U.S. patent number 3,688,527 [Application Number 05/054,172] was granted by the patent office on 1972-09-05 for apparatus for cleaning resilient webs.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Stam Instruments Corporation, Brooklyn, NY. Invention is credited to Stanley Blustain.
United States Patent |
3,688,527 |
|
September 5, 1972 |
APPARATUS FOR CLEANING RESILIENT WEBS
Abstract
A method and apparatus for cleaning mechanically bonded
contaminants from a resilient web in a fluid medium wherein
longitudinal vibrations of large displacement amplitude are
radiated from the output radiator of a generator means to produce
periodic perturbations of large displacement amplitude in the fluid
medium. Said output radiator is positioned adjacent said web and
reflecting means is disposable in facing relation with said output
radiator, with said web therebetween, for reflecting said
vibrations back into said fluid medium, said reflecting means and
output radiator being spaced a distance apart such that the
reflected vibrations are substantially in phase with the vibrations
radiated into said fluid medium by said generating means output
radiator.
Inventors: |
Stanley Blustain (Brooklyn,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Stam Instruments Corporation,
Brooklyn, NY (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
21989220 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/054,172 |
Filed: |
July 13, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
68/3SS; 162/275;
68/20; 162/279 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D21F
1/32 (20130101); D06B 13/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
D06B
13/00 (20060101); D21F 1/32 (20060101); D06f
007/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;68/3SS,20
;162/274-279 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
888043 |
|
Aug 1, 1953 |
|
DE |
|
687970 |
|
Feb 1, 1953 |
|
GB3 |
|
Primary Examiner: William I. Price
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Blum, Moscovitz, Friedman &
Kaplan
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A device for cleaning particles from a resilient web in a fluid
medium comprising generating means operating in a resonant mode
having an output radiator disposable adjacent to said web for
generating longitudinal vibrations of essentially plane wavefronts
adapted to produce periodic perturbations in said fluid medium in
the region of an area of said web; and reflecting means having a
plane principal surface disposable in facing relation to said
generating means output radiator with said web therebetween for
reflecting said vibrations back into said fluid medium, said
reflecting means principal surface being spaced from said
generating means output radiator a distance such that the reflected
vibrations are substantially in phase with the vibrations radiated
into said fluid medium by said generating means output radiator for
the increase in the displacement amplitude of said fluid medium
perturbations such that disjunctive forces are produced for the
release of said particles from said web into said fluid, said
disjunctive forces being primarily due to selective entrainment of
the particles and the generation of ponderomotive forces within
said fluid medium.
2. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said generating
means is adapted to generate at its output radiator longitudinal
vibrations having a fundamental frequency or frequency range lying
between 500 Hz and 100,000 Hz.
3. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said generator
means is adapted to generate at its output radiator longitudinal
vibrations having a fundamental frequency or range of frequencies
selected coordinately with the viscosity of said fluid medium for
the release of said particles from said web into said fluid
medium.
4. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said reflecting
means is spaced from said generating means output radiator a
distance substantially equal to n/2 wave lengths of the fundamental
vibration frequency in said fluid medium, where n is zero or an
integer, said web being positioned intermediate said generating
means output radiator and reflecting means so as to lie
substantially at a displacement antinode of the longitudinal
vibrations in said fluid medium.
5. A cleaning device as recited in claim 4, wherein said reflecting
means is spaced from said generating means output radiator a
distance less than one-twentieth wavelength of the fundamental
vibration frequency in said fluid medium.
6. A cleaning device as recited in claim 4, wherein said reflecting
means comprises an acoustic reflector having a characteristic
impedance greater than the characteristic impedance of said fluid
medium.
7. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said reflecting
means is spaced from said generating means output radiator a
distance selected so that the vibrations reflected back into the
perturbating fluid medium produce a field having a substantially
high standing wave ratio.
8. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said reflecting
means is of a thickness, as measured along the vibration
propagation axis of the longitudinal vibrations radiated from said
output radiator, selected so that substantially more of the energy
impinging on said reflecting means is reflected therefrom than is
transmitted therethrough.
9. A cleaning device as recited in claim 8, wherein said reflecting
means is of a thickness substantially equal to m/4 wavelengths of
the fundamental vibration frequency in the reflecting means as
measured along the vibration propagation axis of the longitudinal
vibrations radiated from said output radiator, where m is an odd
integer.
10. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said reflector
means has a planar principal surface facing said web and said
output radiator is defined by a planar surface extending
substantially parallel to and overlapped by the planar principal
surface of said reflecting means.
11. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said
generating means includes electro-acoustic transducer means for the
vibration of said generating means output radiator in a
longitudinal direction along a vibration propagation axis extending
between said output radiator and said reflecting means.
12. A cleaning device as recited in claim 11, wherein said output
radiator is defined by a planar surface extending substantially
parallel to and overlapped by said reflecting means principal
surface and normal to said vibration propagation axis.
13. A cleaning device as recited in claim 11, wherein said
generating means includes at least one mechanical transmission line
amplifier for increasing the vibration displacement amplitude of
said generating means output radiator.
14. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said fluid
medium is a liquid, said generating means output radiator lying in
said liquid medium.
15. A cleaning device as recited in claim 14, wherein said
resilient web is carried past a cleaning station intermediate said
generating means output radiator and said reflecting means, said
device including means for depositing a layer of a liquid medium on
said web in advance of its passing said cleaning station; and means
for removing at least a portion of said deposited liquid medium and
particles entrained therein from said web after the passage thereof
past said cleaning station.
