U.S. patent number 3,640,246 [Application Number 04/874,746] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-08 for development apparatus for latent electrostatic images.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Hazen L. Hoyt, III, Lothar S. Jeromin.
United States Patent |
3,640,246 |
Jeromin , et al. |
February 8, 1972 |
DEVELOPMENT APPARATUS FOR LATENT ELECTROSTATIC IMAGES
Abstract
Powder cloud development apparatus for developing latent
electrostatic images including an ion generator adjacent one wall
of the development chamber. A cloud of toner particles is
introduced into the development chamber through a port in the wall
directly opposite the ion generator wall. Above the powder cloud
port and the apertures in the ion generator wall, and extending
completely between the opposed walls, is a baffle under which the
powder and toner clouds meet and are thoroughly mixed. A grid
electrode, positioned above the baffle and spaced much further from
the photoconductive surface than a conventional powder cloud
development electrode, is utilized to control image quality and
contrast.
Inventors: |
Jeromin; Lothar S. (Sierra
Madre, CA), Hoyt, III; Hazen L. (Glendora, CA) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Rochester,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25364478 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/874,746 |
Filed: |
November 7, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
118/629; 399/135;
118/DIG.5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0803 (20130101); Y10S 118/05 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/08 (20060101); G03g 013/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/629,631,637
;117/17.5 ;250/49.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for developing a latent electrostatic image on a
surface comprising a chamber having a pair of opposed sidewalls,
support means for supporting said surface with its latent
electrostatic image-bearing side facing said chamber, means for
supplying a cloud of developer particles to said chamber through a
port in one of said opposed sidewalls, ion generator means for
supplying a cloud of ions to said chamber through at least one port
in the other of said opposed sidewalls, means to maintain said ion
generator means at a higher pressure than said chamber whereby
developer particles are substantially prevented from entering said
ion generator means, a baffle overlying said ports through which
said developer particles and said ions are introduced into said
chamber, said baffle extending completely from one of said opposed
sidewalls to the other of said opposed sidewalls whereby said ion
cloud and said developer particle cloud initially meet and mix
under said baffle, a grid electrode positioned between said latent
electrostatic image-bearing surface and said baffle, and means to
bias said grid electrode, said grid electrode being spaced from the
latent electrostatic image-bearing surface a distance sufficient to
control the contrast and quality of the developed image.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said ion generator means is
positioned external to said chamber.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said ion generator means is
positioned within said chamber, said ion generator means having a
housing having at least one corona emitting wire therein, that
portion of said ion generator housing beneath said baffle and
opposite said developer particle port at least partially defining
the opposed sidewall of said chamber through which said cloud of
ions is introduced into said chamber
4. The apparatus of claim 1 further including means for introducing
under pressure an ionizable gas to said ion generator means whereby
the flow of said pressurized gas carries ions formed within said
ion generator means through said ion generator ports into that
portions of said chamber beneath said baffle.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said ion generator means
comprises a housing having at least one corona emitting wire
therein, and means to introduce under pressure an ionizable gas to
said housing adjacent only the ends of said corona emitting wire,
whereby the normal flow of the ionizable gas is along the length of
said corona wire to about the midpoint thereof where the ion cloud
exits through said ion generator ports into that portion of said
chamber beneath said baffle.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 further including means to energize
said corona wire.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said corona wire is energized
intermittently.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means for supplying a
cloud of developer particles to said chamber is pulsed
intermittently.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said grid electrode is spaced
on the order of about 1 inch to about 2 inches from the latent
electrostatic image-bearing surface.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 further including means for causing
relative movement of said development chamber and said latent
electrostatic image-bearing surface whereby a leaktight development
chamber is defined.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said baffle has an upper flat
portion and downwardly depending side portions, whereby there is
defined a zone within said chamber beneath said baffle where said
ion cloud and said toner cloud initially meet and mix prior to
movement of the charged toner cloud to the top of said chamber
adjacent said latent electrostatic image-bearing surface.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said side portions are angled
outwardly from said upper flat portion.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 further including means to remove
unused toner from said chamber.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a grid electrode
adjacent the bottom wall of said chamber in those areas not
directly beneath said baffle.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 further including means adjacent the
walls defining said chamber for permitting the establishment of a
pressure differential between the inside of said chamber and the
outside of said chamber, said means assisting in the maintenance of
the pressure differential established between said ion generator
and said chamber.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said means comprises porous
pads of limited porosity such that air but not developer particles
can pass therethrough.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 further including delay means
connected to said ion generator means and said developer cloud
generator for enabling developer particles to be supplied to said
chamber before free ions.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said ionizable gas is
continuously introduced into said ion generator housing during the
development of the latent electrostatic image.
