U.S. patent number 3,724,543 [Application Number 05/120,592] was granted by the patent office on 1973-04-03 for electro-thermal process for production of off shore oil through on shore walls.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to Christy W. Bell, Charles H. Titus.
United States Patent |
3,724,543 |
Bell , et al. |
April 3, 1973 |
ELECTRO-THERMAL PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF OFF SHORE OIL THROUGH ON
SHORE WALLS
Abstract
The flow of oil from an undersea oil-bearing formation to an
on-shore well is induced by the steps of locating a relatively
small anode in a cavity at an approximately medial elevation of the
formation at an off-shore location preferably beyond the reservoir
of oil, injecting saline water into that cavity, raising the
electric potential of the anode with respect to a cathode in the
vicinity of an off-shore well, and withdrawing oil from the
well.
Inventors: |
Bell; Christy W. (Berwyn,
PA), Titus; Charles H. (Newtown Square, PA) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
22391294 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/120,592 |
Filed: |
March 3, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/248;
166/60 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/16 (20130101); E21B 43/2401 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/16 (20060101); E21B 43/24 (20060101); E21b
043/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/248,272,60,65,.6 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wolfe; Robert L.
Claims
What we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the
United States is:
1. An electro-thermal method for stimulating flow of oil from a
porous and substantially homogeneous underground oil bearing
stratum formation having a first region including a body of oil
penetrated by a well bore and a second region laterally contiguous
to said oil body which comprises,
a. locating an electrode in a cavity in said second region and
outside said oil body, said electrode being sufficiently small to
constitute effectively a point source of resistance heating and
said cavity being positioned at an approximately medial stratum
elevation in the proximate portion of said second region,
b. immersing said electrode in a pressurized conductive fluid
constituting an electro-conductive path between the electrode and
said formation, said fluid forming an expanding body of liquid
surrounding said electrode,
c. locating an exposed conductor in current conductive relation
with said formation in the vicinity of said well bore,
d. applying a unipolarity voltage between said electrode and said
conductor, said electrode being positive relative to said
conductor, the resulting unidirectional current through said porous
formation having sufficiently high density at the surface of said
electrode to heat said liquid body appreciably above the
surrounding ambient temperature of said formation as said liquid
body expands, and
e. extracting oil from said body of oil through said well bore.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said pressurized fluid
substantially continuously injected under pressure sufficient to
ensure flow thereof into said formation from said cavity.
3. An electro thermal method for directing flow of oil from an
off-shore underground oil bearing stratum formation to an on-shore
well bore penetrating the formation which comprises,
a. locating an electrode in a cavity in an offshore region of a
porous and substantially homogeneous oil bearing formation and at
an approximately medial elevation in the proximate portion of said
off-shore region, said off-shore region being selected to include
between said wellbore and said cavity at least a portion of a body
of oil in said formation and said electrode being sufficiently
small to constitute effectively a point source of resistance
heating,
b. immersing said electrode in a pressurized conductive fluid
constituting an electro-conductive path between the electrode and
said formation, said fluid forming an expanding body of liquid
surrounding said electrode,
c. locating an exposed conductor in said formation in the vicinity
of said well bore and in current conductive relation with said
formation,
d. applying a unilateral voltage between said electrode and said
conductor with said electrode being positive relative to said
conductor, the resulting unidirectional current through said porous
formation having sufficiently high density at the surface of said
electrode to heat said liquid body appreciably above the
surrounding ambient temperature of said formation as said liquid
body expands, and
e. extracting oil from said body through said well bore.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said cavity is located in a region
of said formation contiguous to but beyond said body of oil.
5. A method according to claim 3 wherein said body of oil lies only
partially off shore and is penetrated by said well bore.
6. The method of claim 3 wherein said oil body surrounds said
cavity.
7. The method of claim 3 wherein said off-shore region is under a
body of saline water and said saline water is introduced into said
cavity to immerse said electrode.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said cavity is exposed to said
body of saline water at a predetermined depth below the surface
thereof.
9. The method of claim 7 which includes also opening said bore hole
to admit saline water from said body of water at one of a plurality
of selectable depths below the surface of said water.
10. The method of claim 3 which includes also maintaining said
fluid substantially continuously under pressure sufficient to
ensure flow of fluid into said formation from said cavity, whereby
current between said electrode and conductor heats said fluid and
directs its flow toward said well bore.
Description
Our invention relates to the production of oil from underground oil
bearing formations, and particularly to an improved electro-thermal
method for producing oil from off-shore regions of a formation
through one or more wells in an on-shore region of the
formation.
