U.S. patent number 3,664,013 [Application Number 05/017,168] was granted by the patent office on 1972-05-23 for method of manufacturing electric heating panels.
Invention is credited to Andrew Edward MacGuire.
United States Patent |
3,664,013 |
MacGuire |
May 23, 1972 |
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ELECTRIC HEATING PANELS
Abstract
An electric heating panel is composed of two cakes compressed
into a homogeneous unitary body of a thermosetting polymerizable
resin having an inert filler with an intermediate asbestos sheet
having an electric heating circuit lying wholly against one surface
of said sheet, the method of manufacturing said panel consisting of
impaling the sheet upon a set of spaced upstanding prongs around
which the wire of said circuit is next bent, temporarily securing
said wire in the pattern so formed, disimpaling said sheet and
circuit, and uniting said cakes with said sheet and circuit
therebetween under heat and pressure, the said cakes having a
moisture content of between 8 and 12 percent by weight after
drying, the panel being aluminum or gold painted on one surface if
it is desired only to reflect heat from the other surface.
Inventors: |
MacGuire; Andrew Edward
(Willowdale, Ontario, CA) |
Family
ID: |
21781100 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/017,168 |
Filed: |
March 6, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
29/611; 219/213;
392/435; 29/613; 219/544 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F24D
13/022 (20130101); H05B 3/283 (20130101); H05B
3/286 (20130101); Y02B 30/26 (20130101); Y10T
29/49083 (20150115); Y02B 30/00 (20130101); Y10T
29/49087 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
F24D
13/02 (20060101); H05B 3/28 (20060101); H05B
3/22 (20060101); H06b 003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/613,610,611,618,620
;260/38,17.2,57 ;219/345,342,343,544,354 ;264/71 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Campbell; John F.
Assistant Examiner: DiPalma; Victor A.
Claims
I claim:
1. In the construction of electric heating panels and the like the
method which consists of the steps of impaling a sheet of asbestos
or the like upon a set of spaced and pointed guide prongs
projecting from a supporting surface therebelow, forming a wire
electric heating pattern upon said sheet by stretching said wire
between said prongs and bending it therearound, securing said
electric heating pattern against movement on said asbestos sheet,
disimpaling said sheet and pattern from said prongs and effecting a
relative transfer of said sheet and pattern as between said
supporting surface and a first cake of a suitable material so that
said sheet and pattern is supported on said first cake, placing a
second cake of suitable material upon said first cake so that said
asbestos sheet and electric heating pattern is sandwiched between
said cakes, and said cakes being forced together under pressure to
effect the union thereof, a heat radiating surface pattern being
impressed upon the outer surface of at least one of said cakes
during the application of said pressure, said heat radiating
pattern consisting of alternating recessed and relatively
projecting areas, the troughs of said recessed areas immediately
overlying the wire of said electric heating pattern so as to
provide greater material density and heat dispersion with
diminished thickness where they so overlie, said projecting areas
providing a protecting surface of reduced density and increased
thickness against foreign contact with said recessed areas.
2. In the construction of electric heating panels and the like, the
method which consists of the steps of placing upon a first cake of
a suitable material an electric heating pattern, then placing a
second cake of suitable material upon the said first cake and said
pattern so that said pattern is sandwiched between said cakes and
forcing said cakes together under pressure to effect the union
thereof, a heat radiating surface pattern being impressed upon the
outer surface of at least one of said cakes during the application
of said pressure, said heat radiating pattern consisting of
alternating recessed and relatively projecting areas, the troughs
of said recessed areas immediately overlying the wire of said
electric heating pattern so as to provide greater material density
and heat dispersion with diminished thickness where they so
overlie, said projecting areas providing a protecting surface of
reduced density and increased thickness against foreign contact
with said recessed areas.
Description
The present invention relates to a novel electric heating panel and
to a method for manufacturing the same, without the need for
employing a mold conforming to the contour of the interior electric
heating circuit or the necessity for an expensive and
time-consuming circuit winding operation.
It is well known that electric heating panels are used in many
applications. The present invention however relates to an electric
heating panel utilizing a thermosetting resin having desirable heat
storage properties without the need for costly curing molds for the
resinous body thereof.