19. An apparatus for developing a latent electrostatic image on a
surface comprising a chamber having a pair of opposed sidewalls;
means for supporting said surface with its latent electrostatic
image-bearing side facing inwardly toward said chamber; a baffle
extending completely from one of said opposed sidewalls to the
other of said opposed sidewalls, said baffle being spaced from the
remaining sidewalls whereby material introduced into said chamber
under said baffle can move from beneath said baffle to the top of
said development chamber; means for supplying a cloud of developer
particles to said chamber through a port in one of said opposed
sidewalls, said port being positioned in said sidewall beneath said
baffle; ion generator means for supplying a cloud of ions to said
chamber through at least one port in the other of said opposed
sidewalls, all of said ion generator ports being positioned beneath
said baffle, said ion generator means comprising a housing having
at least one corona emitting means therein, means to energize said
corona emitting means, means to introduce under pressure an
ionizable gas to said housing whereby the flow of said pressurized
gas carries ions formed within said ion generator means through
said ion generator ports into that portion of said chamber beneath
said baffle; means to maintain said ion generator means at a higher
pressure than said chamber whereby developer particles are
substantially prevented from entering said ion generator means;
means adjacent the walls defining said chamber for permitting the
establishment of a pressure differential between the inside of said
chamber and the outside of said chamber, said means assisting in
the maintenance of the pressure differential established between
said ion generator and said chamber; a grid electrode positioned
between said latent electrostatic image-bearing surface and said
baffle, said grid electrode being spaced from the latent
electrostatic image-bearing surface a distance sufficient to
control the contrast and quality of the developed image; and means
to bias said grid electrode.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said ion generator means is
positioned external to said chamber.
21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein that portion of said ion
generator housing beneath said baffle and opposite said developer
particle port at least partially defines the opposed sidewall of
said chamber through which said cloud of ions is introduced into
said chamber
22. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said pressurized gas is
introduced to said ion generator housing only adjacent the ends of
said corona emitting means, whereby the flow of ionizable gas is
along the length of said corona emitting means to about the
midpoint thereof where the ion cloud exits through said ion
generator ports into that portion of said chamber beneath said
baffle.
23. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said corona emitting means is
energized intermittently.
24. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said means for supplying a
cloud of developer particles to said chamber is pulsed
intermittently.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 further including means to cause said
means for supplying a cloud of developer particles to said chamber
to be pulsed at least once before said corona emitting means is
energized.
26. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said grid electrode is spaced
on the order of about 1 inch to about 2 inches from the latent
electrostatic image-bearing surface.
27. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said baffle has an upper flat
portion and outwardly and downwardly depending side portions,
whereby there is defined a zone within said chamber beneath said
baffle where said ion cloud and said developer cloud initially meet
and mix prior to movement of the charged developer cloud to the top
of said chamber adjacent said latent electrostatic image-bearing
surface.
28. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said means for permitting the
establishment of a pressure differential between the inside and
outside of said chamber comprises porous pads of limited porosity
such that air but not developer particles can pass
therethrough.
29. An apparatus for developing a latent electrostatic image on a
surface comprising a chamber having a pair of opposed sidewalls,
support means for supporting said surface with its latent
electrostatic image-bearing side facing said chamber, means for
supplying a cloud of charged developer particles to said chamber
through a port in one of said opposed walls, a baffle overlying
said port through which said developer particles are introduced
into said chamber, said baffle extending completely from one of
said opposed sidewalls to the other of said opposed sidewalls, a
grid electrode positioned between said latent electrostatic
image-bearing surface and said baffle, and means to bias said grid
electrode to a desired potential and polarity, said grid electrode
being spaced from the latent electrostatic image-bearing surface a
distance sufficient to control the contrast and quality of the
developed image.