Our earlier application, Ser. No. 855,637, first filed on Sept. 5,
1969, refiled on Nov. 12, 1970 Nov. 9, 1971 and now existing as a
continuing application, Ser. No. 196,917 discloses and claims
broadly an improved method for utilizing unidirectional electric
current to develop electro-kinetic and thermal driving forces in
the production of oil. In that application it is pointed out that
the method has particular utility in the secondary production of
oil from wells in which natural pressure no longer exists and to
primary or secondary production where the contained oil is highly
viscous. The present invention concerns certain improvements in the
foregoing method whereby it is rendered especially applicable to
the recovery of oil from undersea or other off-shore oil bearing
formations, whether or not the contained oil is under natural
pressure or of high viscosity.
Crude oil is generally recovered from an oil bearing formation
initially as a result of gas or other formation pressure forcing
the oil from the formation into a producing well from whence it is
pumped to the surface. Such a well of course must penetrate
directly into the body of oil contained in the formation and there
is consequent risk that oil under natural pressure will be
exhausted without control. To preclude or limit such uncontrolled
exhaust it is desirable that oil be moved below ground to a well
location remote from the pressurized region or to a well location
where surface conditions are such that uncontrolled exhaust may be
better controlled at least temporarily. Even where natural pressure
does not create the risk of uncontrolled exhaust it may often be
desirable to move a body of underground oil, whether fluid or
highly viscous, to a well location where production by pumping is
less expensive or more convenient than it would be directly over
the oil body in its natural location.
The several techniques currently used to induce flow of underground
oil are primarily adapted to "secondary" recovery of oil following
primary production and may be of limited effectiveness in treating
highly viscous oils. A principal such method employs a scavenging
fluid such as air, gas, water or steam. In such methods, however,
pressure and/or temperature limitations are such that oil flow can
be induced only over short distances of the order of several
hundred feet and without directional control.
Other prior art techniques for improving oil recovery involve
conducting electric current through the oil-bearing strata for the
purpose of either raising the temperature of the oil by conduction
heating or controlling oil movement by electro-osmosis. The latter
is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,799,641 granted on July 16, 1957 to
T.G. Bell whose proposes placing two electrodes in contact with the
oil at spaced apart locations in an oil-bearing formation. Bell
teaches that electromotive force must be impressed directly on the
oil to cause electric current to flow through the oil and
postulates that the oil is induced to move by electro-osmosis
toward the cathode. Such a method, of course, requires that both
the producing well and the anode bore hole penetrate directly into
the body of oil contained in the formation, and there is consequent
risk that oil under pressures created naturally or otherwise may
exhaust through the anode hole.
While much has been published about the phenomenom of
electro-osmosis and its more common practical applications to soil
drainage and the dehydration of wet ground, we are not presently
aware that electro-osmosis has been successfully used commercially
to transport underground oil for secondary recovery from an
existing well or for recovery at an optional location. There is
today an urgent need for improved methods of oil recovery from
fields where primary pressure has been exhausted and from tar sands
where huge quantities of highly viscous oils exist without natural
pressure adequate for recovery. Oil bearing strata located beneath
surface areas especially susceptible to pollution or inconveniently
located, as beneath a lake, gulf or ocean, present a different
problem in urgent need of solution.
Accordingly, it is a general object of our invention to provide an
improved electro-thermal method for producing oil from an oil
containing earth formation through a well penetrating the formation
at a selectable point in or beyond the body of contained oil.
It is a more specific object of our invention to provide an
improved electro-kinetic method for producing oil from an
underwater oil bearing formation in a way which does not require
penetration of the contained oil body at any underwater
location.
In carrying out our invention in one form, we suspend an anode in a
cavity in an underground formation i.e., earth stratum in at least
a portion of which a body of oil is present. This cavity may for
example be located at the bottom of a vertical borehole extending
from the surface of the earth to a predetermined region of the
oil-bearing formation. The anode cavity is disposed at an
approximately medial elevation of the proximate region of the
formation and may penetrate the contained body of oil or lie
laterally beyond it. The relatively positive pole of a source of
high-voltage, high-power direct current is connected to the anode
(e.g., by means of an insulated cable in the anode hole), and the
other pole of the source is connected to a cathode located at or
near a well bore which penetrates the formation at a point remote
from the anode. The well bore may penetrate the contained oil body
or be located beyond it so long as some or all the oil body is
located between the well and the anode cavity. The well bore may
thus penetrate the formation at a selectable point in or near the
body of oil to be recovered.