16. A cleaning device as recited in claim 15, wherein said
generating means output radiator is disposed on a first side of
said web, said liquid depositing means being positioned for
depositing said liquid medium layer on said first side of said web,
said web being substantially impregnated with a liquid in advance
of the depositing of said liquid medium layer thereon, said
reflecting means being positioned on a second side of said web
opposed to said first side and in engagement with said web and/or
said liquids impregnated therein.
17. A cleaning device as recited in claim 15, wherein said liquid
and particle removal means includes vacuum means disposed adjacent
said web for the suctioning off of at least a portion of said
liquid medium and the particles entrained therein.
18. A cleaning device as recited in claim 15, wherein said liquid
and particle removal means includes fluid slice means for directing
a stream of fluid tangentially across the surface of said web to
drive at least a portion of said liquid medium and the particles
entrained therein from said web.
19. A cleaning device as recited in claim 15, wherein said
generating means output radiator is disposed on a first side of
said web, said liquid depositing means being positioned for
depositing said liquid medium layer on said first side of said web,
said web being permeable to said fluid medium, said reflecting
means being positioned on a second side of said web opposed to said
first side and in engagement with said web and/or said liquid
medium.
20. A cleaning device as recited in claim 15, wherein said liquid
and particle removal means includes fluid slice means for directing
a stream of fluid through said web to drive at least a portion of
said liquid medium and the particles entrained therein from said
web.
21. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said fluid is
a gas or vapor, said generating means including an ultrasonic siren
for generating said longitudinal vibrations.
22. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said fluid is
a gas or vapor, said generating means including an electrodynamic
transducer for generating said longitudinal vibrations.
23. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, including means for
displacing said device relative to said web.
24. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, including means for
displacing said web relative to said cleaning device.
25. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said web is
permeable to said fluid medium, said fluid medium defining a
contiguous path between said generating means output radiator and
said reflecting means.
26. A cleaning device as recited in claim 1, wherein said fluid is
a liquid and wherein said web, said reflector means and said output
radiator all lie in said liquid.
Description
This invention relates generally to devices for cleaning resilient
webs and more particularly to devices for cleaning the wet press
felts utilized in the manufacture of paper. Cellulose and other
constituents of the paper manufacturing process are unintentionally
deposited on and adhere to the wet press felts and have proved
difficult to remove. When these deposits of contaminants build up
to the extent that they interfere with the production of paper, the
paper manufacturing process must be interrupted and the felt
cleaned or replaced, resulting in extended periods of down time for
the machine. The known approaches for continuous cleaning such wet
press felts during the paper manufacturing process, termed
"conditioning," have also proved unsatisfactory as they have proven
unsuccessful in breaking the bond between firmly encrusted
contaminants and the felts. These devices do not produce complete
cleaning but only serve to reduce the rate of contaminant
accumulation on the felts.
Ultrasonic vibration devices have been utilized in the art in
connection with the cleaning of hard elastic solid objects but have
generally been deemed ineffectual if employed for the cleaning of
fabrics and other highly resilient materials. In the conventional
ultrasonic cleaning of solid objects, cleansing is effected by the
mechanical action of a liquid medium when high frequency mechanical
vibrations are propagated through it. The dynamics of this process
are particularly complex. The generally accepted theory ascribes
the cleansing, assuming a nonreactive chemical medium, to a number
of phenomena and fluid response characteristics produce in the
liquid by the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations. These include
alternating pressure maxima which impart rapid oscillations to the
individual liquid centers and, if the vibration intensity is above
a given threshold level, the forces generated by cavitation of the
liquid. It is these forces, acting in conjunction with the gross
circulation currents generated in the liquid by the sound
pressures, that are considered to be the principal causes of the
cleansing action. Of the factors governing such cleansing action,
it is generally accepted that the degree and intensity of
cavitation, especially that occurring at the surface of the object
being cleaned, is the most significant.
Cavitation may be defined as formation of gas filled, vapor filled,
and/or empty cavities in a liquid, although the term is also used
to describe effects produced in the medium or on the surroundings
where cavitation occurs. Under proper conditions of temperature and
pressure, cavitation will occur in any liquid subject to periodic
alternating pressures of sufficiently high magnitude. The
catastrophic collapse of these cavities, which are resonant at the
frequency of the impressed vibrations, produces inordinately high
localized temperatures and shock waves of very short duration.
These shock waves are usually of considerably greater intensity
than the action that initiates them. This results from the fact
that the vibrations provide the necessary energy for forming the
cavities at a relatively slow rate, while approximately the same
energy is released almost instantaneously during the collapse of
said cavities. It is the sudden collapse of these cavities that
cumulatively produce the principal effects associated with
cavitational cleaning.
In practice, the onset of cavitation occurs in degassed liquids at
a power level far below that theoretically required to rupture the
liquid due to the presence of microscopic dust particles, voids
and/or other defects in the fluid. Such particles, voids and/or
defects form microscopic nuclei around which cavitation pockets
readily develop. Thus, for example, minute gas bubbles in the
discontinuities of even the finest polished surfaces, or small
metal and/or other particles adhering to metal machine parts,
provide ideal sources of these nuclei. For this reason, repeated
cavitational implosions will occur at the interface between a solid
object immersed in a conventional ultrasonic tank cleaner and the
liquid medium, provided the intensity of the vibrations applied
therein is sufficiently high. The extraordinarily high
instantaneous hydrostatic pressures associated with the hydraulic
shocks produced by these implosions tear the adhering contaminants
from the solid surface. These forces acting in conjunction with
both the rapidly oscillating and gross fluid currents quickly
displace the contaminants from the surface being cleaned.
However, conventional ultrasonic cleaning has its limitations. One
type of deposit that cannot be mechanically dislodged from hard
elastic objects solely by the effects of ultrasonic scrubbing is a
viscous contaminant film well wetted to the surface being cleaned.
