U.S. patent number 3,700,170 [Application Number 05/149,292] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-24 for generator of monodisperse aerosols.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Ceskoslovenska akademie ved. Invention is credited to Bedrich Binek, Dohnalova-Binkova Blanka.
United States Patent |
3,700,170 |
Blanka , et al. |
October 24, 1972 |
GENERATOR OF MONODISPERSE AEROSOLS
Abstract
Generator of monodisperse aerosols, which forms fine droplets of
liquid of equal size by breaking a liquid bridge formed from a
constant liquid volume between curved contact surfaces comprising a
capillary filled with a liquid and having a blade-like projection
at the outlet end strand means such as a wire or fiber of which one
extremity is attached to an oscillatory or vibrating means or
device having a cylindrical portion at the one extremity thereof
and which is arranged so as to be located in the dead center of the
extreme limits of oscillations, the strand means being a contact
with the blade-like projection of the capillary and with the
surface level of the liquid in the capillary, and means for
directing a supply of a gaseous phase for breaking the liquid
bridge located substantially perpendicular to that of the strand
motion.
Inventors: |
Blanka; Dohnalova-Binkova
(Plzen, CS), Binek; Bedrich (Plzen, CS) |
Assignee: |
Ceskoslovenska akademie ved
(Praha, CS)
|
Family
ID: |
5427742 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/149,292 |
Filed: |
June 2, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
239/102.1;
222/420 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05B
17/06 (20130101); B01F 3/04007 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01F
3/04 (20060101); B05B 17/04 (20060101); B05B
17/06 (20060101); B05b 003/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;239/86,101,102
;222/420 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Culp, Jr.; Thomas C.
Claims
We claim:
1. Generator of monodisperse aerosols which forms in a repetitive
mechanical manner fine droplets of liquid of equal size by breaking
a liquid bridge formed by a constant volume of liquid dispersed
between curved contact surfaces comprising a capillary filled with
a liquid and having a blade-like projection at the outlet end
thereof, oscillating means having a cylindrical end portion located
in the dead center of the extreme limits of oscillatory distance
and the opposite end provided with strand means in oscillatory
contact with said projection and with the level surface of liquid
in said capillary to form a bridge of said liquid and means for
carrying gaseous material into contact with and to break said
liquid bridge located substantially perpendicular to the direction
of movement of said strand means.
2. Generator as defined in claim 1, wherein the capillary is
conically ground at the outlet end to form a circular blade-like
projection defining an apex angle varying within the range of from
10.degree. to 120.degree. .
3. Generator as defined in claim 1, wherein the axes of the strand
means and the capillary define an adjustable angle of from 90 to
150.degree..
4. Generator as defined in claim 1, including a micro-shift device
enabling the relative position of the strand means and the
capillary to be three-dimensionally adjusted along three
co-ordinates.
5. Generator as defined in claim 1 wherein the capillary is
conically ground at the outlet end to form a circular blade-like
projection defining an apex angle varying within the range of from
30.degree. to 45.degree..
6. Generator as defined in claim 1 wherein the strand means is a
wire.
7. Generator as defined in claim 1 wherein the strand means is a
fiber.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a generator of monodisperse
aerosols, designed to form repeatedly in a mechanical way fine
droplets of equal size from a liquid bridge formed from a constant
liquid volume between curved contact surfaces, the generator
comprising a capillary filled with a liquid and having a blade-like
projection at the outer end and strand means such as a wire or
fiber of which one end is attached to an oscillatory means or
device. The generator takes advantage of a repeated disintegration
of the liquid bridge between the cylindrical surface of the
filament and a blade-like projection at the outlet end of the
capillary to produce fine droplets of equal size, which droplets,
after having been mixed with a gaseous phase, form the monodisperse
aerosol.
The hitherto used methods of and apparatuses for generating
monodisperse aerosols can be divided, on the basis of physical
principles, into three main categories, i.e. condensation,
dispersion and separation processes.
All the well-known methods and apparatusses have been referred to
in professional literature.
Among the aforementioned methods and apparatus it is only those
taking advantage of the condensation of vapors of suitable
substances for the formation of monodisperse aerosol particles,
that have heretofore found a relatively broad utilization. However,
such methods and apparatus have many disadvantages, such as,
particularly, a limited choice of starting substances to be used
for generating monodisperse aerosols, a high concentration of the
particles formed which leads to coagulation, only limited control
of the particle size and extremely complex technical construction
of apparatus which must be able to achieve and maintain with a high
preciseness the predetermined values of temperature and gas
velocity.
On the other hand, the separation processes based upon successive
fractionation of a polydisperse aerosol, are not suitable in those
cases where a high degree of monodispersity is required, since they
yield a final aerosol having a relatively broad particles size
range. Consequently, in view of modern standards, they do not
possess, in many cases the desired monodispersive character at
all.
The known dispersion methods, due to the complicity of the required
apparatus and to a considerable time instability inherent therein,
have not yet found a practical utilization, except for apparatus
designed to atomize suspensions of previously prepared monodisperse
particles, such as, for instance of latex suspension prepared in a
controlled styrene polymerizing process.
