U.S. patent number 3,715,180 [Application Number 05/113,407] was granted by the patent office on 1973-02-06 for electronic programmer unit for burner control.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Normalair-Garrett (Holdings) Limited. Invention is credited to Edward Geoffrey Cordell.
United States Patent |
3,715,180 |
Cordell |
February 6, 1973 |
ELECTRONIC PROGRAMMER UNIT FOR BURNER CONTROL
Abstract
An electronic programme timer means of solid state construction,
for a fuel burner, said programme timer means comprising a control
switch for initiating operation, a plurality of sequencing relays,
flame sensing means connected to voltage comparators, voltage ramp
generator, voltage follower and level detectors with output
connected to said comparators for controlling said sequencing
relays, feedback means to said comparators to ensure correct
switching, temperature sensing means for switching said timer means
and pressure sensing means for checking operation of blower purging
means.
Inventors: |
Cordell; Edward Geoffrey
(Somerset, EN) |
Assignee: |
Normalair-Garrett (Holdings)
Limited (Somerset, EN)
|
Family
ID: |
9808000 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/113,407 |
Filed: |
February 8, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Feb 9, 1970 [GB] |
|
|
6,079/70 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/25; 431/16;
431/45; 431/31 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G05B
19/07 (20130101); F23N 5/242 (20130101); F23N
5/203 (20130101); F23N 5/082 (20130101); F23N
2227/30 (20200101); F23N 2225/08 (20200101); F23N
2239/04 (20200101); F23N 5/08 (20130101); F23N
2233/06 (20200101); F23N 2005/182 (20130101); F23N
5/20 (20130101); F23N 2227/04 (20200101); F23N
2227/24 (20200101); F23N 2231/20 (20200101); F23N
2227/12 (20200101); F23N 2229/00 (20200101); F23N
2223/20 (20200101); F23N 5/18 (20130101); F23N
2227/36 (20200101); F23N 2223/28 (20200101); F23N
2225/02 (20200101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23N
5/20 (20060101); F23N 5/24 (20060101); F23N
5/08 (20060101); G05B 19/04 (20060101); G05B
19/07 (20060101); F23N 5/18 (20060101); F23n () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/24,25,26 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Dority, Jr.; Carroll B.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. An electronic programmer unit for a fuel burner for heating an
enclosure, said programmer unit comprising:
flame monitor means for monitoring flame detection within said fuel
burner and having "flame detected" and "no flame detected"
outputs,
first transformer means for supplying electrical power to said
flame monitor means,
control circuit means including switching control means for
controlling switching of alarm means, burner motor means, ignition
means for igniting fuel in the burner, pilot valve means for
supplying pilot fuel in the burner and fuel valve means for
supplying the main fuel to the burner,
voltage regulator means connected to said control circuit
means,
second transformer means,
rectifier means connected to said second transformer means for
supplying direct current voltage to said voltage regulator
means,
said control circuit means including voltage ramp generating means
comprising voltage generator means, voltage follower means for
producing a uniformly linear output voltage in accordance with the
voltage gradient produced by said voltage generator means and
voltage comparator means for producing an output when said ramp
voltage reaches a predetermined value,
operating relay means for controlling switching of said switch
control means for said burner motor means, said ignition means,
said pilot valve means and said fuel valve means,
a first plurality of gating means for controlling operation of said
relay means,
first timing circuit means connected between the output of said
voltage comparator means and said first plurality of gating means
for controlling the time and sequence of operation of said
operating relay means,
lockout means for shutting down the burner,
a second plurality of gating means for controlling actuation of
said lockout means,
feedback means for connecting said second plurality of gating means
to temperature sensor means for sensing the temperature of the
enclosure to be heated, air pressure sensing means for sensing
burner motor operation during purging, said flame monitor means,
said ignition means, said pilot valve means and said fuel valve
means,
second timing circuit means connected between the output of said
voltage comparator and said second plurality of gating means,
and lockout reset switching means for resetting the programmer unit
after lockout.
2. A programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said signal
feedback means include a combination of neon lamp and
photo-resistor.
3. A programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said voltage
ramp generating means includes a capacitor charging circuit,
including a capacitor, a constant current source, and associated
resistive network, for charging said capacitor.
4. A programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said voltage
comparator means comprises a pair of integrated circuit inverters
with resistive feedback.