30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said means for supplying a
cloud of charged developer particles to said chamber is pulsed
intermittently.
31. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein said grid electrode is spaced
on the order of about 1 inch to about 2 inches from the latent
electrostatic image-bearing surface.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Xeroradiography, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,666,144, is a
process wherein an object is internally examined by subjecting the
object to penetrating radiation. A uniform electrostatic charge is
deposited on the surface of a xerographic plate and a latent
electrostatic image is created by projecting the penetrating
radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays, through the object and
onto the plate surface. The latent electrostatic image may be made
visible by contacting the latent electrostatic image on the plate
surface with fine powdered particles electrically charged opposite
to the latent electrostatic image pattern on the plate. The visible
image may be viewed, photographed or transferred to another surface
where it may be permanently affixed or otherwise utilized. The
entire processing is dry and no dark room is necessary.
Xeroradiography in recent years has been utilized to detect breast
cancer in women. In examination of breasts wherein soft tissue
comprises most of the breast area, xeroradiography, or
xeromammography as it is generally called, provides greater
resolving power than the conventional roentgenographic film and
greater image detail is achieved. A wide range of contrast is seen
on the xeroradiographic plate as compared to the conventional
roentgenographic films so that all the structures of the breast
from the skin to the chest wall and ribs may be readily visualized.
Besides providing better contrast, xeromammography detects small
structures like tumer calcification and magnifies them more than
conventional film, is quicker, less expensive, gives greater detail
and requires less radiation than X-ray techniques.
The technique of powder cloud development, as disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 2,711,481, has been utilized to develop xeroradiography
plates. This development technique is preferred in xeromammography
because discontinuities in the object being examined are readily
developed. The charged surface of the plate is disposed facing a
chamber area -inch cloud of powder particles are introduced. The
particles must be charged opposite to the polarity of the charge on
the plate so that the particles may deposit upon the surface of the
plate in an image configuration due to the action of the
electrostatic forces of the latent electrostatic image on the plate
acting on the charges on the particles in the powder cloud. Various
prior art techniques for charging the powder cloud include
turbulently flowing the powder particles in air through a nozzle,
tube or the like to triboelectrically charge the particles or by
passing the particles through a corona discharge area comprising a
fine needle or fine wire and a grounded electrode as disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 2,725,304. The corona method of charging the
particles has been found to provide more uniform charging of the
powder cloud, thereby producing high resolution images when the
xerographic plate is developed. Prior are devices which utilized a
corona discharge to charge the powder particles, such as that set
forth in U.S. Pat. No. 2,725,304, have disadvantages associated
therewith. The powder particles, when introduced into the chamber
and charged, may accumulate around the corona discharge electrode
such that the electrode ceases to charge powder particles entering
the chamber area. Although the electrode may be cleaned
periodically to remove the powder particles therefrom the necessity
of cleaning the corona electrode is time consuming, may increase
the cost of development, the complexity of the development
operation is increased and the particles may deposit on the person
manually cleaning the electrode.
In application Ser. No. 832,697 filed June 12, 1969, and now
abandoned, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention,
there is described apparatus and technique for substantially
eliminating the contamination of the ion generators by the toner
particles blown into the development chamber. This is achieved by
placing the ion generator in its own housing and by maintaining a
suitable positive pressure differential between the ion generator
housing and the development chamber proper, whereby toner particles
are substantially prevented from entering the ion generator
housing.
While the invention described in the aforementioned copending
application does in fact solve the problem of contamination of the
ion generator, the apparatus described therein, where a manifold
extends along the longitudinal axis of the development chamber, is
not totally satisfactory inasmuch as toner buildup on the manifold
itself affects the electrostatic fields in the development chamber.