Laboratory apparatus for preparing a monodisperse aerosol by
atomizing a liquid substance which have heretofore been developed
and are also referred to in the professional literature, can be
divided, on the basis of the principle utilized, into several
groups. In those types of apparatus provided with the so-called
vibrating capillary, the monodisperse particles are formed by a
longitudinal or transverse vibration of the capillary in an
alternating electromagnetic field, the frequency of which
corresponds to the resonance frequency of the capillary. In the
so-called disc generator type utilized for the formation of
monodisperse particles, centrifugal forces acting on the edge of a
horizontal disc rotating around a vertical axis to the center of
which a liquid substance is uniformly supplied are typical.
High complexity is typical of apparatus based upon the utilization
of electrostatic charge, since a considerable charge is placed on
the generated particles.
In accordance with another method for the preparation of the
monodisperse aersols a periodically vibrating needle immersed into
a hanging drop of liquid or under the liquid level filling a slot
in a sintered glass material has been used.
As mentioned before, the main disadvantages of the above enumerated
apparatus consists in structural complexity a considerable time
instability, a limited size range with respect to the generated
particles, particularly within the submicron region, which
according to various authers varies within the range of from
10.sup.-.sup.3 to 10.sup.-.sup.2 cm, and in the impossibility of
controlling the size of generated particles.
Some authors do not even refer to the degree of monodispersity,
i.e. the relative standard deviation characterizing the width of
the size range of the generated aerosol.
The object of the present invention is to overcome the
disadvantages of prior art as hereinbefore set forth, utilizing a
repeated extracting of droplets by means of a pointed rod from a
liquid filling a slot in a porous material, or from a hanging drop,
the disadvantages consisting in the impossiblility of extracting
droplets smaller than 10 .mu.m even by means of thoroughly ground
points on the rails; the low degree of monodispersity and time
instability of the size of generated droplets when formed which is
caused by a shape indefiniteness of the surface of the porous
materials being used, by the vibration of the hanging drops, by the
successive evaporation of the solutions being used and by an
indefiniteness of the relative position of the pointed rail and the
liquid; and in the random size of the generated droplets which
depends upon the indefiniteness mentioned hereinabove. It,
therefore, is substantially impossible to predetermine the droplet
size by a mechanical adjustment of the rod position relative to the
porous material or the drop, respectively.
In view of the disadvantages referred to, the above described
apparatus types have been used but in the form of experimental
laboratory models for the preparation of rough-dispersed aerosols,
since they cannot be be either manufactured or utilized on a large
scale.
The purpose of the present invention and the basic object of the
same is to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages and to provide
a significantly improved generator of monodisperse aerosols.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one feature of our invention we provide a
generator of monodisperse aerosols for forming repeatedly, in a
mechanical way, fine droplets of liquid of equal size by breaking a
liquid bridge formed from a constant volume between curved contact
surfaces. The generator comprises a capillary filled with a liquid
and having a blade-like projection at the outlet end, and a wire or
fiber of which one end is attached to an oscillatory or vibrating
means or device while having a cylindrical portion at the one end
thereof and which is arranged so as to be located in the dead
center of the extreme limits of the oscillations, the strand or
filament means being a contact with blade-like projection of the
capillary and with the level surface of the liquid in the
capillary. The generator is fed with a gaseous medium, the supply
direction thereof being substantially perpendicular to the
direction of the strand movement.
The capillary is conically ground towards its mouth to form
circular blade-like projection defining an apex angle varying
within the range of from 10.degree. to 120.degree. and preferably
from 30.degree. to 45.degree.; while the axes of the fiber and the
capillary define an adjustable angle of from 90.degree. to
150.degree..
According to another feature the generator is provided with a
micro-shift device enabling the relative position of strand means
and the capillary to be three-dimensionally adjusted along three
co-ordinates.
The invention takes advantage of the fact that the generator
comprising the capillary filled with a liquid substance, and the
strand means, builds, on contact of the strand with the blade-like
projection of the capillary and with the level of liquid in the
capillary, fine droplets of uniform size from the liquid bridge
which is being broken down.
The merit of the invention resides in the fact that it enables the
preparation of a monodisperse aerosol with controllable particle
size within the range of from 10.sup.-.sup.6 to 10.sup.-.sup.3 cm,
the concentration of the particles varying between one and 10.sup.4
per cubic centimeter. The degree of monodispersity (i.e. relative
standard deviation) attains values of up to 10.sup.-.sup.3.
The generator according to the invention enables continuous control
of monodisperse aerosol formation, possesses sufficient time
stability and permits an easy servicing, operation and adjustment.
The generator has small dimensions and is easily portable.
The generator according to the invention can be used especially for
calibrating and controlling aerosol analyzers, filtering devices,
further for precisely dosing specimen to be subject to spectral
analysis, in radiochemistry, medicine, and in research of
aerodisperse systems.