By "chemically inert" herein is meant chemically inert so far as
the resin used is concerned. By "homogeneous" herein as related to
two joined plastic bodies, is meant forming a unitary body "of the
same character and quality throughout" (excepting for possible
variation in density or compression as will hereinafter become
apparent) and further that the term is used to distinguish the
state herein called "homogeneous" from the state wherein two bodies
joined together are essentially an adherent lamination of two
bodies.
The electric heating panel according to the present invention is
characterized by utilizing a novel electric heating element fixed
within a homogeneous unitary body of a water soluble or water
emulsive thermosetting polymerizable resin having a chemically
inert filler.
The novel homogeneous unitary body of resin according to the
present invention comprises at least two cakes of which each is a
homogeneous mixture of an uncured water emulsive or water soluble
thermosetting polymerizable resin, a plasticizer therefor, an
accelerator therefor, a chemically inert filler, and has a moisture
content of less than 12% by weight of the cake, an electric heating
element being disposed between the cakes which have been pressed
together substantially simultaneously to cure the same and to form
them into a single homogeneous body, such electric heating element
being novel in that it is characterized by a relatively thin
asbestos sheet having an electric heating element in the form of a
wire bent or curved to the desired pattern and existing wholly upon
one side of and against the surface of said asbestos sheet.
A further novel feature of the present electric heating panel
consists of the provision of a multiplicity of apertures or
openings each of substantial area formed in said asbestos sheet
between the runs of wire forming said circuit through which the
aforesaid resin may flow in forming the stated homogeneous
body.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an electric
heating panel characterized in that at least one main face of the
panel has a pattern of indentations embodying a multiplicity of
indented cavities presenting promontories therebetween providing a
protecting summital surface, the troughs of the cavities
immediately overlying the wire of the electric circuitry within the
panel to provide greater material density and better dispersion
with diminished thickness thereat all to the end that maximum heat
will be radiated from the troughs of the cavities while such
troughs, being sunk, are protected against being contacted directly
by foreign bodies which could cause burning or discomfort, such as
for example, cloth, paper, the human skin or the like. The
invention contemplates that two bodies of thermosetting plastic in
uncured form and having complementary areas shall be placed on
either side of the electric heating element already referred to in
any such way that after placement such complementary areas, under
the influence of heat and pressure will tend to move toward each
other substantially simultaneously to cure the plastic in the two
bodies and cause them to form a single homogeneous body. In such
way the electric heating element is embedded in the homogeneous
body as if molded therein, but, in fact, without the expense and
equipment required for molding.
In order to make the panel according to this invention, the filler,
a water soluble polymerizable resin and a plasticizer therefor are
mixed in water as a cold slurry to which is added an accelerator
(sometimes known as a hardener) for the resin. The slurry is then
at least partially dehydrated in a forming tray. Following this the
cake formed from the slurry is further dried. The presence of the
accelerator aids in the dehydration of the cake and in the
formation of a surface therein which although it should not be
termed "tough" is tougher and more resistant to damage than the
interior of the cake.
With the foregoing in view, and such other or further purposes
advantages or novel features as may become apparent from
consideration of this disclosure and specification, the present
invention consists of the inventive concept which is comprised,
embodied, embraced, or included in the product, method, process,
construction, composition, arrangement or combination of parts, or
new use of any of the foregoing, herein exemplified in one or more
specific embodiments of such concept, reference being had to the
accompanying Figures in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective representation of the slurry tray.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional illustration of the vacuum drying
machine.
FIG. 3 is a perspective representation of a completed heating panel
depicting indentations and an intervening summital area.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged representation of the cavitations and
promontories aforesaid the better to depict the relationship of the
wire of the electric heating circuit as closely underlying the
troughs of the cavities.
FIG. 5 is a perspective representation of the set of spaced and
pointed guide prongs projecting from a supporting surface
therebelow depicting the manner in which a wire electric heating
pattern is stretched between said prongs and bent therearound after
the said sheet of asbestos has been impaled upon said prongs, this
Figure also depicting means for preserving an electric circuit
heating pattern against distortion or displacement while relative
transfer is being effected, and showing the plurality of apertures
of substantial area formed in the asbestos sheet, the better to
facilitate homogeneous union between upper and lower cakes of
resin.
FIG. 6 is a perspective representation showing the asbestos sheet
and electrical pattern wholly upon one surface thereof and taped in
place, positioned or interposed between two cakes of resin.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional detail in elevation depicting a
terminal boxing and pair of terminal posts for the wire of said
electric heating circuit.