5. A programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gating
means comprise integrated circuit digital logic gates.
6. A programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said timing
circuit means each comprise a capacitive-resistive diode network
and a transistor amplifier.
7. An electronic programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said lockout means comprises a retentive memory electrically
operated bistable means having set and reset operating coils,
lockout indication means, inverter means, lockout signal means for
producing a lockout signal, a lockout requirement operating
changeover means for energizing said set operating coil to supply a
ground return means for said lockout indication means and to remove
a ground return means from said lockout signal means for changing a
no lockout signal to a lockout signal through said inverter means
and reset switch means for energizing said reset operating coil to
remove said ground return means from said lockout indicating means
and for operating said changeover means to convert said lockout
signal to a no lockout signal through said inverter means.
8. An electronic programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said switching control means comprise bi-directional thyristors,
the gate of said bi-directional thyristors being energized through
contacts of relay means energized by outputs of said
programmer.
9. An electronic programmer unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein
said signal feedback means include a combination of neon lamp and
photo-resistor, each named signal feedback means having neon lamp
operatively connected to switching means external to said
programmer, and a photoresistor operatively connected to gating
means within said programmer, the output of said gating means being
operatively connected to said lockout means.
Description
This invention relates to electronic programme timer means and more
particularly, although not exclusively, to programme timers for use
with gas-fired heating installations.
Known installations using mechanically operated controls have
necessitated frequent servicing, resulting in high cost
maintenance, and in general such components have a comparatively
short trouble-free life.
It is an object of the invention to provide an electronic programme
timer means without mechanically actuated moving parts, being of
solid state construction having simple circuitry and providing a
long life without need of attention.
It is a further object of the invention to provide electronic
safety circuits in conjunction with comparators which will
self-test the various circuits of the timer and will shut down the
complete system should any individual section malfunction.
According to the invention I provide an electronic programme timer
means comprising a linear voltage ramp generator, a matching
impedance voltage follower circuit and voltage comparators, wherein
the follower circuit maintains substantially uniform linearity with
the voltage gradient produced by the generator, the voltage
comparators being sequentially actuated by an output signal of the
follower circuit.
In another aspect of the invention I provide an electronic
programme timer means for a fuel burner having electrically
actuated ignition means, fuel valve means, pilot valve means,
burner motor means and alarm means, said programme timer
comprising:
A. An operating control switch for initiating operation of the
timer upon requirement,
B. an electronic timer of solid state construction and a plurality
of sequencing relays controlled thereby,
C. flame sensing means with output connected to voltage comparators
indicative of flame presence and flame absence,
D. timer means comprising a voltage ramp generator, voltage
follower and voltage level detectors with outputs fed to voltage
comparators for operation of sequencing relays for switching
circuits in sequence,
E. feedback to said voltage comparators from said switched circuits
to ensure that said switching circuits will only switch provided
the fuel burner system is operating correctly and will reset said
timer means on completion of an operating cycle, or, should
malfunctioning occur, shut down the fuel burner system and reset
said timer means,
F. temperature sensing means for switching said timer means when
pre-set temperatures are attained after initiation of said timer
means by said operating control means,
G. pressure sensing means for checking operation of blower means to
ensure correct purging operations.
In order that the invention shall be readily understood I now
describe a preferred embodiment for a gas-fired heating system,
which is by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows the power supplies, voltage regulator, flame monitor
and voltage ramp reset circuit,
FIG. 2 shows the safety cutout circuits,
FIG. 3 shows the retentive memory, lockout and warning circuits,
and
FIG. 4, 5 and 6 show the voltage ramp generator, voltage follower,
comparator and gating circuits for a program timer of a gas-fired
heating installation.
INTRODUCTION
The function of the fuel burner control equipment is to
automatically ignite the burner at the beginning of a heating
period, monitor its correct operation, and shut down the burner at
the end of the heating period, or as the result of abnormal
operation.
On a typical burner the heating period is initiated by the decrease
in temperature, of an enclosure to be heated, closing of contacts
in a thermostat or similar control which switches on the burner
motor, thereby providing a forced draught through the burner
combustion chamber. This forced draught initially purges the
chamber of old gas and the period of operation is known as the
pre-purge period. After this period, a pilot flame is ignited by
energizing a spark transformer to produce an ignition spark across
spark electrodes and to open the pilot valve. After a period during
which the pilot flame is established, the ignition spark is turned
off and the main fuel valve is opened. After a further period,
during which the main flame is established, the pilot flame is
extinguished, leaving the burner in the normal running
condition.