Particles retained within this type of film also pose the same
problem. When attempts are made to clean this type of
contamination, the film responds to the periodic pressures and
motions of the cleaning liquid by elongating and constricting in
synchronism with them. The ability of the film to distort while
maintaining its surface continuity serves to absorb the shock waves
generated by the imploding cavitational pockets. In order to remove
this type of contamination using ultrasonics, the cleaning solution
must be a solvent for the film.
The resilient nature of fabrics and other pliable webs respond to
ultrasonic agitation in a fashion similar to viscous films.
However, to a great extent the difficulty in cleaning these
materials is due to the resilient nature of the web rather than the
nature of the contaminant. Since the effect of cavitational
implosions on contaminants that have a tight or complex mechanical
bond with a fabric or other resilient web is extremely limited,
conventional ultrasonic cleaning of such webs has proved
unsatisfactory and commercially impracticable.
Nevertheless, cavitation and the rapidly oscillating and gross
currents produced by the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations into
a fluid can be used to continuously force relatively fresh
solutions past fabric fibers. Devices exist which specifically
apply these mechanisms to a variety of processes. However, all of
these devices are direct extentions of conventional mechanical
fluid agitation techniques frequently used in the cleaning of
fabrics. Arrangements of this type, such as revolving tubs,
reciprocating paddles and/or pulsating liquid jets, all rely upon
the forcing of cleaning solution through the permeable structure of
the fabric while, if possible, simultaneously working said
material. In fact, little if any difference in the actual physical
cleaning mechanisms exists between the ultrasonic devices used for
these purposes and their conventional mechanical counterparts.
By an arrangement and method for producing longitudinal vibrations
of large displacement amplitude, which in turn produce periodic
perturbations of large amplitude in a fluid medium, the cleaning of
mechanically bonded contaminants from a resilient web in a fluid
medium has been achieved, thereby permitting the efficient
cleansing of fabrics and wet press felts.
Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, a device for
cleaning particles from a resilient web in a fluid medium is
provided including generating means having an output radiator
disposable adjacent said web for generating longitudinal vibrations
of large displacement amplitude adapted to produce periodic
perturbations in said fluid medium; and reflecting means disposable
in facing relation to said generating means output radiator, with
said web therebetween, for reflecting said vibrations back into
said fluid medium, said reflecting means being spaced from said
generating means output radiator a distance such that the reflected
vibrations are substantially in phase with the vibrations radiated
into said fluid medium by said generating means output radiator. In
this manner, the displacement amplitude of the fluid medium
perturbations are increased for the release of said particles from
said web into said fluid primarily by the selective entrainment
characteristics of the viscous forces generated by said
perturbating medium.
A method for cleaning resilient webs is also provided wherein said
resilient web is carried through a fluid medium; longitudinal
vibrations of large displacement amplitude are applied to said
fluid medium from one side of said web; and said vibrations are
reflected at or somewhat beyond the other side of said web back
into said fluid medium, said reflected vibrations being
substantially in phase with the applied longitudinal vibrations
thereby substantially increasing the displacement amplitude of the
fluid medium perturbations, the frequency of said vibrations and
the viscosity of said fluid being coordinately selected for the
release of particles from said web into said fluid primarily by the
selective entrainment characteristics of the viscous forces
generated by said perturbating medium.
The generating means may include ultrasonic transducer means for
the vibration of the generating means output radiator in a
longitudinal direction along an axis extending between said output
radiator and said reflecting means. The fluid medium may be a gas,
a vapor or a liquid, said generating means being disposed so that
the output radiator thereof lies in said fluid medium.
Where the fluid medium is a liquid, the generating means output
radiator and reflector may be disposed in a liquid bath with the
resilient web being carried therebetween; or means may be provided
for depositing a layer of liquid on the web in advance of its
passing between said generating and reflecting means so that the
output radiator, liquid, web and reflector are contiguous, said
deposited liquid and the particles entrained therein being
substantially removed from said web after the passage thereof
between said generating and reflecting means. The means for
removing said liquid and entrained particles may include vacuum
means for suctioning off the liquid and particles or a fluid slice
means for directing a stream of fluid tangentially across the
surface of the web, or directly through a permeable web, to drive
the fluid medium and particles entrained therein from the web.
Where the fluid is a gas, the generating means may include an
ultrasonic siren or electrodynamic transducer for generating the
periodic perturbations of said gaseous medium.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a device
for cleaning resilient webs particularly adapted to break the bond
between particles and a web by applying longitudinal vibrations to
a fluid medium through which said web passes, to cause relatively
high amplitude periodic perturbations in said fluid medium.
Another object of the invention is to provide a web cleaning
apparatus particularly adapted for continuously cleaning wet press
felts utilized in paper manufacturing and disposed in endless
belts.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a method and
device for cleaning resilient webs adaptable for cleaning such webs
in gas, liquid or vapor fluid mediums.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be
obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction,
combinations of elements, and arrangements of parts which will be
exemplified in the constructions hereinafter set forth, and the
scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to
the following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of one embodiment of the
resilient web cleaning device according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the embodiment of the resilient web
cleaning device of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of one embodiment of an
ultrasonic field magnetostrictive generator which can be
incorporated in the embodiment of the resilient web cleaning device
of FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 6;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an ultrasonic siren
embodiment of the generating means according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of a second embodiment of the
resilient web cleaning device according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of a third embodiment of the
resilient web cleaning device according to the invention; and
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing particle entrainment as a function of
particle size for a selected group of vibration frequencies and
fluid mediums.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, a first embodiment of the resilient
web cleaning apparatus according to the invention is depicted. Said
cleaning apparatus consists of a cleaning head 10 mounted for
longitudinal displacement along a support shaft 12. Displacement is
achieved by means of a drive shaft 14 formed with a lead screw in
the surface thereof adapted to cooperate with a corresponding split
nut formed on the inner surface of drive assembly 16 of said
cleaning head. Cleaning head 10 is disposed over a resilient web 18
such as a wet press felt or fabric which is continuously displaced
in the direction of arrows 20.