FIG. 8 is a schematic representation in elevation showing the two
cakes of FIG. 6 and the asbestos sheet thereof being curved between
the platens of a heated press.
In the drawings, like characters of reference designate similar
parts in the several Figures.
As indicated above, the first step in making an electric heating
panel according to the present invention is the mixing of a slurry,
the principal ingredients of which are a water soluble or emulsive
polymerizable resin, a filler, and a plasticizer and an accelerator
for the resin. The resin in its uncured state and the filler are
preferably dry mixed. To the dry mixture is added water and a
plasticizer and lastly the accelerator. The reason for adding the
accelerator last is it has a tendency after addition to begin
reaction with other elements of the mixture and hence the mixture
must soon be used once the accelerator is added. The accelerator
may be any one of a number well known to those skilled in the art
for use with the thermosetting resin used. Examples of such
accelerates are aluminum sulphate, alum, calcium chloride,
potassium sulphide and sodium carbonate.
The resin is a thermosetting, water soluble or water emulsive
powdered resin in its uncured state preferably of the phenolic type
such as, phenol formaldehyde. The resin can be of the one stage or
the two stage curing type but must be water soluble.
The filler employed will depend upon the availability of materials
and the end characteristics required in the heating panel. It has
been found, however, that a filler comprising 55-70 percent by
weight of silica flour and/or powdered slate, on the one hand, and
45-30 percent by weight of asbestos or fiberglass fibers on the
other hand, is suitable for the purpose. It will be realized that
for high temperature applications, more silica flour and less
powdered slate may be used while asbestos rather than fiberglass
fibers may be used.
A filler within the above limits results in an end product that has
very desirable heat storing properties. The silica powder is chosen
for its low moisture absorbing qualities and low heat conductivity.
The slate powder has low heat conductivity, provides hardness in
the product, and is desirable from the point of view of storing
heat in the panel in use. The asbestos has the quality of being
able to bind the product together and give it a good tensile and
impact strength and resistance to heat.
The panel in general has the advantage that being a poor conductor
of heat, it "feels" cooler than panels of better thermal
conductivity, at the same actual temperature, and thus the risk of
burning, by the panels, of bodies in contact therewith, is less in
the case of the herein described panel than with higher
conductivity panels at the same temperature.
Other fillers which could be used for the herein panel are: fly
ash, mica powder, ground kraft fibers and the fillers mentioned two
paragraphs previously in various or differing proportions.
The plasticizer is added to the mix for the purpose of creating a
good resin flow during the subsequent heat and pressure stage. The
choice of a plasticizer for a particular water soluble
polymerizable resin is a matter of choice and skill in the art.
However zinc stearate and furfural have been successfully employed
while barium hydroxide and barium stearate can also be used
although more expensive than the first two plasticizers
mentioned.
The mixture may be colored black in one of a number of ways. This
increases the thermal efficiency of the product in its function as
a heating panel, and this has been found to be true even where the
radiating surface of the black panel has been covered with a
surface of another color for aesthetic reasons. Such black coloring
may be achieved for example by adding to the mixture a black lake
dye or black nicrosine dye.
It will be appreciated that variation in the amount and content of
the mix is possible, where desirable. For example for lower
temperature use kraft fibers may be used in the filler instead of
asbestos to produce a product which is not as temperature resistant
but which is more easily worked. Fly ash, which is a residue from
coal burned in electric power stations, can be used instead of
silica flour in the filler.
The mix when completed is poured into a forming tray which has a
foraminous or screened bottom through which water may be drawn off
under vacuum. Some loss of materials will ensue when the vacuum is
applied and hence the gauge of the bottom apertures should be
somewhat less than that of the filler. For example with a filler
where, for example, the slate or silica flour is 30 gauge the
apertures should be about 35 gauge.
During drying, by means of the application of vacuum to the
underside of the tray, after the easily extracted water has been
drawn off, a cover which forms a resistance to the air is placed
over the tray. Such cover is pulled downward on to the cake formed
from the slurry while the vacuum is being applied, tending to
maintain the cake level and maintaining the area of the tray
filled, in plan view while the volume of the cake is being
diminished by the removal of moisture.
In the preferred embodiment, the top cover is also foraminous and
defines the lower wall of a chamber connected to a vacuum pump. In
this way when the vacuum drying, (through the tray bottom) has been
completed, and the vacuum turned off, a vacuum may be applied
through the top cover, causing the cake to adhere to the top cover,
whereby it may be lifted intact with and by means of the cover to
remove the cake from the tray. This is considered a substantial
advance over prior art methods of handling such a cake which tended
to cause breakage and cracking.
Following initial drying, the cake formed from the slurry is
removed from the tray and stacked so that air has access thereto
for further drying. Drying continues until the moisture content is
in the order of under 12 percent and preferably 8 percent by weight
of the cake. In connection with the drying, the temperature should
be maintained low enough that pre-curing of the resin content of
the panels will not take place. For most phenolic resins this means
drying in a temperature of below 70.degree.-75.degree. C.
The drying process is an air drying process so that drying may take
place slowly whereby undue warping may be avoided.
In FIG. 1 of the drawings there is illustrated a forming tray. It
comprises a frame 12 having a depth of about 1 1/2 inch seated on a
larger frame 14 having a wire mesh bottom. As already stated the
mesh of the bottom should be somewhat smaller than the slate or
silica being used.
In use a slurry is mixed as described above, with the accelerator
added last, and poured into the frame 12 of the forming tray.
Excess moisture drops through the apertures of the mesh of the
frame 14 and additional moisture is drawn off through frame 14 by
means of a vacuum machine, with the valve 15 open to cause the
application of vacuum to the bottom.
The vacuum machine illustrated in FIG. 2 comprises a body 20 having
a seat 22 for the slurry tray and a cover 24 to be described
hereafter for sealing the top thereof after the tray has been
seated. Vacuum is applied to the chamber on the underside of the
tray by means of the vacuum pump generally indicated by the numeral
26.
The cover 24 is designed to initially sit in spaced relation to and
above the tray 12. On application of the vacuum by opening valve 15
a substantial amount of moisture is drawn out of the slurry. Then
the lid 24 is applied to the top of the slurry with the vacuum
still applied and the lid 24 is sucked down over the slurry within
the tray that is mounted within the seat 22 whereby to squeeze
water from the slurry within the tray and to give an even surface
to the slurry within the tray and to form a cake therefrom. Water
drained from the slurry within the tray is drained out of the body
20 of the vacuum machine through the outlet 28.
The cover 24 is foraminous and forms the bottom of a chamber also
defined and enclosed by side and top walls, with the chamber
connected by conduit 25 through a valve 35 to the vacuum pump
36.
When the vacuum drying through chamber bottom 14 has been
completed, the vacuum is turned off through valve 15 and the bottom
vacuum released by means not shown, or by opening valve 28. Valve
35 is then opened so that the vacuum pump may apply vacuum through
conduit 25 and the cake is then caused by the upwardly applied
vacuum through the apertures in cover 24 to adhere to the latter.
The cover 24 is then raised to lift the cake to which it is
attached by vacuum suction, out of the tray.
A series of preformed cakes are thus formed and dryed at a
temperature below 70.degree. C, and at a relatively slow rate. The
70.degree. C. limit is governed by the tendency of the resins
within the slurry to react. It normally takes 3 to 7 days (usually
3 to 4 days) to slowly dry the cakes to a point where their
moisture content is sufficiently low for the steps which follow. It
has been found that the moisture content should be below 12 percent
and preferably 8 percent by weight of the cake.
Following drying, two cakes 38 and 40 are employed in the formation
of a completed heating panel 42 as depicted in the accompanying
FIG. 3. Between these panels is an asbestos sheet 44 wholly upon
one side whereof and in contact against such side is an electric
heating circuit collectively designated 46. The ends 48 and 50 of
the wire forming circuit 46 are secured to a pair of terminal posts
52 secured within cake 40. The terminals are enclosed by a boxing
54 and the wires or leads 48 and 50 feed out through the eye hole
56 into the form of cable 58.
The asbestos sheet 44 may if desired be imperforate and in that
case should be of substantially less area than the cakes 38 and 40
to provide a surrounding marginal area 60 whereby the two cakes may
be homogeneously united by heat and pressure after the asbestos
sheet and the circuitry upon it has been positioned as aforesaid.
Alternately or additionally, a plurality of apertures 62 having
substantial area the better to facilitate homogeneous union of said
cakes may be formed in said asbestos sheet.