This, in turn, can cause undesired artifacts to be imposed upon the
latent electrostatic image and eventually developed into the final
reproduction. Under prolonged use, uneven powder cloud distribution
results from the clogging of the toner ports in the manifold
thereby resulting in improper mixing of the ion and powder clouds.
Finally, the open chamber is detrimental to the development of
optimum image quality in that no means are provided to control free
ions which can migrate to the plate surface causing discharge of
the latent electrostatic image thereon. These factors which, in
general, do not affect the initially developed images, do have a
significant effect with continued use and therefore affect the
overall usefulness of the described development chamber in
automated xerographic processing equipment.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide
improved powder cloud apparatus for developing latent electrostatic
images.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide novel
powder cloud apparatus for developing latent electrostatic images
wherein the ion cloud and the powder cloud are introduced into the
development chamber through opposite walls and meet under a baffle,
extending between the opposed walls, where the clouds are
thoroughly mixed.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide
improved development apparatus for use in xeromammography.
These and still further objects, features and advantages of the
present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the
following detailed disclosure.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above and still further objects of the present invention are
achieved, in accordance therewith, by providing, as in the
aforementioned copending application, an ion generator and a powder
cloud generator, the generators serving to respectively introduce a
cloud of ions and a cloud of toner particles into the development
chamber. The ion generator is enclosed in a housing which has a
plurality of openings along a wall thereof adjacent the development
chamber. Air introduced into the housing adjacent the energized
high-voltage wire or wires carries ions into the development
chamber through the openings. The airflow is chosen such that a
positive pressure differential is maintained between the ion
generator housing and the development chamber. This pressure
differential prevents the flow of toner particles into the ion
generator housing such that the possibility of contamination of the
high-voltage wire in the housing is substantially minimized.
In the invention described herein, the ion generator is adjacent
one sidewall of the development chamber. A cloud of toner particles
is introduced into the development chamber through a port in the
sidewall opposite from the ion generator, the cloud of ions and the
cloud of toner particles meeting under a baffle, extending between
the opposed walls, where they thoroughly mix to form a cloud of
charged toner particles. To insure that the ion cloud and toner
cloud meet under the baffle, the ion generator egress ports and the
powder cloud port are positioned only under the baffle whereby
thorough mixing of the clouds is assured. Because of the flow rates
associated with the powder cloud generator and the ion generator,
the charged powder cloud is caused to swirl out from under the
baffle toward the upper portion of the development chamber where
the charged toner particles pass through and around a grid
electrode, and are attracted to the latent electrostatic image,
whereby the latent image is made visible. It is essential that the
baffle extend the entire distance between the opposed sidewalls,
whereby discharge of portions of the latent image by free ions and
over-development of portions of the latent electrostatic image by
toner particles carried to the top of the development chamber in
the absence of the proper baffle, as described herein, is
avoided.
To enable operational control of image contrast and quality, a grid
electrode is spaced above the baffle at a distance of about 1 to
about 2 inches, generally on the order of about 11/4 inches, from
the photoconductive surface. By appropriately biasing the grid
electrode during the development cycle, the grid electrode
separates particles charged to an undesired polarity. In addition,
since the electrode is further spaced from the photoconductive
surface than is normal for a powder cloud development electrode and
the charged powder cloud is caused to enter into the zone above the
electrode, the toner particles, charged to a polarity for
developing the latent electrostatic image, will be accelerated
toward the latent image and away from the grid electrode which is
biased to the same polarity.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The nature of the invention will be more easily understood when it
is considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a powder cloud development
apparatus incorporating the teachings of the present invention;
and
FIG. 2 is a top plan view, partially in section, of the development
apparatus of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, development means 100 includes a
rigidly mounted backing plate 102 positioned above development
chamber 104 and slightly above the path of xerographic plate travel
therebetween. The xerographic plate is shown schematically as
having a conductive backing member 106 and a downwardly facing
photoconductive layer 108 thereon. As described in application Ser.
No. 874,834, filed concurrently herewith, the development means of
FIGS. 1 and 2 herein is part of an automated flat-plate xerographic
processing system. As more fully described in the aforementioned
concurrently filed copending application, means are provided to
advance a latent electrostatic image-bearing xerographic plate into
the development means and to advance the xerographic plate out of
the developing means after the latent electrostatic image has been
converted to a corresponding xerographic powder image. Portions of
said copending application which are necessary for a complete
understanding of the present invention, or to provide sufficient
disclosure to understand the more fully automated operation of the
development chamber described herein, are incorporated herein by
reference.
Development chamber 104 rests on inflatable elements 110 supported,
in turn, by brackets 112. The walls 114 of chamber 104 terminate,
about the upper periphery thereof, in outwardly extending lip 116.
Attached to lip 116 is a gasket supporting member 118 having gasket
120 on the upper portion thereof. After a xerographic plate is
properly positioned within the development station with the
development means in the down position, the development chamber is
raised by applying pressurized gas to inflatable elements 110. As
shown in FIG. 1, gasket 120 is caused to seat against
nonphotoconductive coated portions 122 of conductive backing member
106 whereby a leaktight development chamber is defined.
Within the development chamber, and positioned approximately 1-2
inches from the photoconductive surface of the xerographic plate,
there is a grid electrode 124 mounted on support bracket 126. Grid
electrode 124 can be, for example, 0.010 -inch diameter wire strung
on a frame at approximately 1/4 -inch spacing and is typically
biased on the order of about .+-.1,000 volts. Below the grid
electrode and mounted on support bracket 128 is a canopy shaped
baffle 130 made of insulator material. Extending substantially
across the width of the development chamber (i.e., in a direction
transverse to the direction of xerographic plate travel through the
development means) is an ion generator 132 comprising housing 134,
a single corotron wire 136 therein and air inlet ports 138, coupled
to a pressurized air source 139 by conduit 140. On the opposite
wall of housing 134 from the pressurized air entrance ports, but
through only that portion of the housing wall directly beneath
baffle 130, is a plurality of ionized air egress ports 142 through
which ionized air passes into the development chamber 104. Air
inlet ports 138 are adjacent the ends of corotron wire 136 whereas
ionized air egress ports 143 are adjacent the middle of the wire.
During airflow through the ion generator, on the order of about 1
cubic foot/minute for about 1/2 cubic foot development chamber, and
upon energization of the corotron wire, the air entering through
ports 138 scavenges the ions created by the corotron wire as the
air flows from ports 138 through the ion generator to ports 142,
where the ionized air exits to that portion of the development
chamber beneath baffle 130. Extending through the sidewall of the
development chamber directly opposite ion generator 132 is a toner
entrance port 144, also positioned beneath baffle 130. Port 144 is
connected to toner aerosol generator 146, including source 149 of
pressurized gas, by way of flexible coupling 148. Adjacent at least
a portion of the side of development chamber 104 are porous pads
150, securely mounted to the external sides of the development
chamber. Pads 150 are adapted to permit the passage of air
therethrough whereby suitable minimum pressure differential can be
maintained between development chamber 104 and the external
environment outside the chamber. This prevents pressure buildup in
the chamber which would cause seal leakage with attendant leakage
of toner to the internal portions of the surrounding enclosure.
Pads 150 are of limited porosity such that while airflow can be
maintained therethrough, toner particles cannot pass therethrough
into the internal portions of surrounding enclosure. It should be
noted that the ion generator 132 may be located external to
development chamber 104 if so desired with appropriate entrance
points made through the walls of the development chamber to enable
the ions to enter and mix with the powder cloud under baffle
130.
At the bottom of the development chamber, in the bottom wall
thereof, there is a port 152 through which unused toner is
withdrawn during the purge cycle. Port 152 is connected to conduit
154 by means of flexible coupling 156. Inside conduit 154, there is
a flapper valve 158 hinged for rotational movement, in the
direction as shown by the arrow, about hinge 160. Conduit 154 is
connected to toner filter means 162 which, in turn, is connected to
blower means 164. At the beginning of the purge cycle, valve 158 is
moved downward and to the left under the action of rotary solenoid
(not shown). This movement of flapper valve 158 places the blower
in communication with the development chamber through toner filter
means 162, conduit 154 and port 152, whereby unused toner is
withdrawn from the development chamber. After the purge cycle, the
valve is released from its open position and rotated back into the
closed position under urging of a spring (not shown).
