U.S. patent number 3,707,120 [Application Number 05/149,060] was granted by the patent office on 1972-12-26 for reinforcement of rubber.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation. Invention is credited to Charles F. Schroeder.
United States Patent |
3,707,120 |
Schroeder |
December 26, 1972 |
REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER
Abstract
A fabric containing organic yarns and glass yarns so woven that
the composite reinforcement is extensible, due to the inherent
stretchability of the organic and due to the particular
configuration in placement and orientation of the glass component,
until the glass component is in line with the direction of tensile
force, whereupon the glass yarns assume the load; the organic yarns
having, in the meantime, become stretched to some point short of
the elastic limit or to the ultimate elastic limit of the organic
yarns.
Inventors: |
Schroeder; Charles F. (Toledo,
OH) |
Assignee: |
Owens-Corning Fiberglas
Corporation (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
22528630 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/149,060 |
Filed: |
June 1, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
777817 |
Nov 21, 1968 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
442/182;
139/420C; 152/527; 152/563; 52/358; 139/421; 152/556; 442/187;
442/212 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D03D
15/00 (20130101); D03D 1/0005 (20130101); D03D
15/267 (20210101); B60C 9/0042 (20130101); D03D
15/56 (20210101); D10B 2101/06 (20130101); D10B
2505/122 (20130101); Y10T 442/3049 (20150401); Y10T
442/3252 (20150401); D10B 2331/04 (20130101); D10B
2505/022 (20130101); D10B 2401/061 (20130101); Y10T
442/3008 (20150401); D10B 2321/022 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B60C
9/00 (20060101); D03D 15/00 (20060101); D03d
011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;161/88-96,144,170
;152/358 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Powell; William A.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 777,817,
filed Nov. 21, 1968, now abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A woven stretchable fabric construction including:
a. a plurality of side-by-side warp yarns,
b. a plurality of side-by-side weft or fill yarns which are
transverse to said warp yarns,
c. one of the group of warp yarns and weft yarns including (i) a
plurality of yarns formed substantially exclusively of a plurality
of vitreous filaments having a relatively small extensibility and
(ii) a plurality of yarns formed substantially exclusively of a
material having an extensibility greater than that of the vitreous
filaments,
said fabric featuring a pattern of weave characterized in that the
yarns of vitreous filaments exhibit a frequency of ups and downs
which is greater than the frequency of ups and downs of the yarns
of greater extensibility, whereby the yarns formed of vitreous
filaments are longer per given length of woven fabric than the
yarns having the greater extensibility.
2. An elongate safety restraining belt or harness member comprising
a woven fabric as claimed in claim 1, said belt having its
longitudinal axis in alignment with said one direction.
3. An elongate safety restraining belt or harness as claimed in
claim 2, wherein said elongate elements are strands of glass
composed of a multiplicity of continuous glass filaments.
4. An elongate safety restraining belt or harness as claimed in
claim 3, wherein said strands of glass bear a cured elastomeric
component.
5. An elongate safety restraining belt or harness as claimed in
claim 4, wherein said elastomeric component substantially surrounds
said filaments along the length thereof.
6. A sheet good adapted for reinforcement of rubber products, said
sheet good including a woven construction including:
a. a plurality of side-by-side warp yarns,
b. a plurality of side-by-side weft or fill yarns which are
transverse to said warp yarns,
c. one of the group of warp yarns and weft yarns including (i) a
plurality of yarns formed substantially exclusively of a plurality
of vitreous filaments having an extensibility ranging from zero to
not appreciably more than 3.0 - 4.0 percent and (ii) a plurality of
yarns formed substantially exclusively of a material having an
extensibility greater than that of the vitreous filaments,
said fabric featuring a pattern of weave characterized in that the
yarns of vitreous filaments exhibit a frequency of ups and downs
which is greater than the frequency of ups and downs of the yarns
of greater extensibility, whereby the yarns formed of vitreous
filaments are longer per given length of woven fabric than the
yarns having the greater extensibility.
7. The sheet good as claimed in claim 6, wherein said vitreous
filaments are glass filaments appreciably surrounded by an
elastomeric impregnant.
8. The sheet good as claimed in claim 6, which includes an
enveloping coating of an elastomer.
9. The sheet good as claimed in claim 6, wherein said warp strands
formed of vitreous filaments are located in spaced regular sequence
with warp strands of extensible organic between said strands of
vitreous filaments in repetitive sequence.