The novel method of positioning a circuit wholly upon one side of
an asbestos sheet and maintaining it in position and shape
thereafter is well exemplified in the accompanying FIGS. 5 and 6,
wherein the novel product itself, vis that of an asbestos sheet
having a circuit secured wholly against one side thereof as
aforesaid is shown, consists of impaling an asbestos sheet 44 upon
a supporting surface 64 of a board 66 by means of a set of spaced
and pointed guide prongs 68 in the manner illustrated. A wire
electric heating pattern (the circuit 46) is next formed upon sheet
44 by stretching said wire between said prongs and bending it
therearound. When this has been effectuated the circuit or pattern
is secured against movement on the asbestos sheet preferably by the
step of overlaying it with strips of such as drafting tape or the
like 70 although any material may be employed which has a
relatively low point of thermal disintegration so that it is
destroyed by heat in the subsequent application of heat and
pressure to the cakes 38 and 40.
After the circuit 46 or electric heating pattern has been secured
against movement, the sheet and pattern is disimpaled from the
prongs 68 and a relative transfer of said sheet and pattern as
between supporting surface 64 and cake 40 is effected. For
consonance between this description and the accompanying claim or
claims, the cake 40 may also be designated a "first cake" and the
cake 38 as a "second cake". The second cake 38 is now placed upon
the first cake 40 so that the asbestos sheet and electric heating
pattern is sandwiched between them after which the two cakes are
united into an essentially unitary heating panel by heat and the
application of pressure such as is schematically designated in the
accompanying FIG. 8 where such pressure is applied by means of the
pair of upper and nether platens 72 and 74.
Although for the purposes of this description and by reference to
the accompanying FIGS. 5 and 6 it may have appeared as if sheet 44
must be disimpaled by lifting it from off the prongs 68 and
transferring it to cake 40, it should be understood that, within
the scope of the present invention means may very well be designed
by the use of which the asbestos sheet 44 is held stationary while
the prongs move downwardly and out of piercing relationship with
the sheet to be replaced by cake 40 which thereafter supports the
asbestos sheet.
The platens 72 and 74 are usually heated to some 150.degree. to
160.degree. C so that, as pressure is applied, the resins of the
cakes 38 and 40 polymerize substantially simultaneously into a
homogeneous mass with the electrical conducting circuit embedded
therein and one of the advantages of the present invention is that
during the application of heat and pressure there is comparatively
little horizontal flow.
In a suitable product it has been found that, prior to curing
between the aforesaid platens, the cakes 38 and 40 each have a
thickness of about 1/4 inch. Following curing between the platens
they are reduced to about 1/8 inch each so that the total thickness
of the final product including the thin sheet of asbestos with the
electric circuitry against it is approximately 1/4 inch or less
having regard for the fact that the wire becomes embedded in the
asbestos and that possibly the asbestos also becomes to some extent
resin impregnated.
With reference to the accompanying FIGS. 3 and 4 it will be seen
that the face of the platen 72 is formed with a plurality of
cavitations 71 and adjacent promontaries 73 which together form a
heat radiating pattern. In the accompanying FIG. 6 the shown
pattern is that which might be made if the platen 72 were faced
with woven wire. In FIGS. 3 and 4 the cavities are of generally
pyrammidal formation. In either case, or in the case of any
undulating design a multiplicity of cavities is formed with
intervening promontaries the latter providing a protecting summital
surface. The troughs 75 of the cavities, regardless of the shape of
the cavities overlie the runs 76 of the wire forming circuit 46 to
provide greater density of material at such locations and better
heat dispersion with diminished thickness of material thereat while
the promontories or protecting summital surface formed of such
promontories collectively provides an area of reduced density in
material and increased thickness of material. As a result the
protecting summital surface acts as a safeguard against foreign
contact with the cavitations and particularly the troughs of the
cavitations and the possible effects of burning as of paper, cloth
or skin in contact therewith.
If it is required that heat should emanate from only one of the
main faces of the heating panel it is desirable that the opposed
main face of the panel be provided with a layer of heat reflecting
material such as a coating of aluminum or gold paint.
Various modifications can be made within the scope of the inventive
concept disclosed. Accordingly, it is intended that what is set
forth herein should be regarded as illustrative of such concept and
not for the purpose of limiting protection to any particular
embodiment thereof, and that only such limitations should be placed
upon the scope of protection to which the inventor hereof is
entitled, as justice dictates.
* * * * *