Cleaning head 10 consists of a frame 22 upon which are mounted
drive assembly 16, a bearing assembly 24 which receives support
shaft 12 therein, a high frequency field generating device 26, a
liquid medium application assembly 28, and a vacuum assembly 30,
each of which will be more particularly described below. Mounted
below and aligned with the output radiator 32 of high frequency
field generating device 26 is a field reflector in the form of a
longitudinally extending bar 34. Web 18 is carried between said
output radiator and fixed reflector while said cleaning head is
traversed laterally along said web along a path defined by
reflector 34. Driving shaft 14 will preferably be connected to a
driving motor and transmission (not shown) which will permit the
displacement of cleaning head 10 in both directions, for the
reciprocal traverse thereof along the width of said web. More than
one cleaning head may be mounted on support shaft 12 for
displacement by drive shaft 14 if desired.
Liquid medium application assembly 28 includes a liquid nozzle or
slice 36 adapted to deposit a uniform thin sheet of liquid on the
surface of web 18. The sheet of liquid is wide enough to encompass
the length of the radiator output surface 32, and may be deposited
uniformly at a velocity substantially equal to the velocity of web
18. Said liquid is supplied to said nozzle through hose 38. The
hose and nozzle are both mounted on nozzle support 40 which, in
turn, is hingedly mounted on displacement support 42 by means of
pivot 44. A clamping device 46 riding in channel 47 is provided to
secure nozzle support 40 in the proper relative position to
displacement support 42 as required to deposit said thin sheet of
liquid onto web 18.
Displacement support 42 is substantially L-shaped with nozzle
support 40 mounted on one arm thereof and the other arm thereof
received in a channel 48 in frame 22. Displacement support 42 is
provided with a transverse portion 50 which bridges the arms
thereof and which is formed with a threaded aperture therethrough.
Adjustment screw 54 which extends through a projection 56 in frame
22 is received within transverse portion 50 of displacement support
42. By rotating adjusting screw 54 displacement support 42 is
longitudinally displaced along channel 48 for the vertical
positioning of nozzle 36 relative to web 18.
Turning now to FIG. 3, the structure of high frequency field
generating device 26 and the cleaning operation of the apparatus
according to the invention will be more particularly shown. A
transducer as shown in FIG. 3 is utilized to initiate the
generation of the high frequency field. Said transducer is of the
electro-acoustic type adapted to convert electrical energy into
mechanical vibrations; a type frequently referred to in the art as
ultrasonic transducers. While in the configuration of FIG. 3, a
magnetostrictive transducer 64 is shown by way of example, like
fields can also be produced by other electro-acoustic transducers
such as electrostrictive and piezoelectric transducers, which are
equally applicable to the arrangement according to the invention.
All of these transducers have in common the ability to produce
longitudinal vibrations of a fixed preselected fundamental
frequency.
External to said high frequency field generating device 26 is an
electrical generator 62 shown schematically. Electrical generator
62 is adapted to produce a signal of predetermined frequency which
is applied along leads 66 as the excitation for said transducer.
The excitation may either have a conventional sinusoidal waveform
or may have other waveform configurations such as sawtooth or
squarewave.
Said magnetostrictive transducer 64 is of a conventional design and
is mounted within inner housing 68 which in turn is mounted within
outer housing 60. Said inner housing is provided to retain
circulating cooling water which enters through port 70 and leaves
the chamber defined by said inner housing through port 72. Received
within inner housing 68 is a stack of laminations 74 formed from a
ferromagnetic material and having a central opening 76
therethrough. Along the vibration propagation axis, said stack of
laminations is mechanically resonant at the fundamental frequency
of the applied excitation, said axis being perpendicular to the
plane of the output radiator surface 32. Leads 66 connect with
coils 78 which serve to apply the signal of electrical generator 62
to the stack of magnetostrictive laminations 74 to cause the
elogation and constriction thereof in a manner well known in the
art.
The magnetostrictive transducer is preferably designed and operated
as an apolarized vibrator. This mode of operation requires the
coils 78 surrounding stack 74 to be energized with a biasing direct
current in addition to the high frequency signal of electrical
generator 62. The bias current creates a permanent magnetic field
that fixes the polarity of the stack. For a given set of input
conditions, this mode of operation allows the transducer stack to
vibrate both at the maximum amplitude possible, and in synchronism
with the frequency of the applied alternating current.
Magnetostrictive stack 74 is mechanically mounted on and bonded to
a coupling stub 80 which in turn is mounted to inner housing 68 by
means of a quarter-wave isolator 81 which serves to prevent the
transmission of vibrations to the housing while supporting the
vibrating components of the transducer.
In general, the oscillating stack of magnetostrictive laminations
74, cannot by itself produce the fluid displacement amplitude
normally required for the purposes of the arrangement according to
the invention. Other devices are utilized to increase the
displacement amplitude of the vibrations generated thereby. In
addition to reflector 34, these devices include coupling stub 80
and vibration radiator/amplifier 82 which is mechanically secured
to said coupling stub by a connecting stud 84. Said vibration
radiator/amplifier and coupling stub serve to transmit the
longitudinal vibrations from the magnetostrictive stack to the end
surface thereof defining output radiator 32 of field generating
means 26 while amplifying said longitudinal vibrations due to the
shapes thereof in a manner well known in the art. Output radiator
32 of field generating device 26 is disposed within the sheet of
liquid medium 86 deposited by liquid medium application assembly
28. The longitudinal vibrations transmitted into the fluid from
output radiator 32 serve to establish corresponding high frequency
perturbations in liquid medium 86 in a direction toward and away
from field reflector 34.
