U.S. patent number 3,640,645 [Application Number 04/853,647] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-08 for method and apparatus for aspirating fluids.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Rocket Research Corporation. Invention is credited to Alan K. Forsythe.
United States Patent |
3,640,645 |
Forsythe |
February 8, 1972 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ASPIRATING FLUIDS
Abstract
An aspirator check valve in the form of a cylindrical sleeve
which is restrained at its front end and along circumferentially
spaced lines extending axially rearwardly from said front end, and
is unrestrained in the remainder of its extent. The sleeve lies
tight against an outer wall of the aspirator when open and when
closed by back pressure buckles inwardly where unrestrained, to
place rearward portions thereof tight against an inner wall. The
upstream end restraining means includes a resilient band designed
to flex radially inwardly in response to an over pressure, so that
such sleeve also functions as an over pressure relief valve. A
shortened aspirator comprising a plurality of concentrically
arranged primary and secondary flow passageways, and such an
aspirator combined with the sleeve-type check valve.
Inventors: |
Forsythe; Alan K. (Seattle,
WA) |
Assignee: |
Rocket Research Corporation
(Redmond, WA)
|
Family
ID: |
25316563 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/853,647 |
Filed: |
August 28, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
417/174; 417/176;
417/177; 417/185; 417/191; 417/196 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F04F
5/466 (20130101); B63C 9/18 (20130101); F16K
15/14 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B63C
9/00 (20060101); B63C 9/18 (20060101); F04F
5/00 (20060101); F16K 15/14 (20060101); F04F
5/46 (20060101); F04f 005/50 (); F04f 005/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;417/191,190,177,176,196,174,185 ;230/110,103,95 ;103/266 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Croyle; Carlton R.
Assistant Examiner: Gluck; Richard E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In an aspirator including a first passageway that is outwardly
bounded by a first tubular wall, means for establishing a flow of
fluid generally axially through said first passageway, and a second
tubular wall spaced radially outwardly from said first tubular
wall, said tubular walls together forming an aspirated fluid
passageway radially between them, said passageway having an ambient
air inlet and an outlet positioned to discharge the aspirated fluid
into admixture with the fluid flowing through said first
passageway, the improvement comprising:
a check valve comprising a flexible tubular sleeve having an
upstream end, support means extending about said upstream end and
normally supporting said upstream end tight against said second
tubular wall, and additional support means normally holding said
sleeve against said second tubular wall along a plurality of
circumferentially spaced-apart lines extending generally axially
rearwardly from said forward end, with said sleeve being sized to
lie substantially tight against said second tubular wall when
ambient air is flowing inwardly through said aspirated air
passageway, and with said sleeve being substantially unrestrained
rearwardly of said upstream end support means and between said
additional support means, so that backflow through said aspirated
air passageway will move the unrestrained portions of said sleeve
radially inwardly and will hold downstream end parts thereof
tightly against said first tubular wall.
2. The improvement of claim 1, wherein said additional support
means comprises radial support plates extending between said first
and second tubular walls in axial planes.
3. The improvement of claim 2, wherein said support plates are
three in number.
4. The improvement of claim 2, wherein said support plates are
connected to said second tubular wall at locations rearwardly of
said sleeve and are each recessed at their outer ends in the region
of the sleeve, with the sleeve being clamped between the recessed
portions of said support plates and the second tubular wall.
5. The improvement of claim 1, wherein the support means for the
upstream end of said sleeve includes a resilient band, and means
securing said band to said second tubular wall at points in common
axial planes with said additional support means, said resilient
band having sufficient elasticity to hold the entire upstream end
of said sleeve outwardly against said second tubular wall during
one level of back pressure within the aspirator but being
deformable inwardly between said securement points to disengage the
sleeve from said duct inner wall at a higher level of back
pressure, so that said sleeve-type check valve also functions as an
overpressure relief valve.
6. The improvement of claim 5, wherein said additional support
means comprises radial support plates extending between said first
and second tubular walls in axial planes.
7. The improvement of claim 6, wherein said struts are three in
number and wherein said means for securing said band includes means
for fastening said band to said struts.
8. A successive entrainment aspirator, comprising:
a first wall forming a first primary flow passageway having an
inlet in communication with ambient air;
injector means arranged to introduce an aspirating fluid into said
first inlet, with said aspirating fluid serving to aspirate ambient
air into said first passageway;
a second wall circumscribing said first wall and being spaced
radially therefrom to form an annular first wall secondary flow
passageway therebetween having an inlet in communication with
ambient air;
a third wall circumscribing said second wall and being spaced
radially therefrom to form an annular second primary flow
passageway therebetween having an inlet in communication with
ambient air;
a fourth wall circumscribing said third wall and being spaced
radially therefrom to form an annular second secondary flow
passageway having an inlet in communication with ambient air, and
with said fourth wall extending downstream a substantial distance
downstream of the other walls, so as to form a large diameter total
flow passageway downstream of the other said passageway;
second injector means arranged to introduce an aspirating fluid
into said second primary flow passageway, with said aspirating
fluid serving to aspirate ambient air into said second primary flow
passageway, and with flow through said primary flow passageways
serving to aspirate ambient air into said secondary flow
passageways; and
check valve means in said annular first and second secondary flow
passageways, for precluding backflow of fluids through such
secondary flow passageways.
9. The aspirator defined by claim 8, wherein said valve means each
includes a flexible, cylindrical sleeve having its upstream
peripheral edge substantially sealed against the outer wall of its
respective passageway and its downstream edge secured at spaced
points also to said respective outer walls.
10. The aspirator defined by claim 9, further including a resilient
band secured at spaced points to the outer wall of said third
annular passageway and secured to the entire upstream peripheral
edge of said sleeve whereby said band presses said upstream
peripheral edge of said sleeve against said outer wall to form said
seal but is biased inwardly to break said seal when a desired
predetermined pressure is obtained downstream of said sleeve.
11. In an inlet assembly for an inflatable including wall means
defining an ambient air inlet passageway for the inflatable, and
nozzle means for injecting an aspirating fluid into and through
said passageway, for entraining ambient air into said inflatable,
the improvement comprising:
said wall means including a radially movable wall section which
initially occupies a flow bounding position in which the ambient
air passageway is substantially completely open to ambient air and
the flow rate of ambient air into the inflatable is relatively
large, the said wall section having an outer surface in position to
be subjected to back pressure within said inflatable so that when
back pressure reaches a predetermined level it forces the movable
wall section radially inwardly into a position reducing the size of
the ambient air passageway, and means for limiting the extent of
radially inward movement of said wall section so that when said
wall section is in a radially inward position it blocks flow
through an outer region of the ambient air passageway but a reduced
size inner flow path remains which is sized to function effectively
with said nozzle means for pumping ambient air into the inflatable
at a decreased flow rate but at a higher pressure.
12. The improvement of claim 11, wherein the means for limiting the
extent of radial inward movement of said wall section comprises a
generally centrally positioned tubular duct.
13. An inlet member for an inflatable object comprising:
a cylindrical duct secured to said inflatable object and having an
inner boundary;
central nozzle means arranged at the upstream end of said duct for
injecting at least one generally central, generally conical jet
along the longitudinal axis of said duct;
an annular array of additional nozzle means arranged equidistantly
around said longitudinal axis between said duct inner boundary and
said central nozzle means for injecting a plurality of outer,
generally conical jets around said central jet, said additional
nozzle means being positioned inwardly of said duct inner boundary
about one-third of the radius of said duct and said central and
outer jets generally intersecting one another at a location along
said duct whereat the outer jets engage the inner boundary of the
duct, said location of intersection being spaced longitudinally
from said nozzles a distance equal to about 6 to 9 times the
diameter of the duct divided by the number of diametrically
arranged conical jets at said point of intersection; and
valve means for preventing unwanted backflow from the inflatable
object through said inlet member when the inflatable object is
inflated.
14. An inlet member for an inflatable object comprising:
a cylindrical duct secured to said inflatable object and having an
inner boundary;
central nozzle means arranged at the upstream end of said duct for
injecting at least one generally central, generally conical jet
along the longitudinal axis of said duct;
an annular array of additional nozzle means arranged equidistantly
around said longitudinal axis between said duct inner boundary and
said central nozzle means for injecting a plurality of outer,
generally conical jets around said central jet;
wall means forming an inner first-entrainment duct and an outer
annular first-entrainment duct each aligned respectively with said
central nozzle means and said additional nozzle means, said inner
duct and said outer annular duct forming a first second-entrainment
passageway therebetween and said outer annular duct and said
cylindrical duct forming a second second-entrainment passageway
therebetween, and means for sealing said passageways against a
backflow; and
valve means for preventing unwanted backflow from the inflatable
object through said inlet member when the inflatable object is
inflated.