Preferably the cathode comprises a perforated metal linear in the
bottom hole of a producing well. The anode is immersed in a hydrous
electrolyte of a composition having the essential characteristics
of the connate water present in the oil-bearing formation
(hereinafter "formation water") which can be supplied thereto
through the anode hole, and its potential is raised to a high level
(i.e., 200 volts or more) with respect to the cathode. In this
arrangement the anode is in essence a point source of heat, and the
water in the cavity will be efficiently heated above ambient to a
temperature substantially hotter than 250.degree. F. The
hydrostatic pressure exerted by the column of water above the
cavity, augmented by externally imposed pressure if desired,
subjects the water in the cavity to sufficiently high pressure
(e.g., 1,000 p.s.i. and up) so that it remains in a liquid state at
its elevated temperature. The hot pressurized water surrounding the
anode is saline and thus provides a good electrical conducting
medium between the anode and the adjacent oil-bearing formation.
Due to hydrodynamic pressure and electroosmotic flow, the hot
saline water will move from the cavity in a direction toward the
producing well, and the resulting pressure and heat fronts
effectively stimulate the flow of oil in the oil-bearing formation.
Hydrogen released from the interstitial water by electrolysis at
the cathode may be absorbed by the crude oil to beneficially
increase its hydrogen content, and oxygen liberated near the anode
may unite with the oil in an oxidation process that releases useful
heat. The anode is constructed of suitable material to resist
adverse electrolytic reaction.
As will be apparent from the foregoing summary, we are using
unidirectional electric current and formation water as the
prinicpal raw ingredients in a new electrothermal method of
stimulating and directing the flow of oil from known reservoirs.
These inputs are delivered to the subterranean reservoir where the
electric energy is converted to thermal energy (heat), mechanical
energy (electroosmotic movement of the formation water), and
chemical energy (hydrogeneration and oxidation of the oil) which
are effective, in combination, to increase the expulsive forces,
decrease the retentive forces acting on the oil in situ and to
direct flow of oil to a well in the cathode region. In this manner
bulk electric power can be efficiently expended to extract more oil
from existing oil fields than is otherwise practical using
conventional secondary recovery methods. Furthermore, by using our
method the number of wells usually drilled to exploit a given
reservoir may be reduced, and flexibility is provided in location
of wells relative to the location of an oil deposit. The method is
applicable regardless of the character of the oil-bearing formation
(e.g., highly viscous tarsands, oil shale deposits, "dead" oil
fields or oil under natural pressure whether or not highly
viscous). Moreover, our method can be successfully practiced even
though initially there is no oil in the particular regions or
portions of the formation where the anode hole and well,
respectively, are located, so long as a reservoir of oil is present
somewhere between anode and cathode.
Our invention will be better understood and its various objects and
advantages will be more fully appreciated from the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic functional diagram of our improved
electro-thermal method of stimulating oil recovery from an
underground oil-bearing formation;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of an oil field
showing apparatus by which our method can be practiced in one
embodiment thereof;
FIG. 3 is an expanded schematic diagram of the electric power
source used in the FIG. 2 apparatus;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view, partially in section, of an
alternative embodiment of the tubing string shown in the anode hole
of FIG. 2 and
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional representation of an oil
field illustrating the means by which our invention may be utilized
to recover oil from an underwater oil bearing formation.
Referring now to FIG. 1, the reference number 11 represents a
subterranean formation or earth stratum containing a reservoir or
body of crude oil in a porous oil-bearing medium. Typically such
oil bearing stratum formations are found beneath the upper strata
of earth, referred to generally as overburden, at a depth of the
order of 2,000 feet or more below the surface. Communication from
the surface 12 to the formation 11 is established through spaced
apart boreholes 13 and 14. The hole 13 comprises an oil-producing
well, whereas the adjacent hole 14 can be a special hole designed
for the transmission of water and electricity to the formation
11.
An anode 15 is lowered through the hole 14 to a medial elevation of
the proximate region of stratum formation 11. The chamber or cavity
in the oil sand where the anode is suspended is flooded with
formation water which preferably is injected through the anode hole
under fluid pressure in excess of that existing in the oil
reservoir. In accordance with conventional practice, the casing in
the hole 14 is sealed in the overburden above the formation 11, and
the casing head is capped so that any desired pressure may be
developed.