FIG. 3 shows merely one embodiment of the field generating device
which may be utilized in the resilient web cleaning apparatus
according to the invention. Said embodiment is particularly adapted
for use in conjunction with liquid mediums. However, the radiation
impedance of the field generating device according to the invention
must be matched with the characteristics impedance of the fluid
medium. When so matched, the vibrational energy gathered by the
device is coupled to the fluid. Due to radical differences between
the characteristic impedance of liquids and gases, field generating
devices of different design must be used in conjunction with such
gases and vapors, one embodiment of such a device being shown in
FIG. 4. In this embodiment a compressed air supply 90 is coupled by
conduit 92 to an acoustic siren 94 disposed in facing relation with
reflector 34, with web 18 therebetween. The acoustic siren is
adapted to produce high frequency mechanical vibrations in a gas or
vapor medium located in the region 96 intermediate said siren and
field reflector 34. Since cavitation does not occur in a gas, the
ability of the embodiment of FIG. 4 to clean resilient webs points
up the differences between the arrangement according to the
invention and the prior art attempts to clean such webs using
ultrasonics.
Said ultrasonic siren is preferably of a design such that the
vibrations emanating therefrom have essentially plane wavefronts of
relatively uniform intensity normal to the vibration propagation
axis extending between said siren and said reflector. In the
embodiment of FIG. 4, the design of reflector 34 and the physical
restrictions both on the geometry of the medium and the orientation
of the resilient web in the medium are the same as the embodiment
of FIG. 3 and will be more particularly discussed in connection
with the latter embodiment.
An electrodynamic transducer using a resonant solid essentially
cylindrical aluminum bar as the oscillating driver can also be used
in the arrangement according to the invention for generating the
required large amplitude perturbations of a gas or vapor medium. It
can be employed in the arrangement of FIG. 4 in lieu of the
acoustic siren and its associated compressed air supply.
Returning to the embodiment of FIG. 3, vibration radiator/amplifier
82 and coupling stub 80 may be of any desired design capable of
achieving the functions of transmitting the vibrations generated by
the transducer to output radiator 32, amplifying said vibrations,
and efficiently coupling them to the liquid medium. Both of these
devices are specialized mechanical transformers that increase the
particle velocity of the vibrations transmitted through them. These
transformers are essentially plain homogeneous metal bodies whose
characteristics as vibration amplifiers are defined by the geometry
of their design, the magnification produced being a function of
their input and output surface areas, and their geometric profile
along the vibration propagation axis. Said axis is perpendicular to
the plane of the surface defining output radiator 32. Along said
axis, the coupling stub and radiator/amplifier are each
mechanically resonant at the fundamental vibration frequency of the
transducer.
Multiple stage amplification can be utilized if desired to increase
the potential gain of the device. However, each successive stage
added to the device markedly reduces its transmission efficiency.
Dissipation of the vibrational energy into the surrounding
structure such as inner housing 68 is avoided by mounting the
coupling stub by means of an isolator as shown in the drawings, or
at a vibration nodal plane, in a conventional manner. A thin soft
metal gasket (not shown) is preferably interposed between the
output surface of coupling stub 80 and the input surface of
amplifier/radiator 82 to improve the mechanical coupling and
prevent damage to the threads of connecting stud 84.
The surface defining output radiator 32 is plane and perpendicular
to the vibration propagation axis. The shape thereof can take any
number of geometric forms; however, in the embodiment shown in the
drawings, a plane rectangular output surface is shown. Large
surface areas of web 18 can be uniformly irradiated with this
output surface geometry by displacing cleaning head 10 across the
web and/or displacing the web past said output radiator.
Reflector 34 is adapted to reflect the high frequency field
emanating from output radiator 32 back into the fluid medium. By
properly positioning the principal surface 100 of reflector 34
relative to output radiator 32, reflector 34 serves to magnify the
amplitude of the periodic perturbations of the fluid medium.
Principal surface 100 of reflector 34 is a smooth flat plane
surface oriented substantially perpendicular to the vibration
propagation axis and parallel to output radiator 32. Said reflector
is positioned so that the primary beam of vibrational energy
radiated from output radiator 32, or the output radiator of any
other embodiment of the high frequency field generating device
according to the invention, impinges on the principal reflecting
surface thereof. The surface area of principal surface 100 should
preferably be large enough to intercept all of this energy. In
order to achieve magnification of the periodic perturbations within
the liquid medium, reflector 34 is designed and positioned such
that the wavefronts reflected from the principal surface 100 of the
reflector constitute a secondary source of vibrations which
interfere with and have displacement amplitudes that are
essentially in phase with the vibrations emanating from output
radiator 32. Reinforcement of the vibrations in the fluid medium is
developed by this in-phase superposition of the principal and
reflected vibration wavefronts, thereby increasing the displacement
amplitude of the fluid perturbations. The reflector according to
the invention produces amplification of the medium perturbations
without requiring any additional energy to be supplied to the
system from an outside source.