15. The aspirator defined by claim 14, wherein the cross-sectional
area of said outer annular duct is about 8 times the
cross-sectional area of said inner duct.
16. The aspirator defined by claim 14, wherein said central nozzle
means includes at least three equidistantly spaced nozzles.
17. The aspirator defined by claim 14, wherein said means for
sealing said first and second second-entrainment passageways
includes inner and outer flexible, cylindrical sleeves.
18. The aspirator defined by claim 14, wherein said inner,
first-entrainment duct wall means and said outer annular
first-entrainment duct wall means are secured in place within said
cylindrical duct by strut means having recessed portions therein,
said means for sealing said first and second second-entrainment
passageways including inner and outer flexible, cylindrical sleeves
nested in said recessed portions of said struts and secured at
their upstream peripheral edges to said annular first-entrainment
duct wall means and said cylindrical duct, respectively.
19. The aspirator defined by claim 17, wherein said upstream
peripheral edges of said sleeves are secured to resilient bands
that are fastened at spaced points to said annular
first-entrainment duct wall means and said cylindrical duct,
whereby said bands press said upstream peripheral edges of said
inner and outer sleeves against said annular first-entrainment duct
wall means and the inner wall of said cylindrical duct,
respectively, to seal but are biased inwardly to break the seal
when a predetermined pressure is obtained downstream of said
sleeves.
20. A successive entrainment inflation aspirator comprising an
inlet tube for an inflatable, said tube having inlet and outlet
ends;
valve means in said inlet tube for completely closing same and
preventing outflow from the inflatable;
wall means in said inlet tube dividing the interior of the inlet
portion of said inlet tube into at least one first-entrainment
passageway and at least one second-entrainment passageway each of
which is in communication with ambient air, said first-entrainment
passageway surrounding said second-entrainment passageway;
nozzle means arranged to inject an aspirating fluid through said
first-entrainment passageway, with said aspirating fluid and the
ambient air entrained thereby serving as an aspirating fluid for
said second-entrainment passageway said nozzle means comprising a
circular array of nozzles directed to discharge axially of the
first-entrainment passageway; and
valve means in said second-entrainment passageway for disabling it
independently of said first-entrainment passageway.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to aspirating methods and apparatus and,
more particularly, those especially adapted for use in rapidly
pressurizing inflatable objects.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A rapid inflation rate is a requirement of many inflatable objects,
particularly those used with emergency devices, such as escape
chutes and rafts.
Prior art aspirating devices aiming towards rapid inflation of
these devices have generally taken one of two forms. The first form
is exemplified by the aspirator shown in the patent to Neigel U.S.
Pat. No. 2,859,908. An aspirating gas is introduced as a
high-velocity stream into a venturi nozzle adapted to discharge
into the object being inflated. The upstream end of the nozzle is
open to the surrounding air and the high-velocity gas stream
creates a suction to draw or aspirate ambient air into the stream
for the purpose of increasing its volume. When the object is
sufficiently inflated, and delivery of the aspirating gas has
ceased, a check valve in the nozzle is closed by back pressure to
prevent deflation.
A second form of inflation aspirator is shown in the patent to
Crawford et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,772,829. It is adapted for use in
installations wherein the combined stream of aspirating gas and
aspirated air, although of a high volume, is of an insufficient
pressure to fully inflate the object. A check valve is provided to
be closed by back pressure when the pressure in the object being
inflated reaches the pressure of the air and gas stream. Aspiration
of ambient air is then stopped; however, the gas flow is continued
and it, by itself being of a higher pressure than the gases in the
object, continues to inflate the object.
Improved inflation techniques and apparatuses are disclosed in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 3,460,746 and 3,460,747, owned by the assignee of the
present invention. In the devices of these patents gases are
aspirated through two stages. The first stage operates at a low
pressure and high volume to rapidly fill the object to a low
pressurization. When this low pressure is reached, the second stage
is disabled by the action of back pressure acting against an
annular flap-type check valve and further pressurization occurs at
decreased volume but higher pressure by the first stage aspirator
alone.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention is directed to the aspiration of fluids and
particularly, although not necessarily limited to, the aspiration
of fluids for the purpose of inflating an object. A feature of the
invention is a sleeve-type check valve which prohibits backflow
from the second stage of the aspirator. The sleeve is highly
responsive and is self-sealing. It is also simple and inexpensive
to manufacture and is virtually foolproof in operation.
