U.S. patent number 3,670,495 [Application Number 05/055,037] was granted by the patent office on 1972-06-20 for closed cycle vapor engine.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Motors Corporation. Invention is credited to Charles B. Leffert.
United States Patent |
3,670,495 |
Leffert |
June 20, 1972 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
CLOSED CYCLE VAPOR ENGINE
Abstract
A closed cycle vapor engine has evaporator and condensor
elements utilizing liquid carrying wick means arranged to provide
surfaces for the evaporation and condensation of the engine working
fluid and to transport said fluid in liquid form from the condensor
to a condensate pump and from the condensate pump to the
evaporator. Vapor passages connect the evaporator and condensor
with the intake and exhaust openings of the expander, providing a
closed system in which the evaporator and condensor operate
essentially on the principle of a heat pipe.
Inventors: |
Leffert; Charles B. (Troy,
MI) |
Assignee: |
General Motors Corporation
(Detroit, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
21995155 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/055,037 |
Filed: |
July 15, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
60/531;
165/104.26 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F01K
7/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F01K
7/00 (20060101); F03g 007/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;60/27,25 ;165/105 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schwadron; Martin P.
Assistant Examiner: Ostrager; Allen M.
Claims
I claim:
1. A closed cycle heat engine of the type adapted to utilize a
vaporizable working fluid, said engine comprising
an expander having a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet and mechanical
output means, said expander being capable of receiving through said
inlet vaporized working fluid at elevated temperature and pressure,
expanding said vaporized working fluid to a lower temperature and
pressure with a resultant output of work to said output means and
exhausting said working fluid through said fluid outlet,
an evaporator connected with said expander fluid inlet and arranged
to receive working fluid in a liquid state, to vaporize said
working fluid upon the application of heat thereto and to deliver
said fluid at elevated temperature to said expander fluid
inlet,
a condenser connected with said expander fluid outlet and arranged
to receive therefrom working fluid in an at least partially
vaporized state and to condense said working fluid to a liquid
state by the removal of heat therefrom and
a condensate pump connected with said condenser and said evaporator
and arranged to receive liquid working fluid from said condensor
and to deliver it to said evaporator at an elevated pressure,
wherein one of said evaporator and condenser elements includes
liquid carrying wick means arranged to form surfaces for the
evaporation or condensation of liquid within said one element and
to transport liquid between said surfaces and said condensate pump
and a vapor carrying passage adjacent said wick means, said passage
communicating with the appropriate one of said expander fluid inlet
and outlet, whereby said one of the evaporator and condensor
elements is adapted to operate on the heat pipe principle utilizing
as a heat transfer fluid, the working fluid of said engine.
2. The engine of claim 1 wherein the other of said evaporator and
condensor elements also includes liquid carrying wick means
arranged to form surfaces for the evaporation or condensation of
liquid within said other element and to transport liquid between
said surfaces of said other element and said condensate pump and a
vapor carrying passage adjacent said wick means, said passage
communicating with the other one of said expander fluid inlet and
outlet, whereby said other one of the evaporator and condensor
elements is also adapted to operate on the heat pipe principle,
utilizing as a heat transfer fluid the working fluid of said
engine.
3. The engine of claim 2 and further comprising throttle means in
the passage between said evaporator and the expander fluid inlet,
said throttle means being operable to control the flow of vaporized
working fluid into the expander to control the output of said
engine.
4. The engine of claim 3 and further comprising preheater means
arranged between said condensate pump and said evaporator and
adapted to increase the temperature of the condensate passing
therebetween before delivery into the evaporator.
5. The engine of claim 4 and further including external combustion
means arranged to supply heat to said evaporator for evaporating
the working fluid, said external combustion means having exhaust
gas passage means in heat exchange relation with said preheater,
whereby waste heat from said external combustion means is supplied
to said preheater for heating the liquid condensate before its
return to the evaporator.
6. A closed cycle heat engine of the type adapted to utilize a
vaporizable working fluid, said engine comprising
an expander having at least one cylinder with a piston reciprocably
disposed therein, said piston being connected with mechanical
output means, said piston and cylinder cooperating to define a
variable volume working chamber having a fluid inlet and a fluid
outlet, said expander being capable of receiving through said inlet
vaporized working fluid at elevated temperature and pressure,
expanding said vaporized working fluid to a lower temperature and
pressure with a resultant output of work to said output means and
exhausting said working fluid through said fluid outlet,
an evaporator connected with said expander fluid inlet and arranged
to receive working fluid in a liquid state, to vaporize said
working fluid upon the application of heat thereto and to deliver
said fluid at elevated temperature to said expander fluid
inlet,
a condenser connected with said expander fluid outlet and arranged
to receive therefrom working fluid in an at least partially
vaporized state and to condense said working fluid to a liquid
state by the removal of heat therefrom and
a condensate pump connected with said condenser and said evaporator
and arranged to receive liquid working fluid from said condensor
and to deliver it to said evaporator at an elevated pressure,
wherein one of said evaporator and condenser elements includes
liquid carrying wick means arranged to form surfaces for the
evaporation or condensation of liquid within said one element and
to transport said liquid between said surfaces and said condensate
pump, and a vapor carrying passage adjacent said wick means, said
passage communicating with the appropriate one of said expander
fluid inlet and outlet, whereby said one of the evaporator and
condenser elements is adapted to operate on the heat pipe
principle, utilizing as a heating fluid, the working fluid of said
engine.
7. A closed cycle heat engine of the type adapted to utilize a
vaporizable working fluid, said engine comprising
an expander having at least one cylinder with a piston reciprocably
disposed therein, said piston being connected with mechanical
output means, said piston and cylinder cooperating to define a
variable volume working chamber having a fluid inlet and a fluid
outlet, said expander being capable of receiving through said inlet
vaporized working fluid at elevated temperature and pressure,
expanding said vaporized working fluid to a lower temperature and
pressure with a resultant output of work to said output means and
exhausting said working fluid through said fluid outlet,
an evaporator connected with said expander fluid inlet and arranged
to receive working fluid in a liquid state, to vaporize said
working fluid upon the application of heat thereto and to deliver
said fluid at elevated temperature to said expander fluid
inlet,
a condenser connected with said expander fluid outlet and arranged
to receive therefrom working fluid in an at least partially
vaporized state and to condense said working fluid to a liquid
state by the removal of heat therefrom and
a condensate pump connected with said condenser and said evaporator
and arranged to receive liquid working fluid from said condensor
and to deliver it to said evaporator at an elevated pressure,
wherein said evaporator and condenser elements include liquid
carrying wick means arranged to form surfaces for the evaporation
or condensation of liquid within said elements and to transport
said liquid between said surfaces and said condensate pump and
vapor carrying passages adjacent said wick means, said passages
communicating with said expander fluid inlet and outlet, whereby
said evaporator and condensor elements are adapted to operate on
the heat pipe principle, utilizing as a heat transfer fluid, the
working fluid of said engine.
8. An engine according to claim 7 and further including a
protective cover over said wick means adjacent at least one of said
expander fluid inlet and outlet means so as to prevent the
excessive disturbance of liquid in said wick means due to surges of
vaporized working fluid through said one of said inlet and outlet
means.
9. The engine of claim 7 and further comprising intake and exhaust
valves disposed respectively in said expander fluid inlet and fluid
outlet and operable in a predetermined manner to control the flow
of working fluid into and out of said working chamber.
10. The engine of claim 9 wherein the opening of said intake valve
is adjustable so as to vary the amount of vaporized working fluid
admitted to the working chamber and thereby vary engine power.
11. The engine of claim 9 and further comprising a throttle valve
movably disposed between said intake valve and said evaporator and
adjustable to variably restrict the flow of working fluid from said
evaporator to said working chamber so as to vary engine power.
12. The engine of claim 9 and further comprising external
combustion means arranged to deliver heat to said evaporator for
vaporizing said working fluid.
13. The engine of claim 12 and further comprising preheater means
disposed between said condensate pump and said evaporator, such
that return condensate is passed through said preheater, said
preheater also being connected with said external combustion means
to receive the waste exhaust gases therefrom and pass them in heat
exchange relationship with said return condensate so as to preheat
said condensate before its return to said evaporator.
Description
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to closed cycle vapor engines, for example
of the external combustion type, having evaporator and condensor
means for the working fluid, at least one of which includes wick
means arranged to transport and evaporate or condense the engine
working fluid utilizing the principle of a heat pipe.
Description of the Prior Art
It is known in the art relating to vapor engines to provide a
closed cycle engine having the usual components of boiler,
expander, condenser, and condensate pump and using as a working
fluid a vaporizable substance, such as water. Such engines would
include closed cycle steam engines, steam turbines and the like. Of
course, the use of other working fluids than water is also known,
in which case the more general term "vapor engine" is used. Notice,
in particular, that vaporization occurs by "boiling" in
conventional vapor engines.
In the art relating to heat transfer, there is also known a
development more recent that that of the vapor engine and commonly
called the "heat pipe." Such pipes in their most general form
comprise a tubular member retaining any one of a number of
vaporizable heat transfer fluids, including water, and having
therein a wick extending the length of the tubular member to
provide a flow path for the heat transfer fluid in its liquid state
and an open passage coextensive with the wick to provide a flow
path for the heat transfer fluid in its vapor
In such heat pipes one end is used as an evaporator to which heat
is added, vaporizing (that is evaporating, not boiling) the fluid
in the wick at that end and increasing the vapor pressure in the
adjacent open passage. The other end of the tube acts as a
condensor, from which heat is rejected, causing condensation of the
vapor in the open passage and absorption of the resulting liquid
into the wick. Thus, the flow of vapor in the open passage of the
heat pipe is from the hot or evaporator end to the cold or
condensor end, and the liquid flows in the opposite direction along
the wick by capillary action.
Among the examples of heat pipe devices known in the prior art may
be included those shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,350,348 Gaugler and
3,287,906 McCormick, both assigned to the assignee of the present
invention. Some more general information on the subject may be
obtained from an article by G. Yale Eastman titled, "The Heat Pipe"
and published in the May 1968 issue of "The Scientific American."
As indicated in this article, heat pipes have been shown to be
capable of transporting large amounts of heat over substantial
distances with very small temperature differentials.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
From my own experiments relating to low-temperature heat pipes, I
have found that through the use of the heat pipe principle
(involving evaporation from a high thermal conductance wick into an
adjacent body of vapor or condensation on such a wick from an
adjacent body of vapor, as well as the inherent capillary flow of
liquid within the wick) permits a substantial increase in the rate
of vaporization (or condensation) per unit area. For example, I
have evaporated water in a heat pipe at one atmosphere pressure at
an input heat flux of about one million BTU per hour per square
foot whereas the peak nucleate boiling flux at these conditions is
only about 450,000 BTU per hour per square foot.
This invention takes advantage of this understanding by providing a
new engine arrangement based upon concepts involving heat pipes and
conventional vapor engines. This engine arrangement yields the
advantages of a closed cycle vapor engine having combined therewith
an evaporator and condensor, either or both of which may utilize
the heat pipe principle for heat transfer and, accordingly, be of
substantially reduced size. A specific embodiment of my invention
provides a novel closed cycle vapor engine arrangement having an
evaporator and condensor, each of which form, in effect, one half
of a conventional heat pipe, the two halves being separated by a
mechanical expander and a condensate pump.
More specifically, the invention contemplates a mechanical expander
which may be of the reciprocating piston, rotating piston, turbine
or other suitable type, having inlet and outlet openings for the
admission and exhaust of vaporized working fluid. An evaporator is
connected with the inlet opening and is provided with an external
combustion system or other suitable heat source so as to vaporize
liquid supplied thereto and, in turn, deliver it to the expander
inlet opening. A condenser is connected with the expander outlet
opening to receive the vaporized working fluid exhausted therefrom.
External cooling means of any suitable type may be provided for
carrying heat away from the condensor so as to condense the
vaporized working fluid therein to a liquid state. Either the
evaporator or the condensor, and preferably both, are provided with
wick means extending substantially the length thereof for the
purpose of transporting the working fluid in the liquid phase
through both the evaporator and condensor elements and providing
surfaces for the evaporation and/or condensation of the working
fluid in the manner of the conventional heat pipe and in accordance
with what I have denominated "the heat pipe principle." The wick
portions may extend into external connecting conduits which are
joined through a condensate pump provided in order to raise the
pressure of the condensate from the lower pressure existing in the
condensor to the substantially higher pressure existing in the
evaporator.
A further understanding of the invention and its advantages may be
obtained from the following description of a preferred embodiment
chosen for purpose of illustration and referring to the
accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The single FIGURE of the drawing is a schematic representation of a
closed cycle vapor engine formed according to the principles of the
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT T
In the drawing, numeral 10 generally indicates a closed cycle vapor
engine, including the basic elements of a mechanical expander 12
and evaporator 14 with a heat source 16, a condenser 18 having heat
rejection means 20 and a condensate pump 22.
Expander 12 comprises at least one cylinder 24 having a piston 26
reciprocably disposed in the cylinder. Piston 26 is conventionally
connected with a crankshaft 28 which drives a flywheel 30 and
through which work delivered by the piston may be transmitted to an
external load. The upper end of cylinder 24 is closed so as to
define with piston 26 a variable volume working chamber 32. Intake
and exhaust openings 34 and 36, respectively, are provided in the
closed end of cylinder 24 and are provided with intake and exhaust
valves 38 and 40, respectively, which are actuated by suitable
mechanism not shown to control the intake and exhaust of working
fluid to and from the engine working chamber 32.