10. A continuous elongate sheet of vulcanizable elastomeric
material, said sheet including, disposed interiorly thereof, a
woven fabric, said fabric including warp strands extending
longitudinally of said elongate sheet and weft strands extending
transverse to said warp strands, said warp strands including (a)
strands formed of a multiplicity of vitreous filaments and having
an extensibility not appreciably exceeding 3.0 to 4.0 percent and
(b) strands formed substantially exclusively of a material having
an extensibility greater than that of the vitreous filaments, said
fabric featuring a pattern of weave characterized in that the yarns
of vitreous filaments exhibit a frequency of ups and downs which is
greater than the frequency of ups and downs of the yarns of greater
extensibility, whereby the yarns formed of vitreous filaments are
longer per given length of woven fabric than the yarns having the
greater extensibility.
11. The continuous sheet as claimed in claim 10, wherein said weft
strands include a plurality of spaced strands formed substantially
exclusively of vitreous filaments.
12. A sheet as claimed in claim 11, wherein said vitreous filaments
bear a surrounding impregnant.
13. An article formed of vulcanizable elastomeric stock material,
said article including, interiorly thereof, a sheet good as claimed
in claim 8.
Description
A large variety of textile materials have been employed as interior
reinforcement members for rubber elastomeric bodies such as tires,
industrial belts and other mechanical rubber goods such as
mountings, bushings, shear members, shock absorbers, etc. The
conventional textile materials include cotton, rayon, the
polyamides, e.g., the various types of nylon, the polyesters,
polypropylene, etc. Fine steel wire and, more recently, glass have
likewise been employed in certain applications. It is, of course,
recognized that all of these various materials have inherent
properties which lend or impart a particular capability or strength
for a particular application. Also, of course, these materials are
known to have certain disadvantageous properties or weaknesses.
The properties, both good and bad, of the known natural occurring
and synthetic textile materials can be ascertained from any
available reference work and will not be repeated herein.
The most important desirable properties of glass considered as a
candidate reinforcement material include (for a glass filament):
(1) substantially 100 percent elasticity, (2) extremely limited
yielding under stress, (3) excellent dimensional stability and (4)
virtual immunity to change due to atmospheric conditions such as
moisture and, as well, heat.
It must be recognized, however, that glass has a number of other
characteristics and/or properties which are markedly at contrast
when compared with the properties of the conventional organics.
Numerically, glass has a stiffness of 322 grams per denier (gpd)
while nylon ranges from 18-23 gpd, polyesters range from 11-21 gpd,
the acrylics such as ACRILAN and ORLON range from 7-10 gpd, viscose
rayon varies from 11 to about 25 gpd. Glass has a relatively low
breaking elongation in the neighborhood of 3-4 percent whereas the
polyesters range from 19-30 percent, nylon ranges from 16-40
percent, the acrylics from 36-40 percent and viscose rayon from
9-30 percent. Glass also has a high specific gravity measuring 2.54
compared to 1.14 for nylon, 1.5 for rayon and from 1.22 to 1.38 for
the polyesters such as KODEL and DACRON. Additionally, glass has a
toughness value of 0.07 on a denier basis compared to nylon's 0.75,
rayon's 0.20, DACRON polyesters' 0.5 and acrylic ORLON's 0.4. It
can be appreciated from the foregoing the any contemplation of the
use of glass as a reinforcement must proceed on the basis of a
consideration of these quite different properties entailing
therefor the determination of the ideal geometric, e.g., spatial,
location of the glass within the body, either alone or in
combination with other materials, in order to achieve an effective
and, in many ways, a superior reinforcement.
With the foregoing introduction, it is the general object of the
present invention to provide a unique woven fabric combination of
glass strands and strands of various organic, synthetic or natural
filament material.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a
reinforcement system for elastomeric, rubber-like bodies,
particularly belts, tires and like bodies which are subject to
dynamic stresses in use; which system employs twisted-together
subelements such as glass and, as well, the other candidate
reinforcement materials combined in such fashion and in conjunction
with other features of arrangement as provide a maximization in
achievement of the inherent property of the material and, as well,
a minimization of the not so desirable properties of the candidate
reinforcement material.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a sheet
good comprising an elastomeric vulcanizable matrix having embedded
therein a woven fabric inclusive of glass yarns and yarns of a
stretchable synthetic organic or natural occurring material and
featuring a pattern of weave as lends particularly desirable
properties when subjected to dynamic stress conditions.