By means of an insulated cable in the anode hole 14, the relatively
positive terminal of a high-voltage (at least 200 volts) d-c
electric power source is connected to the anode 15. The negative
terminal of the same source is connected to a ground electrode in
the vicinity of the well 13, as to the metallic tubing in the
producing well which thus constitutes a cathode. Between anode and
cathode, the electrical resistance of the connate water in the oil
sand is sufficiently low so that direct current can flow through
this formation from the anode 15 to the lower regions of the
producing well 13. The formation is heated conductively by electric
current passing through it. It is believed that most of the voltage
drop between the terminals of the d-c power source is concentrated
near the electrodes. By utilizing an anode 15 of small surface area
which extends vertically for only a small portion of the vertical
height of the proximate formation 11 and raising the anode
potential with respect to the cathode to a suitably high voltage,
the temperature of the pressurized water that surrounds it can be
raised to at least several hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Thus the
water is heated and forced into the adjacent oil-bearing formation
under the pressure developed in the anode hole. The water thus
absorbed is induced to flow primarily toward the cathode well under
the applied pressure and the augmenting directional force of
electroosmosis.
In the foregoing manner, heat is efficiently imparted to the oil
sand 11. This reduces the resistivity and the viscosity of the oil
therein and tends to fluidize the same. The heated oil is entrained
by the hot water and is forced under pressure toward the producing
well, as is indicated in FIG. 1 by the pointer. As the pressure and
heat fronts advance toward the producing well, the temperature is
increased in regions of the sand more remote from the anode. Thus
the entire reservoir of oil between the anode hole 14 and the
producing well 13 is progressively heated, and the oil is forced
into the producing well where it is removed by ordinary pumping
means. The electrolytic action in the oil-bearing formation may
tend to hydrogenate and thereby upgrade the oil that is removed
therefrom. The operation of our process continues even after oil
migrates away from the vicinity of the anode 15, and in fact the
anode hole 14 can initially be drilled in an oil-dry region of the
formation 11 beyond the contained body or reservoir of oil.
Suitable apparatus for practicing our invention is shown in FIG. 2,
and its construction and operation will now be described. As is
depicted in this figure, the borehole 13 comprises an oil producing
well which penetrates one region 17 of the underground oil sand 11.
The well 13 includes an elongated metallic casing 18 extending from
the surface 12 to the cap rock 23 immediately above the region 17.
The casing 18 is sealed in the overburden 19 by concrete 20 as
shown, and its lower end is suitably joined to a perforated
metallic liner 24 which continues through the bottom hole of the
well and down to the underburden. A tubing string 21 is disposed
inside the casing 18 where it extends from the casing head 22 to a
pump 25 located in the liquid pool 26 that will accumulate inside
the liner 24. Preferably the producing well 13 is drilled and
constructed in accordance with common practices in the art, and it
operates in the usual manner to withdraw or pump from the bottom
hole 26 the mixture of oil and water that flows therein from the
adjacent reservoir 11. Our invention is intended to stimulate the
flow of that mixture into the producing well 13, thereby promoting
the recovery of oil from the formation 11.
In accordance with our invention, another borehole 14 penetrates
the oil sand 11 at a region 27 thereof horizontally-spaced from the
region 17 with which the producing well 13 communicates. This
borehole provides ingress to the region 27 for the anode 15 and for
water. While a conventional producing well like the well 13 could
be modified for this purpose, we have illustrated in FIG. 2 a
borehole 14 comprising a special "anode hole" which will next be
described.
The anode hole 14 includes an elongated metallic casing 28 whose
lower end is terminated by a shoe 29 disposed at approximately the
same elevation as the cap rock 23, and as usual this casing is
sealed in the overburden 19 by concrete 30. Near the bottom of the
hole a tubular liner 31 of insulating material extends from the
casing 28 for an appreciable distance into the oil sand 11. The
insulating liner 31 is telescopically joined to the casing 28 by a
suitable tubular crossover means or coupler pipe 32. Preferably the
space between the exterior wall of the liner 31 and the surrounding
oil sand 11 is packed by high-temperature concrete 33. Although
shown out of scale in FIG. 2 to simplify the drawing, actually, for
reasons explained hereinafter, the liner 31 should have a
substantial length and a relatively small inside diameter.
Below the liner 31, a cavity 34 is formed in the oil sand 11, and
in this cavity there is an exposed, cylindrical electroconductive
body comprising the anode 15 supported by a cable 35 which is
insulated from ground. The anode 15 is relatively short compared to
the depth of the proximate region of the oil sand (e.g.,
substantially less than one-half the depth of region 27), and it is
positioned at an approximately medial elevation in this region. For
example, if the region 27 were about 100 feet deep, the center of
the anode would be disposed approximately 50 feet below the cap
rock 23. (Obviously the vertical dimensions of the formation 11,
the anode 15, and liner 31, and the cavity 34 have been
foreshortened in FIG. 2 for the sake of drawing simplicity).
