Q equal
to about 300. On the other hand, the Q of a device in accordance
with FIG. 5 of this invention is about 2,500.
Other embodiments of the invention are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and
4. The basic concept involved in the arrangements illustrated in
FIGS. 3 and 4 is the same as that already described. That is, the
arrangement comprises a transducer element shrink fitted to the
body member. In the particular embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3
and 4 the arrangement comprises a transducer element assembly
including a transducer element and a transducer element support
means. In these embodiments, however, the transducer element
assembly comprises a pair of rectangular transducer element members
with a sheet material member disposed therebetween. This assembly
is then suitably shrink fitted in accordance with the method of
this invention in a suitable cylindrical opening provided in the
supporting body member. Since the transducer element assembly is of
a rectangular configuration, a suitable insert means is provided to
achieve a cylindrical surface which is convenient and effective in
obtaining the required shrink-fit relationship. The insert also
assures a pressure uniformity which otherwise may be difficult to
obtain.
In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, therefore, transducer
elements 31 and 32 are shaped in the form of short rectangular
parallelpipeds. The transducer element support means is in the form
of a metallic sheet member 33 located between elements 31 and 32.
Thus, sheet member 33 provides an internal support, an external
suspension point if needed, and serves also as one of the
electrodes. An insert means is provided to achieve the desired
shrink-fit relationship. As shown in FIG. 3, the arrangement
includes an insert means 34 of U-shaped cross section. In the
arrangement of FIG. 4, on the other hand, the insert means includes
two cylindrical segments 35 and 36. The assemblies of transducer
elements, sheet support members, and insert means are shrink fitted
into the body 37 of the device in the manner previously described
in detail in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 1. Although not
shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, electrical connections may also be provided
in the manner already described.
While there has been described what are considered to be the
preferred embodiments of the method of this invention, it will be
obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and
modifications may be made therein without departing from the
invention and it is therefore, aimed in the appended claims to
cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true
spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *