U.S. patent number 3,640,746 [Application Number 04/760,552] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-08 for adhesive contact electrification imaging.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Werner E. L. Haas.
United States Patent |
3,640,746 |
Haas |
February 8, 1972 |
ADHESIVE CONTACT ELECTRIFICATION IMAGING
Abstract
A method of imaging wherein an imaging member including an
adhesive coating is placed in contact with an image bearing
original and, when stripped therefrom, retains a latent
electrostatic charge pattern corresponding to image and background
areas of said image bearing original. The latent image is then
developed to produce a visible image.
Inventors: |
Haas; Werner E. L. (Webster,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Rochester,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25059449 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/760,552 |
Filed: |
September 18, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
101/130; 101/492;
427/469; 430/48; 101/489 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
5/02 (20130101); G03G 13/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
13/22 (20060101); G03G 13/00 (20060101); G03G
5/02 (20060101); G03g 013/22 () |
Field of
Search: |
;96/1,1.4 ;117/17.5
;346/74,1 ;317/262 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Levy; Donald
Assistant Examiner: Cooper, III; John C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of forming an image comprising the steps of:
placing an insulating member which comprises an adhesive layer
overlying a substrate in contact with an original having image and
nonimage areas thereon, said image and nonimage areas differing in
adhesion characteristics, said adhesive layer contacting said
original and having a different triboelectric property than said
original,
stripping said insulating member from said image bearing original,
an electrostatic charge pattern of a first polarity being formed on
said insulating member, and
applying a developer powder having a charge of a polarity opposite
to that of said electrostatic charge pattern to said insulating
member, thereby forming an image on said insulating member.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 including the step of fixing
the image on said insulating member.
3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the developer powder is
applied to said adhesive layer.
4. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the developer powder is
applied to said substrate.
5. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein a positive image is
formed on said insulating member.
6. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein a negative image is
formed on said insulating member.
7. The method as defined in claim 1 including the step of placing a
receiving material charged to a polarity opposite to that of said
developer powder adjacent to said insulating member, thereby
transferring the image to said receiving material.
8. The method as defined in claim 7 further including the step of
fixing the image transferred to said receiving material.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many methods are known for forming an image in response to a
pattern of light and shadow. The most common of these is a chemical
method wherein the color of a light sensitive chemical is changed
by the action of light. Ordinary photographing and blueprinting are
examples of this. Other chemical methods are known in which light
is used to alter the hardness, tackiness, solvent resistance or ink
receptivity of a suitable material. Such methods are widely used in
the graphic arts and electronic industries. Other methods have come
into use in recent years which rely on electrical properties of
photoconductive materials rather than on chemical properties. A
layer of such material is exposed to a pattern of light and shadow
and the resulting electrical pattern is used to control the
selective attraction or repulsion of some form of marking material
to the photoconductive layer. Methods are also known in which the
conductivity pattern is used to control electrochemical reactions
which create geometric changes at an interface.
The above methods all require an exposure step to produce the image
while the method utilizing the photoconductive material also
includes a charging step, such as that utilized in xerographic
process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a novel method for image formation and,
in particular, offers a method for producing images whereby the
steps of light exposure and charging may be eliminated in image
reproduction.
In accordance with the present invention, an imaging member
including an adhesive coating is placed in contact with an image
bearing original having background and image areas thereupon and,
when stripped therefrom, the imaging member retains a latent
electrostatic pattern which is different in areas corresponding to
the background and image areas of the original. The electrostatic
pattern is positively developed by applying developer powder
thereto having a charge opposite to the latent electrostatic image
pattern on the imaging member. A negative may be developed using
powder having a charge opposite to the latent electrostatic
background pattern on the imaging member.
The adhesive layer may be employed to charge a photoconductive
material, utilized in an imaging process, by placing the
photoconductive material in contact therewith and by stripping the
layer from the photoconductive surface, the surface then being
selectively discharged in accordance with an imagewise pattern of
light.
It is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to provide a
novel imaging method.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel imaging
method whereby the steps of light exposure and charging may be
eliminated in image reproduction.
It is another object of the invention to provide a simple procedure
for charging a photoconductive material utilized in an imaging
process.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a novel
imaging method wherein an imaging member including an adhesive
layer is placed in contact with an image bearing original and then
stripped therefrom, the imaging member retaining a latent
electrostatic pattern which is subsequently developed on either
side of the adhesive layer bearing imaging member.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a simple,
inexpensive method of image reproduction.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention as well as other
objects and further features thereof, reference is made to the
following detailed description which is to be read in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart depicting the process for reproducing an
image in accordance with the invention, and
FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 are schematic representations of the apparatus
used in the method in accordance with the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIG. 1, there is illustrated a flow chart depicting the
sequences utilized in the present invention. The steps of the
process may be stated as follows:
1. An image bearing original is placed in contact with the adhesive
coating of an imaging member.
2. The imaging member is stripped from the original, a latent
electrostatic pattern corresponding to the image and background
areas of the original remaining on both sides of the imaging
member.
3. The adhesive coating is contacted by developer powder which is
electrically charged. This results in the production of a visible
powder image of the latent electrostatic charge pattern formed in
Step 2. In this step, the powder should have a polarity opposite to
that of the charged pattern corresponding to the image areas of the
original to develop a positive image or of a polarity opposite to
that corresponding to background areas of the original to develop a
negative image. Development may be carried out on either side of
the imaging member.
4. The image is fixed to the imaging member. This may conveniently
be accomplished by heating, or by chemical fixing, or other similar
processes.
5. As shown by the dashed lines, an alternate procedure may be
followed wherein the developed powder image can be transferred to a
receiving material, such as ordinary paper, by a suitable
electrical, mechanical, or chemical process and the transferred
image is fixed to the receiving material by any of the techniques
set forth in Step 4.
Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, the various steps utilized in
the present invention are illustrated schematically. FIG. 2
illustrated the initial step in the process wherein an imaging
member 18, comprising a substrate 20, coated with a adesive layer
22, is placed in contact with an image bearing original 24
containing the image 26 to be reproduced. An example of an imaging
member which can be utilized in the present invention is Scotch
tape, manufactured by the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing
Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
Referring now to FIG. 3, when the imaging member 18 is stripped
from the image bearing original 24, surface areas 21, and 23 of the
substrate 20 and adhesive layer 22, respectively, corresponding to
the area of image 26, are positively charged in the example
illustrated. The remaining surface areas of substrate 20 and layer
22 are charged negatively, corresponding to the background areas of
the image bearing original 24.
The production of charge on the imaging member is caused by a
process called contact electrification. The electrochemical
potential in the interior of any neutral object depends on the
structure of the material and on the dipole layer on the faces of
the object. When two initially neutral areas are in contact with
one another, electric charge will tend to move from one body to
another so as to equalize the electrochemical potential (or the
Fermi energy). A triboelectric series can be established in which
materials above a given listed one will donate electrons to it, and
materials below this given one will accept electrons from it. It is
believed that the image areas of an image bearing original adhere
differently than the background areas. These adhesion differences
are translated during the stripping operation into electrostatic
charge differences, produced by electrification as described above,
capable of direct development. Whenever background and image areas
have different adhesive properties, such as prints in journals,
books, and raised or depressed letters in plastic material or
metal, copies can be successfully produced. Depending on the
electrical properties of the original, the electrostatic charge
pattern transferred to the imaging member 18 is either positively
or negatively charged in the image areas, the background areas
having charge of the opposite polarity. In the example illustrated,
the imaging member 18 is positively charged in the image areas and
negatively charged in the background areas. The physical
arrangement of the original also determines whether the image
transferred to the imaging member 18 is a negative or positive. For
example, when the image bearing original contains raised letters,
only the image, or raised areas, are charged and retain the
developer powder since the adhesive coating did not contact the
background and a positive copy is produced. In the case of a
depressed letter, when the paper only contacts the background, the
image is negative. Printed letters develop generally as positives
although it is possible, depending upon the triboelectric
properties of the image bearing original and the adhesive coated
substrate, and the charge on the developer powder, to obtain the
reverse effect, thereby developing a negative. Also illustrated in
FIG. 3 is receptacle 30 containing development powder 32 therein.