It is a particular object of the present invention to provide a
vulcanized elastomeric product having embedded therein a
reinforcement system as described in further detail
hereinafter.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a tire
construction featuring ply reinforcements composed of a woven
fabric employing the system as described herein.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a
reinforcement system which embodies the advantageous properties of
certain organics with advantageous properties of glass yarns while
at the same time minimizes the otherwise undesirable properties of
these materials.
The foregoing, as well as other objects of the present invention,
will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following
detailed description taken in conjunction with the annexed sheets
of drawings on which there are illustrated several embodiments of
the reinforcement sheet good of the present invention and including
an illustration of a product reinforced in accordance with and
employing the sheet good of the present invention.
IN THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating in schematic fashion a woven
pattern embodying features of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken on line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken on line 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken on line 4--4 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken on line 5--5 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken on line 6--6 of FIG. 1; and
FIGS. 7-10 are diagrammatic plan views showing various weave
patterns to illustrate a few of the many patterns representative of
the present invention.
Considered most simply, the present invention envisions a woven
product containing glass and organic yarns combined in a pattern
characterized in that, considered in an unwoven state, the glass
strand in a given increment of length of woven material is longer
than the organic strand in the same increment of woven length.
Further, the present invention embodies the concept of embedding
such fabric as reinforcement in an elastomeric matrix.
Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1 a woven
fabric in which the "warp" strands extending vertically in the
drawings as viewed lengthwise are identified by the reference
numerals 11w, 12w, 13w, 14w, 15w, 16w, 17w, 18w and 19w and the
"woof" (also commonly referred to as "weft") or fill yarns
(extending horizontally) are identified by the reference numerals
11f, 12f, 13f, 14f, 15f, 16f, 17f, 18f and 19f. As reference to
FIGS. 1 and 5 reveal, warp strand 11w and, as well, warp strands
13w, 15w, 17w and 19w are alike in that the pattern of weave may be
described as repeating "over and under" path. Thus, referring to
FIG. 5, warp strand 11w proceeds over fill strand 11f and under
fill strand 12f, over fill strand 13f and under fill strand 14f,
etc. Warp strands 11w, 13w, 15w, 17w and 19w in accordance with the
present invention are all glass strands. Reference to FIG. 6
reveals that warp strand 12w proceeds in a pattern which may be
described as over fill strand 19f, under side-by-side fill strands
18f and 17f, over fill strands 16f and 15f, then under fill strands
14f and 13f, finally over fill strands 12f and 11f. Warp strand 12w
in accordance with the present invention is an organic strand
capable of elongation; for example, nylon, rayon, polyester,
polypropylene, etc., as described more fully hereinafter.
FIG. 2 illustrates in combination with FIG. 1 the path of fill
strand 13f which passes under warp strand 11w, over warp strand
12w, under warp strand 13w, over warp strand 14w, then under
side-by-side, adjacent warp strands 15w and 16w, thence over
side-by-side adjacent warp strands 17w and 18w, finally under warp
strand 19w.
In FIG. 3, fill strand 17f follows a different pattern which is an
under, over, under and over pattern with respect to warp strands
11w, 12w, 13w and 14w. Thence, the fill strand 17f passes
underneath both side-by-side warp strands 15w and 16w, thence over
warp strand 17w and thence finally under warp strands 18w and
19w.
In FIG. 4, fill strand 19f passes underneath all of warp strands
11w, 12w, 13w, 14w and 15w and thence over side-by-side, adjacent
warp strands 16w and 17w and thence underneath side-by-side warp
strands 18w and 19w. In accordance with the present invention, fill
strands 13f, 17f and 19f are all formed of an organic material such
as nylon or the like.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, it will be appreciated that the warp
strand 11w in the unwoven condition is longer than the warp strand
12w since its pattern of weave is more convoluted than the warp
strand 12w. Thus, if the warp strands 11w and 12w as shown were
removed from the segment of woven material as shown and
straightened out into unwoven configuration, the warp strand 11w
would be longer than the warp strand 12w.
It will further be appreciated that tension imposed on a fabric
composed of a plurality of warp strands 11w and 12w in
side-by-side, alternating relationship would result in the load
being first borne by the warp strands 12w since they are the
shorter of the two. In accordance with the present invention, a
fabric is constructed so that the strands in the woven pattern
which are shorter are formed of a stretchable organic such as nylon
and the like, while the yarns which are longer as exemplified by
the warp strand 11w are formed of a less stretchable material such
as glass. As a result of such a construction, tensile forces
imposed on the reinforced member by reason of a particular load
will be imposed on the organic strands first. The stretchable
organic will elongate while resisting the tension forces. Finally,
when the fabric has stretched to the point that the glass strands
are straight or in alignment with the direction of the tensile
force, the glass strands will assume the load. Ideally, the
character of the weave and the selection of the particular organic
are matched so that the glass strands do not assume the load until
the organic strands have about reached their elastic limit whereby
the fabric reinforcement is capable of enduring a load which is
beyond the capabilities of either the organic yarn or the yarn
composed of glass filaments alone.
