U.S. patent number 3,693,181 [Application Number 05/050,215] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-19 for electrostatic recorder with resilient conductive fabric backup electrode.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Varian Associates. Invention is credited to Edward W. Marshall, John D. Sloan.
United States Patent |
3,693,181 |
Marshall , et al. |
September 19, 1972 |
ELECTROSTATIC RECORDER WITH RESILIENT CONDUCTIVE FABRIC BACKUP
ELECTRODE
Abstract
A matted nylon pile fuzz fabric is provided on a support plate
for retaining the recording web in electrical engagement with the
styli writing electrodes on a recording head. The fuzz fabric is
conductive and functions as a backup electrode. The resilient
nature of the fabric pile insures good mechanical and electrical
contact with the recording web. The support plate and conductive
fabric are located directly adjacent to the styli electrodes to
minimize the portion of the recording web included in the charging
path between each styli electrode and the backup electrode. The
fuzz fabric is impregnated with silver and has a volume conductance
of approximately one ohm centimeters. In another embodiment a
silver impregnated nylon woven fabric was employed as the backup
electrode. A soft sponge backing pad was placed behind the woven
fabric to provide resilience. The sponge pad may also be employed
with the fuzz fabric to provide increased resilience.
Inventors: |
Marshall; Edward W. (Saratoga,
CA), Sloan; John D. (San Jose, CA) |
Assignee: |
Varian Associates (Palo Alto,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
21963990 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/050,215 |
Filed: |
June 26, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
346/55;
101/DIG.37; 346/139C; 347/149 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/325 (20130101); Y10S 101/37 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/32 (20060101); G03G 15/00 (20060101); G03g
015/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;346/74ES,74E
;101/DIG.13 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Britton; Howard W.
Claims
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. In an electrostatic recorder responsive to input signals for
forming a surface charge image on a recording medium having a
charge retentive coating and a conductive base, the combination
comprising:
recording head means having a plurality of styli electrodes;
a conductive resilient fabric base backup electrode with extending
looped piles mounted directly adjacent to the plurality of styli
electrodes, the looped piles having a relatively low coefficient of
friction and good recovery characteristics to permit easy passage
of the recording medium while the recording medium is engaged
between the recording head means and the looped piles of the backup
electrode;
rigid means for mounting the backup electrode;
means for urging the rigid means and the recording head means
together with the recording medium engaged therebetween with the
backup electrode conductive looped piles in electrical contact with
the conductive base to establish a charging path from the plurality
of styli electrodes through the recording medium to the backup
electrode, the charging path traversing the recording medium
substantially perpendicularly for including a minimum of the
recording medium in the charging path;
means for moving the recording medium past the recording head while
the recording medium is electrically engaged between the plurality
of styli electrodes and the backup electrode;
means for receiving and processing the input signals for addressing
and activating selected styli to cause charging current to flow
through the charging path which in conjunction with the moving
recording medium creates a surface charge image on the charge
retentive coating of the recording medium.
2. The electrostatic recorder of claim 1 wherein the styli
electrodes are arranged in an elongated array, and the fabric
backup electrode is sufficiently wide and thick to permit limited
misalignments along the longitudinal axis.
3. The electrostatic recorder of claim 1 wherein a resilient
pressure pad is provided between the fabric base and the rigid
mounting means to increase the effective resilience of the backup
electrode means.
4. The electrostatic recorder of claim 1, wherein the rigid
mounting means is a U-shaped channel with the backup electrode
mounted in the trough portion thereof.
5. The electrostatic recorder of claim 1 wherein the backup
electrode fabric base is formed by a woven fabric material
impregnated with a conductive substance.
6. The electrostatic recorder of claim 5 wherein the woven fabric
base is organic.
Description
Field of the invention
This invention relates to electrostatic recorders and more
particularly to an improved charging path between the styli
electrodes and the backup electrode.