The anode 15 is attached to the lower end of the insulated cable 35
whose other end emerges from a bushing or packing gland 36 in a cap
37 at the top of casing 28 and is connected to the positive pole
(+) of an electric power source 38. Preferably the cable 35 is
clamped for support at spaced intervals on a tubing string 40 which
is disposed in the casing 28. The lower section 41 of this tubing
string, which section extends axially through the liner 31, is made
of insulating material whereby there is no metal in the zone
between the anode 15 and the casing shoe 29 except for the
conductor inside the insulated cable 35.
The negative pole (-) of the electric power source 38 is connected
via a cable 42 to an uninsulated conductor or electrode in the
producing well 13. As is shown in FIG. 2, the perforated liner 24
itself conveniently serves as this electrode (the cathode), and the
well casing 18 provides a conductive path between the cathode and
the cable 42. If desired a ground electrode other than the well
casing but also in the vicinity of the well 13 may be used as
cathode. More details of the electric power source 38 will be
explained below in connection with the description of FIG. 3.
The tubing string 40, 41 in the anode hole 14 conveniently serves
as a duct for delivering water from the surface 12 down the hole to
the vicinity of the anode 15. Preferably a pump 43 at the surface
is used to drive this water from a suitable reservoir 44 through a
control valve 45 and into the upper section 40 of the tubing
string. The injected water fills the cavity 34 where it is
subjected to a high pressure (e.g., in the order of 1,000 p.s.i. or
more) due to the hydrostatic head plus additional pressure
externally imposed thereon by the pump 43, and it therefore can
flow from the cavity into the surrounding region 27 of the oil sand
11. As is the case in known water flooding practice, the apparatus
is arranged and operated so as to control the volume flow of water
as desired.
The resistivity of the bottom hole water will be relatively low due
to its saline content. While salts will probably diffuse therein
from the adjacent formation 11, we presently prefer to inject
electroconductive water from the surface. A slightly saline
solution having a resistivity of approximately 1,000
ohm-centimeters or less is suitable for this purpose, it being
understood that the degree of resistivity is not critical. In
addition to being electroconductive, the injected water should have
the proper mix of metal salts and other colloidal matter to make it
compatible with the native formation 11. This will minimize or
prevent swelling of certain clays which may be in the formation,
thereby avoiding any severe reduction in permeability of the
formation. In oil fields where natural formation water is readily
available, it is preferable that such water be injected into the
anode hole 14, thereby to minimize any disturbance to the chemical
balance of the underground formation. Alternatively, surface water
could be chemically treated to produce an equivalent hydrous
electrolyte, i.e., a fluid of a composition having the essential
characteristics (electroconduction and deflocculation properties)
of the formation water. In either case, the injection water can
also be treated if desired with chemical additives which have other
beneficial affects such as enhancing oil production under the
influence of the electric fields and current which will be present
in the formation 11 between the anode 14 and the cathode 24.
From the foregoing it will be seen that a supply of formation water
(or equivalent) is maintained about and in contact with the anode
14. Injecting the water from the surface, by a process of regulated
flow (see below), ensures that the anode is continuously immersed
in a pressurized pool of this fluid. The pool of fluid surrounding
the anode constitutes an electroconductive path between this
electrode and the adjacent oil sand. If necessary to prevent
collapse of the walls of the cavity 34, the anode can also be
surrounded by an inert porous medium such as glass beads or coarse
sand having more than approximately 10 percent openings. A
desirable alternative is to dispose both the anode 15 and the
outlet of the water duct 41 inside a tubular container or basket
having sidewalls of porous, insulating material, whereby a backflow
of oil and sand is effectively prevented and the stream of injected
water is directed over a substantial portion of the surface of the
anode body before dispersing to the adjacent region 27 of the
formation 11.
In practicing our improved method of stimulating oil recovery, an
electric potential is applied to the anode 15 so as to raise its
voltage, with respect to the remote region 17 of the formation 11
where the producing well 13 is located, to a relatively high level
(i.e., of the order of several hundred to several thousand volts).
Consequently current will flow through the formation 11 between the
anode 15 and the producing well 13. The connate water in the
intersticies of the oil sand initially provides a path for this
current, and its temperature is raised thereby. Interstitial water
typically constitutes only on the order of 15 percent of the
formation 11 by volume, and the resistance of the conducting path
through this formation will be much higher than that of the mass of
saline water which immediately surrounds the anode 15 in the cavity
34. Nevertheless, because the current density in these conducting
media is highest next to the relatively small surface area of the
anode and decreases as an exponential function of the distance
(radius) therefrom, a high percentage of the voltage drop between
the anode and the ground is expected to be concentrated near the
interface of the water mass and the adjoining oil-saturated region
of the formation 11. As a result, a great deal of electric power
dissipates in the vicinity of this interface, and the temperature
of the pressurized water around the anode 15 will be raised
appreciably. We contemplate a power input of the order of 25 to
1,000 kilowatts or more, which may heat the water in the cavity 34
to a temperature substantially in excess of 250.degree. Fahrenheit.