Another feature is a combined secondary stage check valve and
excessive pressure relief valve. The sleeve-type check valve lends
itself to this dual use. The upstream end of the sleeve is secured
to a resilient band. Relief of the excess pressure is accomplished
by the excess pressure flexing the band radially inwardly to break
the seal between the front end of the sleeve and the support wall
therefor.
Still another feature is the concept of shortening the overall
length of the aspirator by employing a plurality of injection
nozzles as a substitute for a single nozzle. The nozzles are
preferably also arranged at two locations, namely, centrally and in
an annulus about the longitudinal axis of the duct. As the
sleeve-type check valve is secured to the wall of the aspirator, it
lends itself well to use in the combined multistage, multinozzle
aspirator. By combining these concepts, the resulting aspirator is
short, simple to operate and can produce high volume, high
pressure, or both for any number of useful applications.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a two-stage aspirator employing
a sleeve-type check valve;
FIG. 2 is a vertical section taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graphical illustration showing the pressure-flow
characteristics of the aspirator;
FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration showing the pressure-time
characteristics of a two stage aspirator and comparing the time
required to pressurize using the overpressurization relief valve
versus customary pressurization without a relief valve;
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section of a multistage aspirator
employing a multinozzle injector;
FIG. 6 is a vertical section of the injector shown in FIG. 5 taken
along the line 6--6 in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary longitudinal section of the aspirator shown
in FIG. 5 with the sleeve-type check valve closed;
FIG. 8 is a vertical section of the aspirator shown in FIG. 7 taken
along the line 8--8 of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the spray cone pattern of the
aspirator shown in FIGS. 5-8;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the inner tube as taken
along the arrows 10--10 of FIG. 9; and
FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 are isometric operational views of a two-stage
aspirator showing: in FIG. 11 fluid being aspirated in both stages;
in FIG. 12 the second stage being closed by the radial inward
movement of the downstream edge of the sleeve; and in FIG. 13 the
excess pressure overcoming the elasticity of the resilient band to
unseal the upstream edge of the sleeve.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The aspirator shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises first and second
stages 12 and 14, respectively. The first stage includes an inner
duct 16 and an injector 18 having a plurality of orifices 19 for
introducing the aspirating fluid. As in the aforementioned U.S.
Pat. Nos. 3,460,746 and 3,460,747 the aspirating fluid is
preferably a relatively high pressure, cool gaseous product caused
by a mixture of hot gases, such as the products of combustion of
ammonium nitrate type solid fuel grain, and a stream of a cold
liquid refrigerant, such as a pressure liquefied fluorinated
hydrocarbon. Other pressurized gases may be used; however, the
advantage of using the foregoing aspirating fluid is that it
exhibits a "no droop" characteristic which is highly advantageous
for inflation applications. The inner duct 16 is positioned
centrally inside an outer duct 20 forming the outer wall of the
aspirator. Three evenly spaced radial support plates or struts 22
rigidly interconnect the inner and outer ducts. For second stage
operation air is aspirated through the inner duct 16 and the
annular opening between the inner and outer ducts. As is quite
apparent the effective area of the second stage is considerably
greater than for the first stage. In the preferred embodiment the
area ratio is 3.85:1; however, this ratio is determined by the
requirements of the aspirator and thus is not to be considered
limitive.
A check valve 24, in the form of a cylindrical flexible sleeve or
wall section 25 of rubberized fabric or the like, is provided to
close off the annular space between the inner and outer ducts when
operation is confined to the first stage. The cylindrical sleeve is
attached at its upstream ends to a flexible resilient band 26. The
band functions as a relief valve if such is desired, and will be
described in more detail below. Should the relief function not be
desired the band may be eliminated and the upstream end of the
sleeve 25 secured directly to the inside surface of the outer duct
20 or the band may be made sufficiently stiff to preclude flexing.
In the preferred embodiment, the band, and thus the sleeve 25, is
secured at spaced points adjacent the strut 22 by suitable
fasteners, such as pins 28. The struts are cut away as at 30 in the
region of the cylindrical sleeve so that the sleeve fits within the
struts and is clamped at three equidistantly spaced points about
the inside surface of the outer duct.
A main check valve 32 is positioned downstream of the inner duct 16
and includes a hinge 34 which supports a circular sheet of
rubberized fabric 36 that is strengthened with reinforcing disks 38
of aluminum or the like 38. As described in the aforesaid U.S. Pat.
Nos. 3,460,746 and 3,460,747, the main check valve 32 opens under
the pressure of the incoming fluid and remains open until the
pressure within the inflatable object is sufficient to close the
valve into the position shown in FIG. 1. An annular ledge 39 is
provided in the outer duct 20 to serve as a seat for the main check
valve.
During second stage aspiration, the sleeve 25 is generally
cylindrical in form and closely hugs the inner surface of the outer
duct 20. When backflow commences, as a result of the pressure of
the gases in the inflated object exceeding the pressure of the
fluid aspirated in the second stage, the strongest backflow is
generally along the inner surface of the outer duct 20. As a result
the backflow of gases catches the loose downstream edge of the
sleeve between the struts 22 and moves these edges radially inward.
Pockets are thus formed circumferentially between the struts and
radially against the inner duct 16 and the struts 22. The closed
position of the sleeve is shown in phantom in FIG. 2 with the
sleeve actually hugging the opposed surfaces of the struts and the
outside surface of the inner duct 16.
An important feature of the invention is the fact that the
perimeter drawn around the struts and the inner duct, the
circumference of the sleeve, and the circumference of the inside
surface of the outer duct 20 are related and this relationship may
be varied to suit the application to which the aspirator is to be
used. In the preferred form of the invention, it is desired that
the circumference of the sleeve be approximately equal to the
perimeter drawn around the struts and the inner duct so that it
tightly hugs the struts and inner duct when closed. By the same
reasoning, it is desirable that the circumference of the sleeve be
approximately equal to the circumference of the outer duct so that
it tightly hugs the outer duct when in the open position. There are
many ways to obtain this substantial equality. One approach is
merely to vary the circumference of the inner duct or the thickness
of the struts. Another approach is to add appendages or the like
from the inner duct to increase the perimeter. In the preferred
form the substantial equality is obtained by using a preferred
number of struts. In the preferred embodiment, three struts are
employed to bring about the substantial equality. The equality
results from the fact that the circumference of the inside surface
of the outer duct is greater than the circumference of the outside
surface of the inner duct by an amount equal to 2.times.3.1416
.times. the difference in their respective radii at these two
points, R.sub.2 -R.sub.1 in FIG. 2. In other words, the difference
in circumference between the outer duct and the inner duct is
approximately 6.28.times.(R.sub.2 -R.sub.1). If the circumference
of the sleeve is equal to the circumference of the outer duct, the
excess material must be distributed over the struts. The radial
length of each strut is, of course, equal to (R.sub.2 -R.sub.1).
Since each strut has two opposed surfaces, three struts will use
6.times.(R.sub.2 -R.sub.1). It can thus be seen that only
0.28.times.(R.sub.2 -R.sub.1) remains to be distributed as surplus
over the struts and inner ducts, that is, the perimeter of the
struts plus the perimeter of the inner duct will equal 6 of the
required 6.28.times.(R.sub.2 -R.sub.1). The 0.28.times.(R.sub.2
-R.sub.1) remaining is easily distributed about the struts and the
inner duct resulting in a substantially tight fit between the
sleeve and the struts and inner duct when in the closed
position.
The principles of staging the aspiration of fluids into the
inflatable object is best explained with reference to FIG. 3. The
line drawn between 3.2 (point A) on the horizontal scale to the 2
(point B) on the vertical scale represents the flow rate of fluid
into the inflatable object using the second stage of the aspirator
alone. Actually the data is expressed in terms of a flow ratio of
secondary fluid, i.e., aspirated fluid, divided by primary fluid,
i.e., aspirating fluid; however, assuming a constant flow of
primary fluid, the ratio represents the total flow into the
inflatable object. The lines drawn between 2.2 (point C) on the
horizontal scale and 4.5 (point M) on the vertical scale represents
the flow rate using the first stage aspirator alone. It can readily
be seen that the second stage aspirator, although producing a high
volume of fluid out of the aspirator, can reach only a relatively
low pressure whereas the first stage of the aspirator, although it
has a low flow rate can produce a much higher pressure. The
combination of the stages, that is, by stopping the second stage
when the pressure in the inflatable reaches approximately 0.9
p.s.i.g. (point E) in the preferred embodiment, results in an
initial high flow rate and a final lower flow rate but a relatively
high pressure. The slope of this curve is best illustrated by the
solid black line in FIG. 3.
The relief valve feature is shown in FIG. 1 and in the operational
views in FIGS. 11-13. The upstream end of the sleeve 30 is bonded
or otherwise secured to the resilient band 26. The band is of a
circumference approximately equal to the inside surface of the
outer duct 20 so that the sleeve is pressed into sealing engagement
with the outer duct. In FIG. 12 the sleeve is shown formed into
pockets to stop the backflow of gases when only the first stage is
used. In FIG. 13 the backflow pressure exceeds the pressure
required to deform the band such that the band moves inwardly
relieving the pressure. In operation, the band is designed to flex
when the desired pressure of the inflatable is reached and vibrates
between the open and closed position to maintain such pressure.
By the use of this or a similar relief valve a method of inflation
is permitted that uses a source of pressure higher than the desired
final inflatable pressure. The method is best illustrated with
reference to FIG. 4 in which the dotted line (between F and G)
represents the customary practice of using a pressure source which
at its maximum is approximately equal to the desired inflatable
pressure. In the solid curve of the figure the use of the relief
valve is shown. In this curve the second stage operates to point F
to fill the object at a relatively constant low pressure and as the
pressure begins to build up in the object and the second stage of
the aspirator is closed, the curve proceeds at a much steeper slope
to point H than in the dotted curve because the pressure source
used for the solid curve is substantially greater than the desired
object pressure. At point H where the relief valve, i.e., band 26,
opens, the pressure is relieved and as the relief valve vibrates
between the open and closed position the desired object pressure is
maintained along the wavy line between points H and G. Thus the
desired pressure is achieved sooner.
In the device shown in FIGS. 5-8 the aspirator is provided with an
outer duct or conduit 42 and an inner duct or conduit 44. The
aspirator also includes a check valve 46 identical to the check
valve 32 of FIG. 1. In addition the aspirator shown in FIG. 5
includes an annular duct 48 having an outer surface 49 and an inner
surface 50. The inner and annular ducts are mounted in the outer
duct by suitable struts 51 similar to those of FIG. 1. A plurality
of central nozzles 52 are provided for introducing aspirating fluid
into the inner duct 44. A ring of nozzles 54, 24 in number in the
preferred embodiment, are joined together and with the central
nozzles 52 by a common pipe 55. The ring of nozzles injects
aspirating fluid into the annular duct 48. An outer cylindrical
sleeve-type check valve 56 is provided between the annular duct 48
and the outer duct 42. An inner sleeve-type check valve 58 is
provided between the annular duct 48 and the inner duct 44. The
valves 56 and 58 are identical to and operate in the same manner as
the valve 24 shown in FIG. 1. The second stage is shown in
operation in FIGS. 5 and 6 with the sleeves lying flat against the
surface 50 of the annular duct 48 and the inside wall of the outer
duct 42. When the pressure in the inflatable reaches a sufficient
level to close the second stage, back pressure moves a stream of
gases along the inner wall of the outer duct 42 and the inner
surface 50 of the annular duct 48 to close the sleeves as shown in
FIGS. 7 and 8. Aspiration from this point on takes place through
the first stage alone with a reduction ratio in aspirating area of
approximately 3.85 to 1. Further aspiration in the first stage is
continued until the desired object pressure is reached at which
time the gases back pressure deforms the resilient bands 60 and 61
to act as relief valves. When final pressurization is reached, that
is the supply pressure diminishes to a level below the pressure in
the object, the main check valve 46 is closed and the object
remains fully inflated.
FIG. 10 illustrates in principle the technique for shortening the
overall length of the aspirator without substantially affecting the
aspirating efficiency of the device. In principle, a nozzle, such
as those used in embodiment of FIGS. 5-8, which are of diameters in
the range of 0.1 inch, emits a spray in the form of a cone. It has
been found that optimum mixing of the aspirating fluid emitted from
the nozzle with the aspirated air surrounding the nozzle occurs
along the boundary of this cone. The angle of divergence of the
cone may be defined by the ratio of the length L of the spray cone
at its point of intersection with the duct to the diameter D of the
duct and preferably is between 6-9 to 1. This L/D ratio establishes
the length of the aspirating duct when a duct of a predetermined
diameter is desired. The diameter of the duct in the preferred
embodiment of FIGS. 5-8 is, for example, 6 inches. To satisfy the
L/D ratio it therefore is necessary that the length of the duct be
6-9.times.6 inches or a minimum of 36 inches. To utilize such a
long duct in an aircraft slide inflation device is impractical.