Description of the prior art
Heretofore, the recording web was held in hard contact with the
recording head by means of a flat backup plate. These plates were
frequently spring-biased to urge the web-styli contact. Small
distortions, warps, and longitudinal misalignments between the
plate and the recording head produced areas of high pressure. At
these pressure areas the dielectric coating of the web tended to
rub off interfering with recording and deteriorating the quality of
the copy. Also, friction heat created by these pressure points
tended to wear down the plastic body of the recording head in which
the writing styli are embedded. Spacing adjustments to prevent
these high pressures were particularly difficult in view of the
variation in paper thickness between paper stock and non
uniformities appearing in a single roll of paper.
The above mechanical difficulties were in part solved by the
development of a U-shaped backup electrode. The sidewalls of this
backup electrode formed a channel partly encompassing the recording
head for guiding the web over the curved surface of the head as
shown in FIG. 2. The direct or hard web-head contact was eliminated
and replaced by a soft engagement produced by web tension. This
U-shaped guide channel configuration introduced electrical
problems. The sidewalls which guide the web also electrically
contact the web conductive substrate. These channel sidewalls were
necessarily somewhat spaced from the point of styli-web contact in
order to perform the web-guiding function. Therefore, the charging
path between the recording head and the channel backup electrode
included two small lengths of increments of recording web, one
increment between the head and each of the channel sidewalls. The
distributed resistance and capacitance of the web increment in the
charging circuit limited the speed at which web charge could be
laid down by the recorder.
Summary of the invention
It is therefore an object of this invention: to provide an
electrostatic recorder having a more effective web charging path;
to provide an electrostatic recorder having minimal web resistance
and capacitance in the charging path; to provide a faster
electrostatic recorder which can effectively handle shorter
charging pulses; to provide an electrostatic recorder with an
improved backup electrode which permits increased mechanical
tolerance between the recording head and the backup electrode, and
to provide an electrostatic recorder having an improved backup
electrode which permits unobstructed passage of non uniformities in
the surface of the web and small particles of foreign matter which
has settled on the web.
Brief description of the drawings
further objects and advantages of the fabric backup electrode and
the operation thereof will become apparent from the following
detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawing in
which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic isometric view of an electrostatic recorder
partly in section showing the conductive fuzz fabric backup
electrode mounted in a channel support plate;
FIG. 2 is an end view of the prior art guide channel and recording
head without the present fuzz fabric showing the recording web and
the points of electric contact thereof which include an increment
of the web in the charging path;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the equivalent circuit of the
prior art structure of FIG. 2 showing the distributed resistance
and capacitance of the recording web increment included in the
charging paths;
FIG. 4 is an end view of the U-shaped channel showing a fuzz
fabric-sponge pad modification of the FIG. 1; and
FIG. 5 is an end view of a cradle embodiment of the guide channel
with a woven fabric-sponge pad embodiment of the backup
electrode.
The recorder system
fig. 1 schematically illustrates a recorder 10 having input
terminals 12 which apply analog or digital input signals to a
decoder matrix 14. The decoded signals are then processed by stylus
AND gates 16 which activate selected ones of a plurality of styli
electrodes 18 mounted or embedded in a plastic recording head 20.
Particular modes of addressing and activating which may be employed
here are more fully disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 3,394,383 and U. S.