This hot water is maintained in a liquid state by appropriately
regulating both its temperature and its pressure. For example, the
hydrostatic pressure of a 2,000 foot column of water exceeds 900
p.s.i., and at this pressure water remains liquid to approximately
530.degree. F.
It should be noted at this point that the vertical column of saline
water above the cavity 34 will not form a short circuit between the
anode 15 and the metallic casing 28 of the anode hole 14. This is
because the water column is confined in a long, narrow space having
a relatively small cross-sectional area. The dimensions of the
insulating liner 31 through which the water is injected are
selected so that the resistance of the confined water, if measured
between the top of the anode 15 and the lower end of the casing 28,
will be appreciably higher than the resistance of the conducting
path through the oil sand between anode and cathode. Due to its
close proximity to the source of heat, the bottom part of the
insulating liner 31 is adventageously made of high-temperature
material.
Within the underground formation 11, the temperature of the oil
region adjoining the pressurized hot water in the cavity 34 is
elevated by this source of heat, whereby both the viscosity of the
oil and the resistivity of the oil bearing sand are reduced. As hot
oil recedes from the anode 15, more conductive saline water fills
the vacated space in the porous media. The heat dissipated per unit
volume of saline water will decrease near the anode where the
resistivity of the water has decreased due to the temperature
increase. Thus a heat front advances toward the cathode and behind
it displaced oil is replaced by hot injected water. Because a
substantial portion of the impressed unidirectional voltage appears
at this advancing interface heat is continuously generated
electrically in the immediate vicinity of the front to maintain the
action.
In operation, our invention causes a stream of hot water and oil to
flow in the formation 11 toward the producing well 13. This stream
is driven by water injected into the anode hole 14, and it is
guided toward the cathode by electro-osmosis. The latter effect can
be attributed to a net movement of ions in the interstitial water
under the influence of a unipolarity field. This electro-osmotic
motive force supplements applied water pressure in the region
between electrodes and promotes a migration of heating water from
the cavity 34 through the porous oil sand to the producing well 13.
In a given medium the volume flow of water due to electro-osmosis
depends on the magnitude of current being conducted. Because the
sand particles in the native formation 11 are predominantly water
wet and because the residual oil tends to adhere, by interfacial
tension, to the contiguous water film on these particles, this
electro-osmotic mode of transporting water through the capillaries
and crevices of the oil sand is particularly effective in achieving
the desired result of transferring heat and motion to the residual
oil.
Some of the electric energy supplied to the electrodes in our
invention will be utilized to liberate hydrogen from the water in
the pool 26 at the bottom of the producing well 13. This
electro-chemical action is well known as electrolysis. Because the
formation 11 is not homogeneous, there are anomalies in its
conductivity that form a series of local anodes and cathodes
between the main electrodes 15 and 24. Consequently, hydrogen and
other gases will be electrolytically released throughout the
formation. Some of the gasses, such as chlorine, will chemically
react to form certain beneficial acids which promote formation of
appropriate porosity and fluid flow in the oil sand. The union of
hydrogen and warm oil may partially hydrogenate the oil that is
extracted from the formation 11 thereby improving the grade and the
value of the recovered oil. Furthermore, the unipolarity electric
field between the main electrodes may raise the peak kinetic energy
of mobile charged particles in some areas of the underground
formation to a sufficiently high level to produce fractional
distillation and further upgrading of the oil in situ. Gasses thus
liberated and not absorbed or reacted may accumulate in higher
strata and develop pressure which supplements other forces driving
oil toward the well 13.
In the cavity 34 electrolytic action contributes to a hostile
environment for the anode 15 and associated parts of the apparatus
disposed at the bottom of the anode hole. In operation oxygen and
other corrosive gases and chemicals are liberated at the anode.
Electrolytic action will tend to deplate or consume certain
positively energized metals. Therefore care should be exercised in
designing the anode 15 so that its surface, which is the only
exposed conductor in the bottom of the anode hole 14, will resist
both chemical and galvanic corrosion.