When the air, within the enclosure to be heated, reaches a
predetermined temperature, the contacts of the thermostat open,
thereby shutting down the burner.
Due to explosion hazards, a flame monitor is provided to shut down
the burner in case of failure of the pilot or main flame, or both,
in order to prevent an accumulation of unburnt fuel in the
combustion chamber. In order to distinguish this type of shut-down
from a normal shut-down, a lock-out device and warning signal are
provided. The lock-out device prohibits the normal starting
operation until a reset switch or push-button, in the vicinity of
the burner, is operated.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit is described with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6. The reference numerals 1 - 13 show interconnections between the
parts of the circuit diagram shown in FIGS. 1 -6.
OPERATION OF FLAME MONITOR
Transformer 101 (FIG. 1) has a primary winding 102 and two
secondary windings 103 and 104, one terminal of the primary winding
being connected to 105 which is the line side of an AC power
supply, while the other terminal is connected to 106, which is the
neutral side of the power supply. Secondary winding 103 is
connected across input terminals 107 and 108 of a rectifier bridge
109 which changes the alternating voltage to a rectified voltage
with positive at terminal 110 and negative at 111. The output
terminal 110 of the bridge is connected to the terminal 112 of a
lock-out reset push-button 113, and the negative return 111 is
connected to the earth side 114 of the AC power supply. Capacitor
115 is connected across the output of the rectifier bridge 109 to
reduce the AC ripple on the output at 110.
The unregulated output at 110 and called Vu, is connected through
the normally closed contacts 112 and 116 of the lock-out reset
push-button 113 to a voltage regulator circuit 117. The voltage
regulator circuit 117 consists of resistor 118 and zener diode 119
connected between terminal 116 and earth 114, the voltage developed
across 119 providing the reference voltage for the regulator.
Transistor 120 and resistor 121 form the output stage of the
regulator generating a regulated power supply from point 122 for
use in various semi-conductor circuits throughout the equipment.
This regulated voltage will be called Vs.
Secondary winding 104 of transformer 101 provides an AC voltage for
energizing a flame monitor circuit 123. When no flame is present
there is only a small potential difference between the gate 124 and
drain 125 of the field effect transistor 126. Thus 126 conducts,
causing a drop in potential across resistor 127, which is connected
between Vs and the source 128 of 126, so the source 128 of 126 is,
therefore, maintained at approximately earth potential.
When a flame is present, since a flame has the property of
conducting an electrical current readily to ground, a difference of
potential is developed across resistor 129, which makes 124 of 126
negative with respect to 125. This effect is also produced when
light from a flame 130 impinges on a photocell 131. Thus 126 does
not conduct and only a small potential is developed across 127, so
the source 128 of 126 is, therefore, maintained at approximately
Vs.
The potential at the source 128 of 126 can, therefore, assume two
values, approximately Vs and approximately earth, representing
flame present and flame absent respectively. Throughout the logic
circuitry, a binary "1" is represented by approximately Vs and a
binary "0" by approximately earth. Thus the binary signal, flame
detected, existing at 128 FD, is a "1" when the flame is present
and a "0" when the flame is absent. The signal FD is applied to a
logic inverter 132 whose output is, therefore, "0" when the flame
is present, and "1" when the flame is absent. This is the inverse
of signal FD and is denoted FD.
Zener diode 133, capacitors 134 and 137, and resistors 135, 136 and
138, are components for the basic settings of the flame monitoring
circuit 123.