The repetitive "over" and "under" or "up" and "down" pattern has
been illustrated with respect to warp yarns in FIG. 1. It will be
appreciated that the woof or fill yarns may likewise be designed so
that certain thereof are formed of glass and exhibit a repetitive
pattern of ups and downs as compared to other fill yarns exhibiting
a less frequent pattern of ups and downs. Thus, the fabric may
feature the combination of glass and organic strands in the warp
direction or it may feature the combination of glass and organic
strands in the woof or fill direction and, in some cases, in both
directions.
It will be appreciated that complex patterns featuring combinations
of the relatively nonstretchable glass yarns and the relatively
stretchable organic yarns may e designed employing the known
multiple shuttle looms as manufactured, for example, by Crompton
& Knowles of Worchester, Massachusetts, or the known
"shuttleless" or "jet" looms manufactured, for example, by The
Draper Corporation of Greensboro, North Carolina.
The composite woven sheet material featuring both strands of glass
and organic emanating from a particular loom can be subjected to a
calendering operation to embed the woven fabric in a matrix of
rubber. Calendering operations, equipment and techniques being well
known in the art, such will not be described in detail either in
the specification or the drawings.
The ultimate calender coated fabric may be cut on appropriate
cutting devices into appropriate geometric shapes, such as
rectangles, trapezoids, strips, bands, etc., and incorporated into
elastomeric products of various and sundry types. For example, the
material may be cut into suitably sized carcass plies for tires or
into strips for belt members employed in special regions of the
tire in the course of the tire building process, etc.
Reference is now directed to FIGS. 7-10 for examples of additional
weave patterns featuring strands formed of a multiplicity of
gathered-together filaments of glass and strands formed of organic
filaments or yarns.
In FIG. 7, warp strands 71w, 73w, 75w, 77w and 79w are formed of a
multiplicity of glass filaments, while warp strands 72w, 74w, 76w
and 78w are formed of organic yarn. The glass strands are woven in
a pattern having a frequency of ups and downs which is greater than
the frequency of ups and downs exhibited by the organic strands.
The foregoing is readily revealed by an inspection of FIG. 7. In
addition, woof or fill yarn 74f exhibits a large frequency of ups
and downs as compared, for example, to woof strand 72f or 71f. As a
consequence of the above construction, a product reinforced with a
sheet good featuring the weave pattern as described, when subjected
to tensile forces, would first be reinforced by the organic yarns
which would elongate while the more convoluted glass strands become
straight and finally assumed the tensile load as the organic yarns
approached their elastic limit.
In FIG. 8, warp strands 81w, 83w, 85w, 87w and 89w are of alternate
up and down or over and under weave with respect to the fill yarns
and consequently in accordance with the present invention are
desirably composed of glass strands. The in-between warp yarns 82w,
84w, 86w and 88w do not exhibit the frequency of over and under
pattern as the glass strands and are desirably selected from
organic yarns.
Similarly, in FIG. 9, the more convoluted warp strands 91w, 93w,
95w, 97w and 99w are formed of glass strand material while the
in-between less convoluted yarns 92w, 94w, 96w and 98w are formed
of organic material.
In FIG. 10, the weave pattern illustrated is composed of warp
strands 101w, 105w and 109w which are of the maximum frequency of
ups and downs and are desirably formed of glass strand material,
while the warp strands 102w, 103w, 104w, 106w, 107w and 108w are
formed of organic since the frequency of ups and downs is less. In
the woof or fill direction, the woof strand 101f and the woof
strand 107f exhibit the greater frequency of ups and downs as
compared to the other woof strands and are desirably fabricated of
a multiplicity of glass filaments.
Any sheet good of the weave pattern of FIG. 10 would exhibit the
physical characteristics in accordance with the present invention
in both directions. In other words, the sheet good in tension in
alignment with either the warp strands or the woof or fill strands
would find the initial load being borne by the organic yarn strands
and the ultimate tensile forces being borne by the glass.