This amplification is dependent solely on specific mechanical
properties of the reflector and its spatial orientation in the
system. Preferably a bar of uniform thickness having a smooth flat
principal surface 100 oriented substantially perpendicular to the
vibration propagation axis, reflector 34 is located with the fluid
medium interposed between its principal reflecting surface 100 and
the output radiator 32 of the field generating device 26. Two
requisites exist in order to generate a field in a fluid medium
wherein the incident and reflected vibration displacements are
essentially in phase. Firstly, the phase of the vibrations normally
incident to the reflector must undergo phase inversion at the
fluid/reflector interface when reflected from said reflector
principal surface. This phase inversion is produced where the
material of said reflector has a characteristic impedance larger
than the characteristic impedance of the fluid medium. Said phase
inversion in conjunction with the second requisite permits the
production of stationary waves or a high standing wave ratio in the
fluid. The second requisite is the spacing between the reflector
surface 100 and output radiator 32. In order to produce the
stationary or high standing wave ratio field, such spacing must be
approximately equal to n multiple half wave lengths of the
vibration in the fluid, where n is zero or any integer. For the
narrow gap condition (zero half wave lengths plus a small
increment), the relative position of the resilient web between the
reflector and output radiator is not critical, as where said
spacing is less than one twentieth of a wave length. However, where
n is an integer, the resilient web should be situated in the region
of a vibration displacement antinode for maximum process
efficacy.
Two other factors influence the efficiency of reflector 34. The
first of these is the magnitude of the mismatch between the
characteristic impedance of the fluid and the reflector. Increasing
this mismatch increases the magnitude of the fluid perturbations by
maximizing the percentage of the vibrational energy reflected back
into the fluid medium. The second factor is the thickness of the
reflector in the direction parallel to the vibration propagation
axis. For optimum reflection of the normally incident vibrations,
this dimension should be equal to an integral number of odd quarter
wave lengths of the fundamental vibration in the reflector.
Reflector 34 is preferably formed from metal, Tungsten being
particularly adapted for this purpose.
The use of reflector 34 in conjunction with the vibration
generating means 26 produces displacement amplitudes in the fluid
medium that could not otherwise be realized by the generating means
alone. However, to insure proper operation of the system, the fluid
medium should extend between, and be in contact with output
radiator 32 and surface 100 of reflector 34. Where the fluid medium
is liquid, a thin air or vapor film in the treatment zone between
the reflector and output radiator of only a few thousandths of an
inch in depth can effectively decouple the system and prevent the
operation thereof. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the web may
be impregnated with a liquid before reaching the device according
to the invention so that it is only necessary to add an additional
layer of liquid medium between the web and the output radiator to
produce the desired unbroken continuity of the liquid medium.
However, care must be taken to insure that the motion of the web
and liquid film through the treatment zone is rectilinear, rather
than curvilinear, since the latter motion produces forces which may
in turn produce a stratified film of air within the treatment
zone.
Where web 18 is pervious, as in the case of fabrics and wet press
felts, maximum cleaning efficacy is achieved by orienting the web
with its surface plane perpendicular to the vibration propagation
axis. It is noted that the general constraints and operating
parameters described above with regard to liquid mediums would also
apply to any other embodiment using any fluid as the medium.
The foregoing arrangement serves to generate in the fluid medium
perturbations of large displacement amplitude which serve to
develop disjunctive forces between the resilient web and any soil
particles mechanically bonded thereto. It has been found that these
disjunctive forces are not the cavitational forces usually
associated with conventional ultrasonic cleaning devices, but
rather, principally those viscous forces generated due to proper
use of the selective entrainment characteristics exhibited by
particles in a periodically perturbating fluid medium. Said forces
are developed by application of the method according to the
invention described below.
These viscous forces are produced and sustained by impressing high
frequency vibrations on the fluid medium. The propagation of
vibrations through the medium, of necessity, produces periodic
perturbations of the fluid. The viscous forces generated are due to
the relative motion that occurs between the solids and the fluid
and are developed in the fluid boundary layers adjacent to the
solids. These forces cause a momentum transfer from the fluid to
the soil impregnated web, thereby causing the solids to
oscillate.
The viscous forces developed on the solids are periodic. However,
at any given moment they are not uniformly distributed nor do they
have the same magnitude. The resilient web and each contaminant
particle on it are all individually subjected to viscous forces.
The amplitude of these forces can vary widely and is a function of
the kinematic constraints to which the oscillating solids are
subject. To understand these constraints and the manner in which
they determine the magnitude of the forces that are developed, the
essential kinematics of this type of forced vibration are described
below.
The motion of the solids oscillating in the medium is also
periodic. For a viscous driving force, the displacement amplitude
(maximum excursion of any solid oscillating in the medium must
always be less than the displacement amplitude of the medium
itself. The quotient formed by expressing the displacement
amplitude of any solid and the displacement amplitude of the fluid
medium as a ratio is termed the entrainment ratio, said ratio being
always numerically less than one.
The kinematic constraints that are essential to this process can be
readily described by use of an idealized model. The model to be
used will describe the motion produced if the solids are small
spherical particles; particles whose size and density are in the
same range as common fabric soiling agents. In this situation, both
the oscillations of the particles and the alternation of the
periodic viscous forces acting on them occur at the same frequency
as the impressed vibrations.
For those contaminant particles within a size and density range
usually encountered in applications of the process according to the
invention, the entrainment ratio of any particle driven by a
periodic viscous force is a function of the size of the particle,
its density, the frequency at which the medium is oscillating and
the absolute viscosity of the medium. Thus, for a viscous momentum
transfer, the extent to which any of these solid particles will be
entrained in the fluid is determined only by specific physical
properties of the particles and the medium.
The entrainment ratio is a vector quantity. The relative motion
between said particles and the fluid differs in phase as well as
magnitude. Particles that are negligibly entrained oscillate
essentially in phase with the perturbations of the medium. As the
entrainment ratio of said particles increase, the difference in
phase between their motion and the motion of the fluid also
increases. For the limiting condition in which the entrainment
ratio approaches unity, the phase difference between the particle
and fluid motion approaches ninety degrees.