Backing plate 102 also has a plurality of apertures 171, 173, 175
and 177 therethrough adapted to receive pins 179 extending upwardly
from the movable development chamber 104, the pins serving to guide
the chamber into the proper sealing position about the
photoconductive surface. Mounted on top of plate 102 is switch S1
having an arm depending downwardly through a slot in the backing
plate. Positioned adjacent aperture 175 is a switch S2 which is
actuated when a pin passes through the aperture. Adjacent aperture
171 is a switch S3 which is actuated when the development chamber
is lowered and the pin which had passed through aperture 171 is no
longer in contact therewith.
In operation, as the xerographic plate is inserted into the
development means, the leading edge thereof comes into contact with
the arm on switch S1 which extends through the slot in development
chamber backing plate 102. With continued insertion of the
xerographic plate into the development means, the arm associated
with switch S1 drops off the trailing edge of the xerographic
plate, deactuates the drive motor, whereby the plate is properly
positioned within the development means, and initiates elevation of
the development chamber.
Pressurized gas is admitted to inflatable elements 110 whereby the
development chamber 104 is raised into the upper position where it
seats against the xerographic plate to provide a leaktight
development chamber suitable for the development of the
latent-electrostatic image residing on the downward-facing
photoconductive surface. As the chamber is elevated, a pin 179
passes through aperture 175 in backing plate 102 and comes into
contact with switch S2, indicating that the chamber is in the upper
position. The movement of the development chamber to the upper
position is confirmed by switch S4 (not shown) which monitors the
pressure applied to inflatable elements 110. When both switches S2
and S4 confirm that the development chamber is in the upper
position, the development cycle is initiated.
Development means 100 is of the powder cloud type wherein a fine
cloud of charged toner particles is created by powder cloud
generator 146, for example, as shown in U.S. Letters Pat. Nos.
2,812,883 or 2,862,646, and blown into development chamber 104
through port 144. The powder cloud so generated by the powder cloud
generator is then mixed with an ion cloud produced by passing
pressurized air over corotron wire 136 and then through egress
ports 142 in housing 134. The powder cloud and the ion cloud meet
under baffle 130 and are thoroughly mixed. Because of the flow
rates of the powder cloud generator and the ion generator, the
charged powder cloud within the development chamber is caused to
swirl out from under baffle 130 toward the upper portion of the
development chamber where the charged toner particles are attracted
to the latent electrostatic image, whereby the latent image is made
visible.
As set forth above, the positive pressure differential maintained
between ion generator 132 and development chamber 104 prevents the
toner particles from entering the ion generator housing and
contaminating or clogging the corotron wire or the ion generator
egress ports 142. This pressure differential is created and
maintained by limiting the number and size of ports 142 in relation
to the pressure applied to housing 134 through pressure controlled
communication with the pressurized air source. A pressure
differential in the range from about 4 inches of water to about 18
inches of water has been successfully utilized to prevent such
contamination.
Grid electrode 124, which is biased oppositely from the polarity of
the latent-electrostatic image, when it is desired to form a
positively sensed reproduction, is utilized to remove particles or
ions which have the same polarity as the latent electrostatic image
and to establish field lines normal to the photoconductive surface
whereby the phenomenon of edge deletion can be controlled, as
desired. In xeromammography, for example, where it is advantageous
to develop discontinuities in the object being examined,
substantial, or at least partial, retention of edge deletion (i.e.,
edge enhancement) will be, in many cases, the desired condition
whereby maximum information can be obtained in the developed image.
The grid electrode also serves to accelerate the movement toward
the photoconductor surface of those particles, of like polarity to
the bias potential, which are between the grid and the
photoconductor surface.
When switches S2 and S4 initiate the development cycle, they do so
by actuating master timer means (not shown) which controls the
development operations broadly described above in accordance with
the following sequence. Initially, pressurized air is continuously
applied to the corotron housing and the grid electrode is
appropriately biased. The positive pressure differential, on the
order of about 4-18 inches of water, thereby established between
the ion generator housing and the development chamber proper serves
to prevent toner particles, subsequently blown into the development
chamber, from entering the ion generator housing and adversely
affecting the operational characteristics of the ion generator.