OPERATION OF BURNER CONTROL EQUIPMENT - STARTING
The line side 105 of the AC voltage supply is connected to one
terminal of a thermostat 139 (FIG. 2), and when the thermostat
closes, the AC voltage supply is applied across a potential divider
comprising resistors 140 and 141. The resulting potential across
resistor 141 is applied to a neon indicator 143 through a resistor
142. Neon indicator 143 forms part of a neon-photo-resistor unit
144. When the neon 143 illuminates the photo-resistor 145, the
resistance value of 145 is reduced to a low value. When the neon
143 is extinguished and the photo-resistor 145 is not illuminated,
the resistance is increased to a high value. Hence the resistive
value of photo-resistor 145 monitors the position of the
thermostat. This system isolates the AC voltage supply from the
logic circuitry and allows low voltages to be used throughout the
latter with a corresponding increase in life and reliability. The
photo-resistor 145 of 144 forms a potential divider between earth
and Vs with resistor 146 (FIG. 3). When 139 is open and 143
extinguished, 145 has a high resistive value and only a small
potential difference is developed across 146, i.e. the output of
the potential divider is approximately earth ("0"). Thus the input
to logic inverter 147 (FIG. 3) is a "1" when 139 is open and a "0"
when 139 is closed. The output of 147 is denoted LS1 and is a "0"
when 139 is open and a "1" when 139 is closed.
The output of 147 is applied to one input terminal 148 of NAND gate
149 via diode 150. When 139 closes, the output of 147 rises from
approximately earth potential to approximately Vs and capacitor 151
is quickly charged to approximately Vs via 150. Thus, practically,
as soon as 139 closes, a logic "1" is applied to 148 of 149 which
was previously at logic "0" with the output terminal 152 at logic
"1", i.e. approximately Vs. In this condition there is no potential
across relay 153 (FIG. 4) and contacts 154 (FIG. 2) would be open.
When the input at 148 of 149 goes to logic "1", the output of 149
is then dependent on the logic value of LO, a signal applied to the
second input 155 of 149.
Logic signal LO is derived from the output of an inverter 156 (FIG.
3) which monitors the position of retentive memory contacts 157
(FIG. 3). 157 may be in one of two states, set 158 or reset 159.
Under normal conditions 157 will be at 159 and the voltage drop
across 305 gives a logic "0" which will be applied to the input of
156 making LO equal "1". Under abnormal conditions a logic "0"
(approximately earth) is applied to the set coil 160 of 157 via
resistor 304, and this changes 157 to the set condition, breaking
contact 159 and making contact 158, thus removing the logic "0"
from 156 and applying logic "1", i.e. L.O. becomes "1" and LO
becomes "0". At the same time a lock-out alarm lamp 161 is
illuminated via a resistor 162. 157 can then only be reset by
operating a lock-out reset push-button 113 (FIG. 1), which applies
potential Vu across a reset coil 164 via contact 163 (FIG. 1) and a
resistor 165 (FIG. 3).
Assuming that conditions are normal and that LO is equal to "1",
the closing of 139 immediately applies a logic "1" to 148 of 149,
resulting in the output of 149 changing from logic "1" to logic
"0". This results in the application of potential Vs across 153
(FIG. 4), causing contacts 154 (FIG. 2) to close. Logic signal LO
is also applied to the base of a transistor 166 via biassing
network resistors 167 and 168 (FIG. 3). Under normal conditions LO
is approximately Vs and this results in a current flow through the
base emitter junction of 166. The transistor, therefore, conducts
current from collector to emitter, causing potential Vu to be
applied across the coil 169. Thus under normal conditions 169 is
energized and contacts 170 (FIG. 2) are in the energized state. The
line side of the AC voltage at 105 (FIG. 1) is, therefore, applied
to one side of contact 154 (FIG. 2) via the energized side of
contacts 170. Hence, when 139 closes, contact 154 closes and
applies the line side of the AC voltage from 105 to the gate of a
bi-directional thyristor 171 via a resistor 172. This provides a
low conductance path for AC current across the main electrodes of
171, resulting in energization of a burner motor 173. If abnormal
conditions occur 166 does not conduct, 169 becomes de-energized,
and a warning 306 operates via contacts 170.