Connecting with the extending outwardly from the intake opening 34
is an evaporator 42, preferably formed as a tubular element and
having suitable wick means 44, such as wire mesh or the like,
substantially covering the inner surfaces thereof to point adjacent
intake opening 34.
In like manner, there is connected with the exhaust opening and
extending outwardly therefrom a condensor 46 which is preferably
formed as a tubular member and also includes suitable wick means 48
extending over substantially all the internal surface thereof to a
point adjacent the exhaust opening 36.
The interior portion of the evaporator adjacent the surrounding
wick 44 defines an open passage 50 through which vapor may flow
from the evaporator to the intake opening 34. The end of the wick
44 adjacent the intake opening may be protected by an inner
covering 52 for a purpose to be subsequently described. The inner
portion of the wick adjacent the expander connects with an enlarged
wick containing connector portion 54, which in turn connects
through a preferably wick-containing conduit 56 with the outlet
side of the condensate pump 22. Conduit 56 preferably has located
therein a preheater device 58.
In manner similar to the evaporator, the interior portion of the
condensor which is surrounded by wick means 48, defines an open
passage 60 that connects with the exhaust opening 36 to receive
vaporized fluid therefrom. The inner end of the wick 48 is
protected by an inner covering 62 and, at this point, connects with
a wick containing connector portion 64, which in turn connects with
a preferably wick-containing conduit 66 leading to and connecting
with the inlet of the condensate pump 22.
The condensate pump may be of any suitable type, such as a gear
pump, and may be driven in any suitable manner. As shown here, the
pump is driven through gears 68, 70 connecting the pump with the
expander crankshaft 28.
The outer end of evaporator 14 is enclosed by a housing 72 to which
heat is supplied by the external heat source 16. The heat source
may be of any suitable type including the external combustion means
illustrated. In like manner, the outer portion of condensor 18 is
surrounded by a housing 74 from which heat is drawn by heat
rejection means 20. The heat rejection means may also be of any
suitable type, for example, a fan drawing air past cooling
fins.
The internal working system of the engine is substantially filled
with a working fluid, which is vaporizable within the temperature
range intended for operation of the engine. While water might be a
suitable fluid, it might also be desirable to use an azeotrope
mixture, like alcohol and water, which would have the advantage of
not freezing easily under ambient temperatures at various operating
locations. The working fluid within the engine is sufficient to
substantially fill all the wick portions with fluid in a liquid
state, while leaving open the central passages 50 and 60 of the
evaporator and condenser, respectively, as well as the engine
working chamber 32 to be filled by the working fluid in its vapor
state.
In operation, heat added to the evaporator from the heat source 16
vaporizes the liquid in wick 44 so as to form a pressurized body of
vaporous working fluid in the open passage 50. When intake valve 38
is opened, the pressurized fluid passes into the working chamber 32
of the engine and forces piston 26 downwardly with resultant work
delivered to crankshaft 28. Upon the upstroke of piston 26 the
exhaust valve 36 is opened, permitting the vaporous working fluid
to be delivered into the open passage 60 of condenser 18 at a
pressure and temperature which are both substantially reduced from
that existing in evaporator 14. The cooling of the condensor by
heat rejection means 20 condenses the vaporized working fluid into
the wick 48.
The liquid is then moved by capillary action along the wick 48 into
connector portion 64 and through conduit 66 to the condensate pump,
where its pressure is raised to equal or above that existing in the
evaporator 14. The fluid then moves by capillary action, or through
the pressure created by the condensate pump, through conduit 56
where it passes into preheater 58. In the preheater, exhaust heat
from heat source 16 is utilized to preheat the fluid, after which
it is delivered through connecting means 54 back to the wick 44 of
the evaporator. Here it is distributed along the wick by capillary
action and it is again ready to be evaporated for a repetition of
the cycle.
Obviously, the actions of evaporation and condensation, as well as
the operation of the condensate pump, are continuous during
operation of the engine. However, since the vapor is intermittently
admitted and exhausted from the working chamber, wick coverings 52
and 62 assist in preventing undesired sweeping out of the liquid
from the wicks at the inner portions thereof during the flow surges
that take place there.
In order to control the engine output the flow of vaporized working
fluid may be throttled in any convenient manner. One method would
be to vary the opening period of the intake valve 38 or,
alternatively, to vary the lift of this valve. Another method would
be to provide a separate throttle valve 76 in the intake passage 50
to control the flow of vaporized fluid to inlet opening 34.
While the invention has been disclosed by reference to a specific
embodiment, it should be understood that numerous changes could be
made within the scope of the inventive concepts disclosed.
* * * * *