To ensure a sound mechanical and electrical connection between the
cable 35 and the anode 15 under the foregoing difficult conditions
and in the high-pressure ambient at the contemplated depth of the
anode hole, it is believed desirable that the cable be inserted, as
by a threaded conducting plug connection, into a recess in the
anode. The lower section of the cable and the juncture of the plug
and the anode should then be covered with insulation which has
adequate dielectric strength and is impervious to oxygen and other
deleterious chemicals. There is a possibility that a high pressure
differential between the exterior surface and the interior recess
of the anode may damage the anode. To protect the interior surface
of the anode it is desirable to fill any voids in the anode recess
with suitable high gravity electroconductive liquid and to close
the recess with a pressure-equalizing seal. The exterior surface of
the anode body should be the only part of the apparatus from which
current enters the surrounding saline water, and it is resistant to
chemical attack and deplating.
An electric power supply suitable for energizing the anode 15 has
been shown in FIG. 3. The availability of three-phase a-c
high-voltage service is assumed, and in FIG. 3 this service is
illustrated symbolically at 60. The high voltage is fed to the
primary windings of a power transformer 61 through a conventional
circuit breaker 62 which is equipped with an operating mechanism 63
for opening and closing the primary circuit on command. The
secondary circuit of the power transformer 61 is connected to a
controlled converter which is constructed and arranged to apply
across the conductors 35 and 42 a unipolarity output voltage of
controllable magnitude. The illustrated converter comprises an
adjustable autotransformer 64 in series with a high-power rectifier
65. The average magnitude of its output voltage can be varied from
a few hundred volts to thousands of volts. This can be done
manually or, if desired, automatically by suitable means well known
in the pertinent electrical art.
In operation, the load on the power supply 38 is expected to vary
after the anode 15 is first energized. The resistivity of the
saline water tends to decrease with increasing temperature in the
formation 11. The presently preferred mode of controlling the
electric power and water inputs of our process will now be
explained. The magnitude of current in the cable 35 is regulated by
suitably adjusting or programming the applied voltage. In this way
the electric current between anode and cathode can be held at a
desirable preset level. To prevent excessive heating of the anode
itself, the electroconductive fluid supplied through the anode hole
14 is suitably controlled so as to vary the value of its volume
rate of flow as a function of the electric energy dissipated
underground. This can be accomplished, for example, by employing
appropriate means for controlling the rate of flow of the injected
fluid in accordance with the product of the magnitude of applied
voltage and the magnitude of anode-to-cathode current, whereby the
desired rate of fluid flow is determined by the amount of input
power. As the input power increases, so does the quantity of
injected fluid thereby beneficially increasing the cooling effect
on the anode 15. A maximum pressure override should also be
provided to prevent excessive underground pressure which might
fracture the formation 11.
For optimum utilization of the input power without excessive
heating, it may be desirable to open the circuit breaker 62 for a
certain interval or intervals of time during which oil can continue
flowing in the oil-bearing formation due to the energy retained
therein. If and when the primary circuit is deenergized, a
low-voltage (e.g., 12 volts) positive bias is preferably maintained
on the anode 15 to minimize adverse galvanic action in the anode
hole, and toward this end a battery 66 is connected in series with
an isolating diode 67 across the output terminals of the rectifier
65. To recharge the battery 67, it is connected to a conventional
battery charger 68 which is coupled to a suitable source 69. This
positive bias means, which is not our joint invention, is more
fully described and is claimed by C.H. Titus and H.N. Schneider in
a copending patent application Ser. No. 117,488 filed on Feb. 22,
1971 assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
It may be advantageous to reverse from time to time the unipolarity
voltage applied between the cables 35 and 42. Toward this end,
suitable reversing means is optionally provided. By way of example,
FIG. 3 shows a polarity reversing switch 70 between the rectifier
65 and the cables, with the position of this switch being
controlled as desired by an associated mechanism 71. Ordinarily the
reversing cycle would be asymmetrical so that there is a net
electroosmotic movement of water through the oil sand in the
direction of the producing well 13. The reactance of the cable 35
in the anode hole 14 will not seriously impede the flow of current
through this path so long as either direct current or low-frequency
reversible current is being supplied. In view of these alternative
modes of practicing our invention, the terms "d-c" and
"unipolarity" are meant herein to apply to quantities whose
direction of influence can be reversed during or after a cycle of
operation of our process without reducing to zero the average
influence of the quantity in that direction during that cycle.