The logic signal LS1 is also applied to inverter 174 (FIG. 5) to
produce signal LS1 which is applied to one terminal of a resistor
175, the other terminal being commoned with terminals of two other
resistors 176 and 177. The potential developed across resistor 178,
connected between the common terminals of resistors 175, 176 and
177, and earth, depends on the potential applied to the other
terminals of 175, 176 and 177. If these potentials are all
approximately earth, then only a small potential is developed
across 178, i.e., across the base emitter junction of a transistor
179. 179 does not, therefore conduct from collector to emitter, and
permits a capacitor 180 to charge up through the emitter collector
circuit of a transistor 181. The rate of charge of 180 is a
constant determined by the value of a resistor 182 and the
capacitor 180. The aiming potential of the voltage ramp generated
across 180 is determined by a potential divider network 183, 184,
connected to the base of 181. The voltage ramp generated across 180
is applied to a voltage follower circuit formed by transistors 185,
186, and output resistor 187. The voltage follower offers a very
high input impedance to the voltage ramp generator output, and at
the same time offers a very low output impedance to a level
detector or voltage comparator circuit formed by an input resistor
188, logic inverters 189 and 190, and a feedback resistor 191. The
voltage across 187 rises linearly and in step with the voltage
across 180. Initially the output T2 of 190 is held at logic "0" and
the voltage at the input to 189 rises linearly in a scaled-down
version of the voltage across 187. When the voltage at the input to
189 reaches the switching potential of 189, its output T2 switches
to logic "0", and the output T2 of 190 switches to logic "1". Due
to 191 this switching is regenerative and T2 reaches logic "1" very
quickly. The voltage ramp level at which the level detector
switches is determined by the potential divider 191 and 188. The
time interval between the start of the voltage ramp and the
switching of T2 from logic "0" to logic "1" forms the pre-purge
period of the burner.
Before 139 closes and LS1 is set to logic "1", the output of 174,
LS1 is logic "1". Hence the input terminal of 175 is approximately
Vs and there is a large enough potential across 178 to allow the
base emitter diode of 179 to conduct, and the collector-emitter
circuit of 179 to conduct, resulting in 180 discharging through a
resistor 192 and the collector-emitter circuit of 179. This
effectively prevents generation of the voltage ramp.
When 139 closes and LS1 is set to logic "1", LS1 becomes logic "0",
causing 179 to become non-conducting and permits the voltage ramp
to be generated. Hence the pre-purge period starts when LS1 is set
to logic "1", provided that the input ends of 176 and 177 are also
at approximately earth potential Under normal conditions LO equals
logic "0", and the input end of 176 is at approximately earth
potential. Should a lock-out condition occur LO equals logic "1",
the input end of 176 becomes approximately Vs, 179 conducts and the
voltage ramp is reset to zero voltage. Also under normal conditions
the potential at the input end of 177 is at approximately earth
potential, as this is connected to the output terminal of a logic
inverter 193, whose input potential is normally Vs.
A voltage ramp reset circuit (FIG. 1) formed by a resistor 194, a
capacitor 195 and a diode 196, delays the build-up of Vs at the
input to 193. When AC power is initially applied to the unit, Vs is
established quickly from the output of 117. However, the potential
at the input to 193 will be established slowly, since 195 has to
charge up through 194, and until the potential across 195 reaches
the switching potential of 193 the output of the latter will be
approximately Vs. The input potential of 177 will, therefore, be
approximately Vs and the voltage ramp generator will be reset.
After a short time the potential across 195 reaches the switching
potential of 193 and the output of 193 switches to approximately
earth, removing the initial reset condition from the voltage ramp
generator.
Under normal operating conditions, therefore, the switching of LS1
from logic "0" to logic "1" initiates the voltage ramp. The
pre-purge period is timed to last for from 35 to 40 seconds.
OPERATION OF AIR PRESSURE CHECKING SYSTEM
One feature of the fuel burner control equipment is the checking of
the air pressure in the combustion chamber to establish that the
burner motor is in fact producing a forced draught. Under normal
conditions an air pressure switch 197 (FIG. 2) in the combustion
chamber will operate a short time after the burner motor has been
switched on. This switch is connected in a resistor divider network
comprising 198, 199, 200, and neon-photo-resistor network 201,
similar to that of 139. This operates in the same manner as the
system for the thermostat 139, so that when the air pressure switch
197 is open, only a small potential exists across resistor 202
(FIG. 4), and when 197 is closed, a large potential exists across
202. Thus, when 197 is open, logic signal AP, no air pressure, is
"1", and when 197 is closed, AP is equal to "0".
Signal AP is applied to one of the inputs 203 of NAND gate 205. The
other input 204 is connected to one terminal of a capacitor 207.
When LS1 is equal to logic "0" the voltage at this terminal is
approximately earth, and hence the output of 205 at 206 is at logic
"1" irrespective of the signal on the input of 205 at 203. When 139
(FIG. 2) closes and LS1 is changed to logic "1", 207 (FIG. 4)
starts to charge up to potential Vs through resistors 208 and 209.