The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the
invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The
invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its
method of operation, together with additional objects and
advantages, will be best understood from the following description
of the specific embodiment when read in connection with the
accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing shows a schematic axial sectional view of the
monodisperse aerosol generator according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Discussing now the drawing in detail, it will be seen that
reference numeral 1 identifies a fiber or strand means, such as,
for example a quartz fiber, having a thickness of from 2 to 20
.mu.m and attached to an oscillatory or vibrating device 2 in form
of a thin-walled tube of which one extremity is resiliently
supported in a silent block 8 and oscillates therein. The free
extremity of the fiber 1 attached to the opposite extremity of the
tube 2 is adapted to touch, in the dead center of the extreme
points of oscillation, a blade-like projection 16 provided at the
mouth of a capillary 3. A transverse oscillatory motion through a
cam 7 fixedly attached to the output shaft of an electric in such a
manner as motor 6 to rotate therewith is imparted to the tube 2
together with the fiber 1. The motor 6 is energized with a variable
voltage current from a power source 15. The oscillatory device as a
whole as well as the capillary 3 are housed in sealed bores
provided in hexagonal support blocks 4 and 5 into which a gaseous
medium is forced via flared extremity 9 of the tube 2 extending
from the silent block 8. The arising monodisperse aerosol is
withdrawn through an outlet tube 10. The operation of the aerosol
generator, i.e. the formation of aerosol particles, can be
inspected through a sight opening provided with an eyepiece 13,
against a dark field by means of an illuminant 12 consisting of an
electric lamp 11 energized from a power source 14.
In operation, the elastic non-metallic fiber 1, such as a quartz
fiber, having a thickness of from 2 to 20 .mu.m, is in a tangential
contact with the blade-like projection 16 of the capillary mouth,
defining therewith an adjustable angle of from 90.degree. to
150.degree. so that a short cylindrical portion of the filament 1
is immersed partially into the level meniscus of the liquid
substance in the capillary 3. The fiber 1 supported on the
oscillatory tube 2 is alternately displaced from its rest position
in which it is in contact with the capillary 3, by means of an
electromagnet or cam 7 driven by the electric motor 6. As the
cylindrical portion of the fiber 1 leaves the capillary 3 the
liquid substance is at first drawn off, due to the action of
surface tension, to the region where the fiber 1 is in contact with
the capillary blade-like projection 16.
The total amount of the drawn liquid is determined by the radius of
the fiber 1, by the radius of the capillary blade-like projection
curvature and by the physical characteristics of the liquid
substance. Due to the further fiber motion there is formed between
the blade 16 and the fiber a liquid bridge which will be broken
down into three sections, the lateral sections remaining on the
blade-like projection 16 and on the fiber 1, respectively, while
the intermediate section will freely float in the gaseous medium
being continuously forced into the space where the oscillatory
fiber 1 operates. When, using the cylindrical surface of the fiber
1 of constant radius, and also the capillary 3 having a constant
radius with respect to its blade-like projection curvature, it is
possible to obtain a constant liquid volume from which the liquid
bridge is formed, as well as constant conditions of the
disintegration of the latter. Since the angle defined by the fiber
1 and the capillary 3 can be varied, it is possible to adjust also
the depth of fiber immersion into the liquid, which depth
determines the liquid volume conveyed to the contact region of
fiber 1 and the capillary blade-like projection 16. The position of
the fiber 1 relative to the capillary mouth is three-dimensionally
adjustable along three co-ordinates by means of a microshift
device, and can be simultaneously inspected in dark field by an
illuminating and inspecting system.
Due to the repeated motion of fiber 1, there arises on every stroke
of the fiber away from the capillary mouth a single droplet, a
plurality of such droplets of uniform size giving rise, in the
supplied gaseous medium, to a disperse system called monodisperse
aerosol.
The concentration of the aerosol arising in such a way, i.e., the
number of particles per volume unit of the carrying gas, is
determined by the frequency of fiber vibrations and by the
through-flow volume of the gas per time unit. By varying the
aforesaid values it is possible to obtain various concentrations of
the monodisperse aerosol. The size of generated droplets is
primarily dependent upon the physico-chemical properties of the
liquid substance used as well as on the mechanical parameters of
both fibers and capillary. However, the size is adjustable, within
broad limits, by changing the angle defined by the fiber and the
capillary, and by the spatial location of the region of contact of
the fiber with the liquid substance in the capillary mouth.
If the capillary is filled qith a solution of any optional
substance, there arises, during the generator operation,
corresponding droplets from which, by an appropriate choice of the
gas vapor tension, the solvent can be evaporated so that it is
possible to obtain either crystalline or amorphous solid particles
of the equal size and structure. By gradating the concentrations of
the dissolved substance used, it is possible to obtain in an easy
way respectively graded particle sizes.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or
two or more together may also find a useful application in other
types of constructions differing from the type described above.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied
in a generator of monodisperse aerosols, it is not intended to be
limited to the details shown, since various modifications and
structural changes may be made without departing in any way from
the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the
gist of the present invention that others can by applying current
knowledge readily adapt it for various applications without
omitting features that from the standpoint of prior art clearly
constitute essential characteristic of the generic or specific
aspects of this invention and therefore, such adaptations should
and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of
equivalence of the following claims.
What is claimed as new and desired to be projected by Letters
Patent is set forth in the appended claims.
* * * * *