Pat. No. 3,465,360. A recording medium or web 22 is shown proximate
recording head 20 with an air gap therebetween. Web 22 has a charge
retentive surface or coating (dielectric film) over a conductive
substrate (paper backing). Web 22 is stored on a supply roll 24 and
is moved past head 20 by a pair of opposed friction drive wheels
26. Web 22 is urged into engagement with head 20 by a backup
electrode assembly 28 more fully disclosed hereinafter. Backup
electrode 28 is normally held at about 550 volts and each styli 18
is normally held at about 380 volts. This voltage difference of 170
volts (priming voltage) is insufficient to cause writing (charge
transfer onto web 22). When a particular styli 18 is selected by
AND gate 16, that styli voltage drops to ground potential. The 550
volts then appearing between the selected styli and backup assembly
28 (the writing potential) is sufficient to cause charging or
writing on web 22. The writing potential activates the selected
styli causing avalanche discharge in the normally non conductive
fluid in the gap which is typically ordinarily air. Other suitable
fluids may be employed. The writing or charging path is from
ground, through the AND gate and the selected styli, across the
avalanche discharge in the gap, through web 22 and backup assembly
28, and returns to ground via a 550 volts source not shown. Charge
accumulates on the charge retentive surface of web 22 proximate the
selected styli. The selective activation of styli 18 in conjunction
with the motion of web 22 creates a charge image 30 on web 22 which
is developed by toning channel 32 to form a visible image 34. The
toning or developing process is more fully disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,392,706. Other addressing, activating, driving and toning
techniques may be employed. The above discussed techniques and
apparatus are intended to be illustrative only.
The improved backup electrode
backup electrode assembly 28 is preferably formed by a conductive
U-shaped channel 40 having sidewalls 42 and base 44. A conductive
fuzz fabric 46 is mounted inside channel 40 on base 44. Channel 40
is mounted proximate to and partially surrounding head 20 so that
sidewalls 42 may guide web 22 around the curve surface of head 20,
and permit fabric fuzz 46 to lightly urge web 22 into engagement
against head 20. The resilient characteristic of fabric fuzz 46
causes the gentle mechanical engagement of web 22 between fuzz 46
and recording heads 20. This engagement establishes electrical
contact between styli electrodes 18 and the dielectric surface of
web 22 and also between fabric fuzz 46 and the conductive backing
of web 22.
The preferred fuzz fabric is silver impregnated nylon having myrids
of soft loops or piles extending from a fabric-like base. The piles
have good recovery characteristics and provide the resilience
required for mechanical and electrical engagements. The matted
nature of the pile prevents abrasion or scratching of the web
conducting backing as would prevail from using conventional stiff
brushes commonly used as commutators. Additionally, the present
matted fabric permits changes in the direction of web movement,
whereas the commutator brush would puncture or tear the web. The
fabric base portion permits the fuzz fabric to be cut,
prepunctured, or even sewn for easy shaping and mounting. It is
preferred that the fuzz fabric be mounted with conductive epoxies;
however, double-sided tape or adhesive on the conductive backing
may be employed. The raised piles may be made of an artificial or
synthetic resin or plastic material which gives the piles the
desired matted configuration and retention characteristic. Nylon,
which is a generic term for any long chain synthetic polymeric
amide which has recurring amide groups as an integral part of the
main polymer chain, and which is capable of being formed into
filaments, is recommended. Of course, the fuzz fabric may be
impregnated with other conductors. Silver and other noble metals
are preferred because of their anti corrosive properties.
The width and thickness of the fuzz fabric is not critical.
However, mounting of the fuzz fabric is expedited if its width
dimension is the same as the width of support channel 40. The width
dimension permits limited longitudinal misalignment and warping
between recording head 20 and support channel 40 along their
elongated dimension. The resiliency and thickness of the fuzz
fabric permits foreign matter, such as paper slitter debris
particles which have settled on the web, to pass the recording head
without accumulating thereon. The fuzz fabric shows no tendency to
wear or lose its resilient characteristic or conductive property
even after extended service. This longevity would seem to be due to
the low coefficient of sliding friction of the fuzz fabric.