The potential on input 204 or 205 will, therefore, increase slowly
to the switching potential of 205, the time taken being primarily
dependent on the CR time constant provided by 207 and 209. This
time constant is chosen so that 197 (FIG. 2) will close, i.e. AP
equals logic "0", before the input at 204 of 205 (FIG. 4) reaches
switching potential when the equipment is operating correctly. This
means that under normal operating conditions the output at 206 of
205 will always be logic "1". A time constant is chosen which
permits about 5 seconds for 197 (FIG. 2) to close.
If an abnormal condition occurs and 197 does not close after 173
has been operated for 5 seconds, the output 206 of 205 (FIG. 4) is
switches to logic "0", since both inputs 203 and 204 will become
equal to logic "1". This pulls the input of inverter 210 to logic
"0" and hence its output to logic "1". This in turn causes a
capacitor 211 to start to charge to approximately Vs through a
resistor 212, thus producing a short delay before the abnormal
condition is signalled to input 213 of NAND gate 214. Since input
215 of 214 is also at logic "1", due to LS1 equalling logic "1",
the output of 214 at 216 will be switched to logic "0". This
results in potential Vs being applied across 160 of 157 (FIG. 3).
In the "set" condition the equipment goes to the lock-out state, as
previously explained. Hence, failure of 197 to operate within a
given time after operation of 173 results in a lock-out.
OPERATION OF VOLTAGE RAMP GENERATOR CHECKING SYSTEM
A further feature of the fuel burner control equipment is the
checking of the voltage ramp generator timing system. Under normal
conditions the output T2 of the lever detector (FIG. 5) will change
from logic "0" to logic "1" a certain time after LS1 has changed
from logic "0" to logic "1". Signal LS1 is fed through resistors
217 and 218 (FIG. 4) to one terminal of a capacitor 219 which
commences charging at a rate determined by the CR time constant
formed by 217, 218 and 219. A field effect transistor 220 forms a
voltage follower with a high input impedance so that there is
negligible load current drawn from 219. The voltage across a
resistor 221 follows that across 219 and is applied to a logic
inverter 222. Thus, until the voltage across 221 has risen to the
switching potential of 222 the output of the latter remains at
logic "1". The time constant is chosen so that the time taken for
222 to be switched is slightly shorter than the time taken for T2
to be switched to logic "1". The output of 222 is applied to one
input 223 of a NAND gate 224, and T2 is applied to the second input
at 225, giving a normal output from 224 of logic "1". If the
voltage ramp generator is faulty and rising too quickly, the
pre-purge period will be too short, and it is desirable, therefore,
to cause a lock-out. In this case T2 switches too soon and 225 of
224 will go to logic "1" before the input at 223 has switched to
logic "0". The result of both inputs being at logic "1" is to
switch the output of 224 to logic "0". This pulls the input to 210
to logic "0", resulting in a lock-out condition, as previously
described. Under correct voltage, ramp generation input 223 of 224
will switch to logic "0" before input 225, thus maintaining a logic
"1" at the input to 210.
OPERATION OF PILOT IGNITION
At the end of the pre-purge period T2 changes from logic "0" to
logic "1". T2 is applied to NAND gates 226 and 227 (FIG. 6) at
inputs 228 and 229 respectively. Until time signals T3 and T5 are
changed from logic "0" to logic "1", the other inputs, at 230 and
231 respectively, will be at logic "1". Hence, when T2 changes to
logic "1", the outputs of 226 and 227 change to logic "0", and
relay coils 232 and 233 are energized via resistors 240 and 241.
Relay contacts 234 and 235 (FIG. 2) switch on, via resistors 242
and 243, bi-directional thyristors 236 and 237, which apply power
to the ignition transformer 238 and a pilot valve 239. The ignition
spark stays on until signal T3 goes to logic "1". (T3 goes to logic
"0" and returns the output of 226 to logic "1"). T3 is generated by
a network comprising resistors 244, 245, diode 246, capacitor 247
and inverter 248 (FIG. 5). When T2 goes to logic "1", 247 charges
up through 244 and 245, until its voltage had reached the switching
level. The time constant is chosen so that this takes approximately
4 seconds. Hence the ignition spark is switched on for
approximately 4 seconds, and under normal conditions the pilot
flame should be burning.