When our process is operated in either the discontinuous power mode
or the reverse polarity mode described in the preceding two
paragraphs, respectively, it is possible to use the anode hole as a
producing well for extracting oil from the proximate region 27 of
the formation 11. Furthermore, it is possible to use our invention
to recover oil from a subterranean formation in a push-pull fashion
where there is only a single borehole communicating with the
surface of the ground.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative arrangement for joining the two
sections 40 and 41 of the tubing string in the anode hole 14. In
FIG. 4 the lowest part of the upper section 40' of the tubing
string is secured in side-by-side relation to the top part 41' of
the lower section, and these parts are respectively provided with
registering slots 70 and 71 which permit the injected water to flow
from the section 40' into part 41'. The bottom of section 40' is
closed by a suitable plug 72 as shown. The top of part 41' is
provided with a packing gland for admitting the cable 35. As is
shown in FIG. 4, this gland includes cooperating threaded sleeves
73 and 74 between which the shoulders of a pair of tubular metal
clamps 75 and 76 are captured. The insulated cable 35 passes
vertically through this assembly, and its lower portion is
therefore disposed inside the lower section of the tubing string.
At an elevation below what is shown in the fragmentary view of FIG.
4, the metal part 41' is connected to an insulating tube, and the
metal clamp 75 is terminated. There are two principal advantages of
this "Zee" assembly. It protects the cable 35 from damage during
installation of the anode 15, and it directs the injected water
around the lower portion of the cable 35 and directly over the top
of the anode 15 for improved cooling of the surfaces of these
conductors. The Zee assembly is more fully described and is claimed
by C.H. Titus and H. N. Schneider in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,912 filed
Feb. 22, 1971 and assigned to the same assignee as is the present
application.
At FIG. 5 we have illustrated schematically a modified form of
apparatus whereby our invention may be practiced in a particular
embodiment made available when all or a portion of the reservoir of
oil in an oil bearing formation lies under a body of water, and in
particular under saline water, as offshore under the sea. In the
embodiment there illustrated the earth structure including an oil
bearing formation 11 is shown in substantially the same manner as
at FIG. 2 except that part of stratum formation 11 lies under a
body of seawater 80. At FIG. 5 the anode hole 14 is located in a
region 27' of the stratum formation 11 which is laterally
contiguous to but beyond the body or reservoir of oil 81 contained
in the formation and below an off-shore area of the earth's
surface. The electric power source 38 and pump 43 associated with
the anode hole are mounted on a sea platform 82 and the anode hole
casing 28 extends to the platform.
The water inlet to the pump 43 is shown connected to the seawater
80 as a supply reservoir, but it will be understood that other
appropriate sources of water for injection may be used, as
described heretofore. If seawater is used it may require certain
chemical additives of the type previously mentioned, but due to its
accessibility to an offshore anode hole it is to be preferred. Use
of seawater in an offshore anode region offers the further
advantage that hydrostatic pressure of the sea itself may be used
in place of the pump 43 to supply the added pressure required to
inject water at the anode cavity. To illustrate such a water supply
source we have shown two water inlet valves 85 and 86 located on
the anode casing 14 at different depths beneath the surface of the
sea 80. A selected one of these valves may be opened (with the pump
shut down) to admit sea water at a desired pressure to the anode
cavity. Any desired number of such inlet valves may be provided at
different pressure levels.
The producing well 13 at FIG. 5 is shown in an onshore location
with metal liner 24 electrically connected to ground and through a
cable 42 to the negative terminal of the d-c supply source 38, as
at FIG. 2. While this well is shown as penetrating the oil body 81,
it will now be understood that if desired it may be located
initially beyond the body of oil 81 between the electrodes.
In summary it will be seen that we have marshalled a number of
different forces toward the desired end of efficiently utilizing
bulk electric power to increase the amount and the value of oil
extracted from underground reservoirs. While most useful in
combination, all of these forces do not necessarily have to be
employed in concert to obtain satisfactory results.
In spite of the high potential contemplated at the anode 15, the
voltage gradient near the surface 12 of the ground will be small or
negligible. Therefore our invention can be practiced safely. Where
necessary, conventional cathodic protection can be used to retard
corrosion of underground pipe lines, if any, in the vicinity of the
surface.
While we have shown and described one form of our invention by way
of illustration, many modifications will occur to those skilled in
the art. For example, a single anode hole can be used in
combination with a plurality of spaced producing wells 13 which are
connected, either concurrently or in sequence, to the negative pole
of the electric power source 38, or a plurality of anode holes
could ring a common producing well. The insulating liner 31 could
be extended; e.g., the lower end of the liner could define the
cavity 34 and circumvent the anode 15, with its sidewall being
perforated to permit egress of the heated water. We therefore
desire herein to cover all such modifications as fall within the
true spirit and scope of our invention.
In this application we have disclosed exemplary apparatus that now
appears useful in conjunction with the practical implementation of
the oil-recovery process we invented. To the extent this ancillary
apparatus includes novel and nonobvious features such features are
not themselves part of our present joint invention, and patent
applications thereon may be filed in the name or names of those
persons who were the original and first inventors thereof.
* * * * *