The powder is preferably poured upon the surface of substrate 20 to
develop the latent electrostatic image 21. The powder may
alternately be applied to adhesive layer 22 to similarly develop
the latent electrostatic image. In this latter case, the adhesive
layer and developer powder combination should be chosen such that
the powder will adhere to the layer due to the oppositely charged
areas of the layer, and not because of the adhesive property of the
layer. In the case illustrated, developer powder is negatively
charged so that it can adhere to the positively charged image area
of substrate 20 and not the negatively charged background. If the
charge transferred to the image areas of the adhesive coating and
substrate is negative, the charge on the developer powder should be
positive to produce a positive image.
Referring now to FIG. 4, the developed image 37 may be fixed into
imaging member 18 by heat fusion such as that produced by a fixing
unit 38 positioned adjacent adhesive layer 22. The fixing unit 38
alternately may be located adjacent the image 37 formed on the
surface of substrate 20. In this case, a resistance heating type
fixture is illustrated. HOwever, other techniques known in the art
may also be utilized, including the subjection of the image to a
solvent vapor, or the like. The fixing techniques described
hereinabove should fix the image 37 without seriously affecting the
characteristics of the imaging member 18. The developed powder
image 37 may be transferred to a receiving material 36, such as
ordinary paper, by charging the receiving material with charge of a
polarity opposite to the powder image polarity and bringing
material 36 adjacent to or in contact with substrate 20. Other
transfer methods may be used. For example, various chemical
transfer methods or methods involving hydroscopic action are
available.
The transferred image can be fixed to the receiving material 36 by
the same procedure described hereinabove for fixing image 37 to
imaging member 18.
The type of development process used in FIG. 3 is secondary. For
example, magnetic brush development, cascade development, and other
known techniques are all feasible. In the step of developing the
electrostatic image it has been found that various resinous powders
are very satisfactory. These powders should be caused to assume an
electric charge of the opposite polarity of the charge on image
areas of the adhesive layer 22 or substrate 20 to obtain a positive
image. This may be done by means of devices which spray electric
charges or may be effected by triboelectric action in a mixture of
the developer powder and a carrier material, the particular
materials chosen being determined and selected in accordance with a
triboelectric series, wherein it may be ascertained that the
developer component will assume the proper polarity charge upon
triboelectric reaction with the carrier material. A primary
function of the carrier material is to insure that the developer
powder assumes the proper electrostatic charge polarity by contact
with the carrier.
The invention may be carried out successfully when the adhesive
coating is a good electrical insulator and when a large portion of
the surface area of the insulator is brought into contact with the
surface of the other. The adhesive coating should preferably not
tear or otherwise mutilate the image bearing original when it is
stripped therefrom.
The imaging member 18 can be utilized as a charging device. For
example, a photoconductive material utilized in an imaging process
requires charging as the first step. The conventional technique in
the xerographic process, for example, utilizes a corotron which
adds free gaseous ionic charges to the surface of a photoconductive
plate by the utilization of a very high voltage supply. The
corotron is eliminated in the present invention by contacting the
plate with the adhesive layer and subsequently stripping the
imaging member 18 from the plate. A uniform electric charge remains
on the plate surface. Selective discharge of the plate is then
carried out by imagewise illumination thereof. The image is
developed and transferred to a receiving material by the techniques
described previously.
The invention described above provides a simplified imaging process
for use in a home copying system wherein the emphasis lies on
material sophistication and not on machine requirements. For
example, the charging, development, and illumination units utilized
in the electrostatic copying machines presently available can be
replaced by the adhesive material utilized in the present invention
and a material, such as paper, which in composite form comprises a
donor sheet containing charged developer powder. The imaging member
containing the adhesive layer is brought into contact with an image
bearing original and then stripped therefrom, as described
previously. The paper containing the charged developer powder is
then placed in contact with, or adjacent to, the imaging member.
The charged powder, if charged to the proper polarity, will adhere
to the latent electrostatic charge pattern, corresponding to the
image area, on the imaging member, thereby producing a visible
image. The developer powder preferably should adhere tightly to the
surface of the imaging member, reducing the possibility of
smudging, erasure, etc., and thereby eliminating the necessity of
providing a fixing unit for the home copying system.
While the invention has been described with reference to its
preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in
the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted for elements thereof without departing from the true
spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications
may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the
teaching of the invention without departing from its essential
teachings.
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