IGNITION OF MAIN FLAME
At the end of the pre-purge period T2 changes to logic "1". T2 is
applied to a timing network (FIG. 6) comprising resistors 249, 250,
254, diode 251, capacitor 252, transistor 253 and inverters 255,
256, and causes 252 to charge up at a rate determined by the
circuit constants. 253 and 254 form a high input impedance voltage
follower, and the potential across 254 follows that across 252.
After a time interval, in this case approximately 14 seconds, the
potential across 254 reaches the switching level of 255 and the
output of 255 changes from logic "1" to logic "0". This signal is
applied to inverter 256, whose output simultaneously goes from
logic "0" to logic "1". The signal output of 256, T4, is applied to
one of the inputs, 257 of NAND gate 258, the other input at 259
being connected to the output of 226, which is the gate controlling
ignition. Under normal conditions the ignition should be off and
the output of 226 should be at logic "1" when the input 257, T4, is
switched to logic "1". Hence the output of 258 will normally go to
logic "0" when T4 goes to logic "1", and a relay coil 260 is
energized via a resistor 261. Energization of 260 makes contacts
262 (FIG. 2) which switches, via a resistor 263, a bi-directional
thyristor 264 to "on," thereby applying power to a fuel valve 289.
Application of the output of 226 to 259 of 258 ensures that main
fuel cannot be switched on before the ignition spark has been
removed.
At this stage the main fuel valve is open and the pilot flame is
burning, and, under normal conditions, the main flame is ignited.
The pilot flame remains on for a further 4 seconds before being cut
off by timing signal T5 going to logic "1", T5 going to logic "0",
and causing the output of 227 to go to logic "1", thereby switching
off 233 (FIG. 6) and 237 (FIG. 2), removing power from 239.
The timing signal T5 is generated from T4 by its application to a
timing network comprising resistors 265, 266, diode 267, capacitor
268 and inverters 269, 270 (FIG. 6). This circuit provides a delay
of approximately 4 seconds between signal T4 going to logic "1" and
signal T5 going to logic "1 ".
After T5 has gone to logic "1" only the burner motor and main fuel
valve are left on, and the starting sequence is complete.
CHECKING ABSENCE OF FLAME DURING PRE-PURGE PERIOD
The absence of flame during the pre-purge period is checked by
application of signal FD (FIG. 1) to input 271 of NAND gate 272
(FIG. 4) and the inverse of T2, i.e. signal T2 (FIG. 5) to the
input 273 of 272 (FIG. 4). Normally there will be no flame during
the pre-purge period (T2), i.e. FD equals logic "0". Hence the
output of 272 should normally be logic "1". If flame does appear
during this period, signal FD equal to logic "1" together with
signal T2 equalling logic "1" will pull the output of 272, and
hence the input to 210, to logic "0". As previously described, this
results in a lock-out.
CHECKING PRESENCE OF FLAME AFTER IGNITION
The presence of flame after ignition is checked by application of
signal FD (FIG. 1) to input 274 of NAND gate 275 (FIG. 4) and
timing signal T3 to the other input at 276 via inverter 277 which
inverts signal T3. Normally there will be flame after ignition,
period T3, i.e. FD equals logic "1" and FD equals logic "0". Hence
the output of 275 should normally be logic "1". If the flame is
extinguished during this period, FD equals logic "1", together with
T3 equalling logic "1", will pull the output of 275, and hence the
input of 210 to logic "0". As has previously been described, this
results in a lock-out.
CHECKING PILOT VALVE CIRCUIT FAILURE
Correct working of the pilot valve circuit is checked by using a
neon-photo-resistor combination, 281, comprising resistor 278, neon
279 and photo-resistor 280 (FIG. 2). When 237 is switched off, 239
is inoperative and 279 has full mains voltage applied across it. It
is, therefore illuminated, and the resistive value of 280 is low.
280, together wit resistor 281 (FIG. 3) forms a potential divider
across Vs and earth, whose output PV is equal to logic "0" when 279
is illuminated, and equal to logic "1" when 279 is extinguished.
The signal PV is applied to one input 282 of NAND gate 283 (FIG.
4). The other input at 284 is connected to the output of 226 (FIG.