The glass filaments employed in the glass strands and yarns are
desirably treated initially; that is, before being woven.
Desirably, they are treated as formed; namely, when collectively
drawn from the usual multi-orifice platinum bushing containing the
molten glass. A bushing formed of platinum may contain in the
bottom wall thereof a large plurality, usually 204, 408 and up to
2,000, of individual orifices. A single glass filament is pulled
from each of these orifices by a winder situated below. The pulling
attenuates the glass into filaments of extremely fine diameter. The
filaments are drawn together into a common strand just prior to
being wound on the spool. A suitable treatment involves a spraying
of the filaments at this point, that is, just prior to gathering
together, with a liquid composition containing an anchoring agent,
for example, an amino silane, such as gamma-aminopropyltriethoxy
silane; a mercapto substituted organoalkoxy silane; a glycidoxy
silane, such as gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane; or a
carboxyl group and/or unsaturated group containing silane, such as
gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane. A Werner type compound
complexed to contain an amino, a carboxyl or other active hydrogen
containing organic group may be used as the anchoring agent. A
typical treatment composition is composed of 0.5 - 2.0 percent by
weight of gamma-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, 0.3 - 0.6 percent by
weight of a lubricant and the remainder water. The treated strand
on the spool package is frequently combined with a plurality of
like strands to form a yarn. For example, a plurality of from 2 to
10 strands, each composed of several hundred glass filaments, are
combined, usually with some amount of twist, to form a strand
suitable for use as a component of the present invention. The glass
strand may also be formed of a combination of multiple yarn
subassemblies; each of the subelement yarns being formed of several
hundred glass filaments so that the combined yarn is a multiple of
the subelements.
The treated multifilament strand may be combined with the organic
in a suitable loom or it may, under certain circumstances, be most
preferable to first treat the multifilament strand with a
compatible impregnant material, usually by passing the strand
through a bath of the impregnant which is metered on by passing the
impregnated strand through a suitable wiping die. A suitable
impregnant bath is composed of 60 - 40 parts by weight of a 38
percent dispersed solids system including a butadienestyrene-vinyl
pyridine terpolymer latex, a butadiene styrene latex and a
resorcinol-formaldehyde resin; all dispersed in 39 parts by weight
of water. A commercially available product which has been employed
as an impregnant bath in the manufacture of combination yarn
materials is marketed by Uniroyal under the trade name LOTOL
5440.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the
yarns are not impregnated as strand material but only treated with
the anchoring agent composition as described hereinabove, after
which it is combined into the woven fabric material which is then
impregnated as a sheet material by a passing of the sheet through
an impregnant bath as described. In either event, the impregnated
strand or the impregnated fabric is heated to dry the impregnant
and additionally partially cure or vulcanize the elastomeric
component of the impregnant in order to improve the ultimate
compatibility with the elastomeric body in which embedded as a
reinforcement. The drying and heating of the impregnant material is
accomplished usually in a horizontal oven featuring an internal
temperature of from 600.degree. - 900.degree.F. A residence time in
the furnace of usually less than a minute is sufficient to dry the
impregnant and also thermally advance the state of vulcanization as
to enhance its ultimate compatibility with the product in which it
is the reinforcement. Variations in time and temperature may be
necessitated, depending upon the selection of the particular
impregnant used. The degree of drying and/or partial curing or
vulcanization can be established readily by trial and error.
Generally, a state of dryness or lack of tackiness will be desired
in order to promote the adaptability of the material for further
processing, e.g., the weaving operation.
In some cases, it is desirable, particularly in the case of the
single strand impregnation, to apply a metallic salt material, such
as stearate, to the strand just following heating in order to
reduce tackiness.
The synthetic organic yarn materials may be selected from a wide
variety of available materials having a degree of elongation
suitable for the particular application, having in mind the
proportion of organic, the character or pattern of the weave and
the amount of the glass strand material present in the ultimate
fabric. Reference to any standard reference work will reveal the
breaking elongation characteristic of the synthetic organic
materials and, as well, the natural occurring yarns such as cotton
and wool. Rayon, of course, is also a material which may and is
used in combination with glass. In this regard, it may be noted
that high tenacity polyester such as DACRON has a breaking
elongation of 10 - 14 percent. High density polyethelene (one of
the olefin family) has a breaking elongation of 10 - 20 percent.