FIG. 2 illustrates the charging path between head 20 and channel
support 40 without the present fuzz fabric. In this prior art
structure, a longitudinal portion or increment of web 22 is
included in the charging path. Head 20 contacts web 22 at point A,
and sidewalls 42 of channel support 40 contacts web 22 at point
B.sub.1 and B.sub.2. The increments of web 22 included between A
and B.sub.1 and between A and B.sub.2 form parallel branches in the
charging path between head 20 and support channel 40. This included
increment of web 22 has a distributive capacitance (C.sub.w) and a
distributive resistance (R.sub.w1 and R.sub.w2) which are shown
schematically in the FIG. 3 schematic circuit of the prior art
charging path. C.sub.w, R.sub.w1 and R.sub.w2 include the
capacitance and resistance of both the dielectric surface coating
and the conductive backing of web 22. These parameters are small,
but they inhibit the web-charging process and limit the speed of
recorder 10. At the present operating speeds, each selected styli
18 must be activated (avalanche discharge initiated) in about 3
microseconds and the proximate region of web 22 must be charged in
approximately 40 microseconds. Increasing the writing potential
overcomes to a certain extent this charging path impedance, but
limits exist in the voltage handling capacity of AND gate 16 and
head insulation between adjacent styli 18. This small increment of
web 22 is eliminated from the charging path by employing fuzz
fabric backup electrode 46. Fuzz fabric 46 electrically contacts
web 22 at the web-stylus contact point directly beneath the styli.
The length of web 22 which is included in the charging path is
minimized, including only the thickness of web 22. This reduction
in charging path impedance increases the amount of charge that may
be deposited upon the web in the time and voltage allowed. With the
increments in the charging path as shown in FIG. 3, 100
microseconds were required to deposit the same charge as the
present invention deposits in only 40 microseconds.
Pressure pad modification
referring to FIG. 4, channel 40 is shown having a sponge pressure
pad 50 under the fuzz fabric 46. The softness or lower resilience
of pad 50 permits a greater displacement of the fuzz fabric and
increases the misalignment tolerance between recording head 20 and
channel 40. Further, the presence of sponge pad 50 contributes to
the total thickness of resilient material in channel 40 which
enhances the ability of channel 40 which enhances the ability of
channel 40 to pass foreign particles on the web. Pad 50 may be any
suitably flexible resilient substance such as dacron felt or any
low durometer elastomer. Polyurethane foam is preferred.
Cloth fabric embodiment
fig. 5 shows a nylon cloth 52 impregnated with a suitable
conductive material such as silver, employed in place of fuzz
fabric 40 of FIG. 1. Preferably, a suitable pressure pad 54 is
provided in a support cradle 56 underneath the cloth fabric 52 to
increase the resiliency of the fabric backup electrode. The cloth
fabric has a conductivity of about 1 ohms centimeter. Sponge pad 54
may be suitable resilient substance such as the material employed
in the FIG. 4 fabric fuzz sponge embodiment. Other conductive low
friction resilient substances may be employed as the backup
electrode. The mounted fuzz fabric or woven cloth fabric are
preferred because they permit easy reversal of recording web
motion. A bristle type substance which is suitable in other
respects may resist change in the recording web direction by
puncturing or scratching the conductive substrate of web 22.
Conclusion
it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the objects of
this invention have been accomplished by providing an improved
backup electrode employing a conductive resilient low friction
fabric. The charging path impedance has been minimized by
contacting the web immediately adjacent the recording head. The
improved charging path traverses the web in a substantially
perpendicular fashion so as to minimize the portions of the web
included in the charging path. The selected styli may now deposit a
greater charge on the recording web with the same writing potential
in the brief time permitted. The resiliency of the electrode fabric
reduces the alignment requirement between the recording head and
the support channel. These members are no longer required to be
strictly parallel along their longitudinal dimensions. This
resiliency also permits increased passage of foreign particles in
non uniform areas of the recording web through the constriction
between the recording head and the electrode fabric.
Clearly, changes may be made in the structure and in the
embodiments shown herein without departing from the concept of the
present invention. For example, the cradle configuration of FIG. 5
may replace the U-shaped channel of FIGS. 1 and 4. Further features
and advantages of each modification may be employed with other
modifications.
* * * * *