6) through a timing network comprising resistors 285, 286, diode
287 and capacitor 288. This has the effect of delaying the change
of the output of 227 from logic "0" to logic "1" without delaying
its change from logic "1" to logic "0". If the output of 227
changes from logic "1" to logic "0", 288 discharges quickly through
287, 285 and the output circuit of 227, and hence the potential on
284 of 283 quickly falls to logic "0". If the output of 227 changes
from logic "0" to logic "1", 288 charges slowly through 285 and
286, hence 283 (FIG. 4) input 284 does not reach switching
potential so quickly.
Under normal conditions, prior to the pilot valve being opened,
signal PV is equal to logic "0" and the output of 283 is equal to
logic "1". If the pilot valve circuit goes "open circuit," the neon
279 will lose its main voltage supply, become extinguished, and
signal PV will become equal to logic "1". Since, prior to operation
of 239, the output of 227 is equal to logic "1" and the two inputs
to 283 are both equal to logic "1", the output of 283 is equal to
logic "0" and the input to 210 is also equal to logic "0" which, as
previously described, results in a lock-out. Should the
bi-directional thyristor 237 become "short circuited" during this
period, 279 would again be extinguished and lock-out would
occur.
When 239 is operated the output of 227 is to logic "0" and input
284 of 283 also immediately goes to logic "0". The output of 283,
therefore, remains at logic "1" and the change of PV to logic "1"
has no effect.
When 239 is de-energized the output of 227 goes to logic "1", but
input 284 of 283 does not immediately change to logic "1", thus
allowing time for 233, 235 and 237 to become inoperative. When the
input 284 of 283 changes to logic "1", the pilot valve circuit is
again monitored, as previously described.
CHECKING MAIN VALVE CIRCUIT FAILURE
Correct operation of the main valve circuit is checked by using a
neon-photo-resistor combination 290 (FIG. 2) comprising neon 291,
resistor 292 and photo-resistor 293. The circuitry used for
checking main valve circuit failure is similar to that used for
checking pilot valve circuit failure. Resistor 294 (FIG. 3) forms a
potential divider across Vs and earth with 293, to give an output
FV which operates in a manner identical to signal output PV. NAND
gate 295 with signal output FV at 296 has a similar function to
283, and the transfer of the output of 258 to input 297 of 295 is
delayed in a similar way through a network comprising resistors
298, 299, diode 300 and capacitor 301. As with the pilot valve,
main valve circuit checking is performed prior to main gas valve
operation.
BURNER SHUT-DOWN
The burner is shut-down when contacts 139, thermostat, open,
causing LS1 to go to logic "0". This causes LS1 to go to logic "1"
at the input end of 175, which in turn resets the timing ramp
generator, thus causing all timing signals T2, T3, T4 and T5 to go
to logic "0". As a result 289 is closed, since 262 opens by
de-energization of 260. However, 153 remains energized for a period
of approximately 8 seconds (post-purge period), due to the delay
network 302, 151, between the output LS1 and NAND gate 149, which
controls 153 via resistor 303. This post-purge period helps to
cleanse the combustion chamber at shut-down.
Various changes and additions may be made to the system as
described without deviating from the invention, some of which will
now be described.
PERMANENT PILOT
To obtain a system with a permanent pilot it would be necessary to
remove signal T5 from input 231 of 227.
PERMANENT PILOT PLUS HI/LO FUNCTION
To obtain this system signal T5 is removed from input 231 or 227, a
high limit stat would be fitted in lieu of thermostat 139, and a
low temperature control would be fitted between the bi-directional
thyristor 264 and fuel valve 289.
INTERMITTENT PILOT PLUS HI/LO
To obtain intermittent pilot plus HI/LO it would be necessary to
fit a second fuel valve operated from relay contacts controlled by
a relay switched from a parallel output of T5. A low temperature
control would be fitted between said relay contacts and fuel valve
and the thermostat 139 would be replaced by a high limit stat.
MODULATION SYSTEM
For a modulating system an additional signal from T2 (FIG. 5) and a
signal T5 (FIG. 6) are used to operate two relays, each of which
controls a set of changeover contacts, the two sets of contacts
controlling a modulating valve in the burner. This modulating valve
controls the air and gas inputs to the burner. Two additional
interlocks, similar to the air pressure checking system, would be
incorporated to self-check the modulating valve at both high and
low limits.
* * * * *