Polypropylene has a breaking elongation of 15 -25 percent. The
fluorocarbon marketed under the trade name TEFLON has a breaking
elongation of 13 percent, while cotton has a breaking elongation of
3 - 7 percent which is just greater than the breaking elongation of
fiber glass. As indicated, the elongation value considered with the
character or pattern of the weave and the relative amounts of the
yarn are balanced to yield an ultimate sheet good capable of
exhibiting the desired controlled elongation followed by resistance
to elongation.
In FIG. 11, there is illustrated a tire 170. The tire represents a
fairly common elastomeric product which is subjected to dynamic
stress and is a structure desirably reinforced in accordance with
the reinforcement system of the present invention. The tire, as may
be seen, is composed of spaced beads 171 and 172 connected by a
toroidal carcass 173. The carcass bears, at its crown portion, a
tread 174. The strength of the carcass is contributed by a pair of
carcass plies 175 and 176 which extend from bead to bead and are
turned up about the beads as illustrated. The tire construction
illustrated includes a pair of breaker plies or belt strips 182 and
184 which extend from shoulder to shoulder and are situated between
the uppermost carcass ply 175 and the tread; the latter including a
plurality of side-by-side grooves 180 which lend traction and
rolling stability.
In accordance with the present invention, one or the other or both
of the carcass plies 175 and 176 may be fabricated of a
reinforcement member in accordance with the present invention. The
belt plies 182 and 184 or either of them are likewise desirably
formed of a reinforcement sheet good in accordance with the present
invention.
It is within the purview of the present invention to subject the
woven fabric material, as, for example, illustrated in FIG. 1, to a
treatment such as heat which will cause a shrinkage of the organic
component of the composite fabric. Many of the organic materials
mentioned possess and/or exhibit shrinkage upon exposure to an
elevated temperature. Isotactic polypropylene, for example,
exhibited 40 percent shrinkage at 165.degree.F. Other organic
materials exhibit shrinkage upon exposure to other conditions or
stimuli such as excitation as produced by exposure to a given wave
energy, e.g., electric field, or exposure to a given atomic
particle bombardment. The shrinkage of certain strands of a
composite fabric of the construction as described results in a
phenomena wherein the glass component would exhibit a greater
degree of convolution due to the fact that the glass itself does
not shrink upon exposure to heat. It may also be observed that the
glass strands in the fabric will exhibit a "bulking" effect which,
under certain circumstances, will enhance the physical securement
of the composite fabric in the rubber product, e.g., the matrix, in
which it is embedded as a reinforcement member.
It is within the purview of the present invention that the
particular attributes can be obtained with a combination of
strands, neither of which is glass but one of which is less
stretchable than the other, since the phenomena described
hereinabove is observable with such a combination. Thus, he
stretchable strand will elongate when subjected to tension while
the other more highly convoluted strand, by reason of the greater
number of ups and downs, will move into alignment with the
direction of the applied tension and finally assume the load caused
by continued elongation. A combination fabric wherein a percentage
or proportion of the strands is glass, however, is preferred by
reason of the ultimate strength of glass and also by reason of the
resistance to moisture, mildew, elevated temperatures, etc.
It will be appreciated that a wide variety of choices are available
to those skilled in the art in the selection of the particular
material, the selection of particular materials in combination and
the selection of the particular weave pattern and, as well, the
selection of the proportion of various materials. For example, a
composite fabric may be manufactured from two, three and even four
or more basic materials of varying elongation properties, thereby
resulting in a fabric exhibiting gradual, or step-by-step, increase
in stress loading of the fabric as progressive elongation occurs.
Such fabrics including glass fiber yarns of strands lend themselves
admirably for such uses as safety belts where an ultimate limit in
stretchability or "bottoming out" is desired. A safety belt, as
referred to, is a woven structure which has the general appearance
illustrated in any of FIGS. 1, 7, 8, 9 or 10, considered as a
greatly enlarged illustration.
It is also within the purview of the present invention to form a
woven fabric inclusive of strands of continuous glass filaments and
strands of discontinuous glass filaments known in the fiber glass
art as staple fiber strands. The latter strands are inherently more
stretchable than the former. In keeping with the teachings herein,
the strands of continuous glass filaments would feature a pattern
of weave in which the strands of continuous glass filaments are
more convoluted, e.g., a greater number of ups and downs per given
length of woven fabric, than the strands of discontinuous or staple
fibers.
In the light of the foregoing disclosure, it is apparent that a
large number of variations in the techniques and constructions as
described will be suggested to those skilled in the art and,
accordingly, all such are intended to be included within the
present invention unless clearly violative of the language of the
appended claims.
* * * * *