The technique employed to shorten the effective length of the duct
is to cluster a plurality of nozzles or preferably to cluster a
ring of nozzles in an annulus around a central nozzle or cluster of
nozzles, as shown for example in FIG. 6. The theoretical shape of
the spray cones emitted from these nozzles is best shown in
longitudinal section in FIG. 9. Thus assuming an L/D ratio of 6 and
a duct diameter of 6 inches, it can be seen that the ring of
nozzles 54 surrounding a central or nozzles 52 will provide in
diametrical cross section a series of three spray cones, having
diameters d.sub. o and d.sub. i respectively, filling the 6-inch
diameter D of the duct. Each of the cones is equal to one-third of
the diameter D of the duct at their points of contact.
Consequently, the duct is substantially filled, but the lengths L,
of the cones required to fill the duct has been decreased by a
factor of 3 so that the approximate length of the duct using the
plural nozzle configuration of FIG. 9 is only 12 inches. The
optimum configuration of the sprays emitted from the annulus is an
annular slit of approximately 10/1,000 of an inch in width. To
manufacture such a device having a slit with such a dimension would
be too expensive if at all possible. Thus the alternative is to
approximate a slit by arranging a ring of nozzles, 24 in the
preferred embodiment, each having an opening of approximately 0.07
inch. It is, of course, recognized that lesser numbers of larger
nozzles or that additional rings of nozzles may also be used.
The concept of the annular ring of nozzles to shorten the length of
the duct is, as shown in FIGS. 5-10, also advantageously employed
with the staging principles of the aspirator. In general the
desired duct area of the aspirator for the second stage operation,
that is, when check valves 56 and 58 are open, is based on a size
limitation determined by the application for which the aspirator is
to be used. In the preferred embodiment this second stage duct area
is approximately 27 square inches. The first stage area (area of
inner duct 44 and annular duct 48) is based in part upon optimum
pressure-pumping considerations rather than size. In other words,
it is known that the nozzles must produce sufficient aspirating
pressure to inflate the object to its desired pressure and this
pressure is arrived at primarily as a function of cross-sectional
area. In one preferred form shown in FIGS. 5-8 the desired pressure
for the first stage at an aspirating fluid flow rate of 1.5
1b.m./sec. is 2.5 p.s.i.a. and requires a first stage area of 7
square inches. In the second stage about one-ninth of the
cross-sectional area of the duct as shown in FIG. 9 is occupied by
the central spray cone or cones and eight-ninths of the area is
occupied by the ring of spray cones. This balance is desired to be
maintained in the first stage. Thus two criteria are used to
establish the configuration of the first stage of the aspirator.
The first is the desired cross-sectional sectional area, for the
preferred form 7 square inches, and the other is the maintenance of
balance such that eight-ninths of the flow will occur through the
annular duct 48 of the first stage and one-ninth will occur through
the inner duct 44. In other words, if the desired cross-sectional
area of the first stage is to be 7 square inches, eight-ninths of
this or 6.2 square inches must be the cross-sectional area of the
annular duct 48 and 0.8 square inches must be the cross-sectional
area of the inner tube 44. Using this relationship, it can be seen
then that the diameter of the inner tube, using
must be approximately equal to
or approximately 1 inch.
A further complication arises from the fact that at the downstream
ends of the inner duct 44 and the annular duct 48 the diameter of
the spray cones in the annular duct 48 are each approximately
one-half inch as indicated by reference character x in FIG. 9.
Consequently at this point along the length of the aspirator the
diameter of a single spray cone in the inner tube 44 would also be
one-half inch. Since the required diameter of the inner cone, that
is, the diameter necessary to satisfy the area requirement of 0.8
square inches, must be 1 inch, as derived above, it is necessary to
expand the diameter of the cone by using a plurality of central
nozzles in the same manner as described above to shorten the
overall length of the aspirator. It of course should be noted that
the L/D discussion pertinent to the second stage also applies to
the first stage, that is, Y/X as shown in FIG. 9 must also be about
6-9 to 1. In the preferred form of the invention, three nozzles are
used to arrive at an effective diameter at the downstream end of
the first stage of the inner tube 44 which is equivalent to a
1-inch diameter. This of course will produce an overlap of the
spray cones at the downstream end of the second stage but this
overlap does not effect the operation of the aspirator to any
substantial degree.
While several embodiments of the invention have been illustrated,
these forms have been selected for the purpose of description only
and are not to be considered as restrictive.
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