In a specific medium that is oscillating at a fixed vibration
frequency, differences in entrainment ratios are due solely to
variations in the size and density of said particles. Thus, within
the limits previously defined the magnitude of the entrainment
ratio may be expressed as follows: where: .epsilon.p = displacement
of particle in fluid (cm.); .epsilon.f = displacement of fluid
medium (cm.); .rho.p = density of particle (gm./cm..sup.3); F =
vibration frequency (Hz/sec.); .eta. = absolute viscosity of fluid
(dyne-sec./cm..sup.2); and r.sub.p = radius of particle (cm.). The
entrainment ratio is inversely proportional both to the density of
the particle and to the square of its radius. The product of these
two terms is designated the inertial coefficient of the
particle.
FIG. 7 shows a semilog plot of entrainment ratio magnitude against
particle size for water as the fluid medium at frequencies of 1,000
Hz, 20,000 Hz and 100,000 Hz, and for air as the fluid medium at
1,000 Hz and 100,000 Hz. The plots shown in FIG. 7, assume a
particle density of 1 gm/cm.sup.3. As more particularly shown in
said figure, entrainment ratio as a function of particle size, and
similarly of inertial coefficients, is markedly non-linear; in
fact, it is nearly a step function. In other words, the transition
from a condition of near total entrainment to that of negligible
entrainment occurs within a small range of inertial coefficients.
Thus, for a particular set of conditions, particles with inertial
coefficients greater than a certain critical value are negligible
entrained; those particles having inertial coefficients somewhat
lower in value are almost entirely entrained.
As previously noted, the entrainment oration of a particle is also
dependent both on the frequency at which the medium is oscillating
and on the absolute viscosity of the medium. Particles that are
negligibly entrained in a given medium which is oscillating at a
specific frequency can be virtually totally entrained by changing
either or both of these system variables. Thus, in viscous momentum
transfers, the entrainment ratio of particles can be controlled to
a certain extent by the proper selection of either the frequency at
which the medium is oscillating and/or the viscosity of the medium.
Within very wide limits, proper selection of values for these
variables will permit particles having inertial coefficients
smaller than any specific value to be almost totally entrained, or
will permit particles having inertial coefficients larger than any
specific value to be negligibly entrained.
The difference between negligible and near total entrainment can be
exhibited by two particles of the same material whose radii differ
by one order of magnitude.
The technique used in the method and apparatus according to the
invention is based on the ability to produce large disjunctive
viscous forces between any resilient web and contaminant particles
mechanically bonded thereto by selectively entraining the solids in
a fluid medium. In order to describe how this principle of
"selective entrainment" is applied and used to produce said
disjunctive forces between the resilient web and the contaminant
particles adhering to it, the relationship between the motions of
the solids in the oscillating fluid medium and their associated
viscous forces must be described. These process kinetics are first
described for the above-described idealized model.
When relative motion exists between a periodically oscillating
fluid and particles entrained therein, the periodic viscous forces
developed and acting on the freely oscillating particles are
strictly defined. Values for the force acting on any given particle
can be computed by using either Stokes' Law or a modified form of
it. In its simplest form, this force is a function of the radius of
the particle, the absolute viscosity of the medium, the frequency
at which the medium and the particle are oscillating, and the
difference between the displacement of the medium and the
displacement of the particle.
Furthermore, in any system undergoing steady state vibrations, a
dynamic equilibrium exists. In the case of a particle oscillating
under the influence of a viscous driving force, the inertial force
of the particle is in dynamic equilibrium with the periodic viscous
driving force. Each of these forces varies periodically from zero
to a specific maximum value. In other words, the amplitude of the
particles' displacement and the amplitude of the periodic viscous
force are invariant. This fact is as equally valid for a particle
with a small entertainment ratio as for a particle with a large
entrainment ratio.
However, if the natural excursions of a particle are restricted, an
unbalancing force develops. The amplitude of the periodic viscous
force acting on the particle increases because restricting the
excursion of the particle increases the difference between the
displacement amplitude of the medium and the displacement amplitude
of the particle. The viscous force developed on the particle is a
direct linear function of the difference between these displacement
amplitudes. When the excursions of a particle that would have a
naturally high entrainment ratio are restricted to the extent that
its entrainment in the fluid becomes negligible, the viscous force
acting on it has a substantially larger amplitude. This large force
will act on the particle as long as the motion of the particle is
restricted. However, if the viscous force acting on the particle is
large enough to overcome any bonding force that is restricting the
motion of the particle, said bond will be broken and said particle
will be freed to oscillate at its natural high entrainment ratio.
If this occurs, the viscous force acting on the particle diminishes
to its prescribed value.
The motion of a resilient web oscillating under the influence of a
periodic viscous driving force is considerably more complex to
describe than the motion of the aforementioned particles. However,
if the woven web is considered to be a pervious membrance
constructed of a large number of small interconnected masses, the
volume of each mass defined by the cross-sectional diameter of any
constituent thread, and an equivalent inertial coefficient
determined for these small web masses, in general, said inertial
coefficients would be considerably larger than the inertial
coefficients of particles whose size and density are in the range
of common soiling agents. Therefore, a combination or combinations
of vibration frequency and fluid viscosity can be selected wherein
the entrainment ratio of a woven web is far smaller than the
entrainment ratio of the contaminant particles adhering to it. The
converse of this last statement also exists as a theoretical
corollary, and use can be made of it where possible.
Therefore, a combination or combinations of vibration frequency and
fluid viscosity can be selected wherein the entrainment ratio of
the web is negligible and wherein the entrainment ratio of the
contaminants would be substantial, in many cases essentially unity,
if they were not mechanically bonded to the web. However, because
said contaminants are mechanically bonded to the web and cannot
oscillate at their natural entrainment ratio, viscous forces are
developed that act directly on the particle/web bond. When the
viscous forces so developed are larger than the forces bonding the
contaminant particles to the web, dislocation of the contaminants
from the web occurs.
Thus, by proper selection of vibration frequency and a fluid of the
proper viscosity, viscous forces are applied according to the
method of the invention to break the mechanical bond between and
separate contaminant particles from any resilient web. Thus,
effective cleaning can be achieved. In addition, at the appropriate
frequencies, the disjunctive viscous forces are proportional to the
displacement amplitude of the oscillating fluid medium, so that
improved efficacy in cleaning is achieved with every increase in
the ability of the system to increase the displacement amplitude of
the fluid medium perturbations.
Turning now to the selection of frequency, as noted above, the
actual frequency selected depends on the size and density of the
contaminant particles to be removed from the web, and the physical
structure of the web itself. In the embodiments wherein a liquid
medium is utilized, most applications of the arrangement according
to the invention will be in the range of 20,000 Hz to 60,000 Hz. As
a practical matter, the upper frequency is on the order of 100,000
Hz. The lowest available frequency depends, in large measure, both
on the size and density of the contaminants and on the physical
structure of the web being cleaned. As the selected frequency at
which the system is intended to operate is reduced, a point is
reached at which the entrainment ratio of the web begins to become
appreciable. Any further reduction of the operating frequency below
this point would cause a reduction in the magnitude of the
disjunctive viscous forces, thereby reducing the efficacy of the
cleaning. Further, as the frequency is reduced into the audible
range, the intensity of the vibrations being produced would bring
discomfort to personnel in the vicinity as well as produce possible
physical damage to their hearing. However, with proper shielding a
practical lower frequency limit is on the order of 1,000 Hz.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, wherein an ultrasonic siren or an
electrodynamic transducer is utilized to generate the vibratory
field and a gaseous or vaporous medium is interposed between the
siren or the transducer output radiator and the reflector, with
proper shielding, a frequency range between approximately 500 Hz
and 40,000 Hz represents the practical operating limits
thereof.
In addition to the previously discussed periodic viscous forces,
and those forces due to a direct momentum exchange between the
perturbating fluid and the soiled resilient web, the apparatus
according to the invention also serves to generate in the fluid
medium substantially directional, ponderomotive forces. Among said
ponderomotive forces are Bjorkness, Oseen, acoustic radiation
pressure and acoustic streaming. These forces serve to accelerate
the displacement of dislocated particles from the region of the
resilient web, thereby insuring that said contaminants are carried
off the web with the removal of the liquid medium. Said forces also
serve to assist in the dislocation of the particles from the
web.
Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2, the liquid deposited by liquid
medium application assembly 28 is removed from the traveling web 18
by vacuum assembly 30 along with the particles separated from the
web and entrained in said liquid. Said vacuum assembly includes a
vacuum manifold 102 disposed with the opening thereof in facing
relationship with the upper surface of web 18. The vacuum manifold
is connected through conduit 104 to a vacuum mechanism (not shown)
which provides the vacuum pressure necessary to suction up the
liquid and dirt particles and which receives such dirt
particles.
Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, two alternate embodiments of the
resilient web cleaning device according to the invention are
disclosed. Like reference numerals are utilized in FIGS. 1, 2, 5
and 6 where like elements are present. In the embodiment of FIG. 5,
the liquid medium is sliced off by a fluid slice assembly 110,
rather than being suctioned off by a vacuum assembly as in the
embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. The web is passed about a guide roller
112 and a stream of fluid, preferably air or water is directed from
nozzle 114 so as to strike the surface of web 18 on a tangent
thereto. This fluid stream is carried past the web and carries with
it substantially all of the liquid medium deposited by liquid
medium application assembly 28 and the particles entrained therein.
A conduit 116 is connected to a source of fluid under pressure to
provide the fluid slice.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the reflector 34 is mounted on a
reflector support assembly 120 which includes a ball screw
adjustment mechanisms 122 for longitudinally displacing reflector
34 toward and away from output radiator 32 in order to control the
spacing therebetween. An isolation device 126 is provided to
decouple reflector 34 from support assembly 120 to prevent the
transmission of vibrations. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, said
isolation means takes the form of four relatively thin quarter wave
length long legs. A layer of material having a much lower
characteristic impedance than the reflector may also be used as an
isolation device. Similar adjustment devices may be applied to the
reflector of the other embodiments of the device according to the
invention.
In the embodiment of FIG. 6, cleaning head 130 differs from
cleaning head 10 in that both the vacuum assembly and liquid medium
application assembly are dispensed with. Rather, web 18 passes
around guide rollers 132 and 134 in the direction of arrow 136 and
passes through a bath of liquid 138 retained within container 140.
In all other respects the resilient web cleaning apparatus
according to the invention remains unchanged.
By means of the foregoing resilient web cleaning devices, extremely
rapid high-level cleaning can be achieved solely by the action of
chemically non-reactive mediums. However, if desired, small amounts
of suitable chemical cleaning agents can be added to the fluid
medium to further enhance the cleaning process. The resilient web
cleaning apparatus according to the invention serves to produce
extremely large amplitude fluid perturbations at the proper
frequency necessary to produce viscous forces of sufficient
magnitude to break the bonds between the particles and the webs to
be cleaned. Unlike the known ultrasonic cleaning devices, it is
these viscous forces, rather than the conventional cavitational
effects which primarily effect the highly efficient cleaning
produced by the arrangement according to the invention.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those
made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently
attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above
constructions without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above
description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be
interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended
to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention
herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention
which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall
therebetween.
* * * * *