Then, the toner powder cloud generator is pulsed one or more times
to fill the development chamber with a charge of toner particles,
the air applied to the corotron housing being at sufficient
pressure to prevent toner particles from entering the housing.
Typically, pulsation of the toner feed mechanism is on the order of
about 0.25-0.6 second. The powder cloud generator is initially
pulsed by itself to avoid discharge of the latent electrostatic
image by charged ions blown into the development chamber in the
absence of toner particles. Thereafter, the powder cloud generator
and the ion generators are simultaneously pulsed a plurality of
times, for example, 6 times. The pulsation of the ion generator, by
energizing corotron wire 136, is on the order of about 1-3 seconds.
A typical pulse-off time period is on the order of about 5 seconds,
after which the powder cloud and ion generators are pulsed together
(for their respective pulsing periods) and then off a plurality of
times, as indicated above, in successive 5 second intervals. The
toner cloud and the ion cloud, injected into the development
chamber from opposite sides, meet under baffle 130, where they are
thoroughly mixed. Due to the flow rates chosen for the ion and
powder clouds, the now charged toner cloud swirls out from under
the baffle, rises through and around the biased grid electrode to
the top of the development chamber where toner particles, normally
charged to a polarity opposite that of the polarity of the latent
electrostatic image, are drawn thereto whereby the latent
electrostatic image is made visible. It should be understood that
the aforementioned operating characteristics can be varied by the
operator or radiologist to give the desired developmental results,
e.g., best images for viewing, most efficient use of toner, etc.
For example, by providing an appropriately biased grid electrode
and by establishing the proper toner and ion generator pulsing
periods, the presence of free ions (i.e., ions unattached to toner
particles) and their discharge of portions of the latent
electrostatic image can be, to a great extent, controlled, such
that the final reproduction is not adversely degraded.
At the end of the pulsed development cycle, during which the
latent-electrostatic image has been made visible by the attraction
of oppositely charged toner particles, the master timer means
actuates the rotary solenoid associated with flapper valve 158 such
that the valve is caused to rotate to the position where the
development chamber is in communication with blower 164 via filter
means 162. Air is drawn into the chamber via filter pads 150 and
helps to entrain unused toner. In this manner, unused toner is
purged from the development chamber. After the purge is completed,
as determined by the purge duration timer normally set for a purge
duration on the order of about 6 seconds, the rotary solenoid is
deactuated, whereby flapper valve 158 is spring urged back to the
position as shown in FIG. 1. Additionally, at the end of the purge
cycle the three-way valve to inflatable elements 110 is opened to
the atmosphere, thereby causing the pressurized gas to be released
from the inflatable elements whereby the development chamber is
lowered from the leaktight position under the combined influence of
gravity and spring means (not shown).
As the development chamber is lowered, a second pin 179, passing
through aperture 171 in backing plate 102, drops out of contact
with switch S3. This actuates a motor (not shown) which causes
initiation of the movement of the xerographic plate out of the
development means.
To complete the xerographic processing cycle, it is necessary to
withdraw a single support sheet from a supply tray, transport it to
a point where it is in registration with the xerographic plate
having the powder image thereon, transfer the powder image to the
support sheet as the plate and the support sheet are moved in
synchronization, strip the image-bearing support sheet from its
position adjacent the xerographic plate and transport it to a fuser
where the powder image is permanently bonded to the adjacent
support sheet surface. Simultaneously, the xerographic plate is
cleaned and processed for subsequent reuse.
The baffle which defines the zone in which the toner cloud and the
ion cloud initially mix is dimensioned and shaped to provide a
uniform distribution of toner in the upper section of the
development chamber as each cloud is moved out from under it during
succeeding pulses of the toner and ion generator apparatus. In
general, this movement of the charged powder cloud is affected by
the kinetic energy imposed on the toner particles from the powder
cloud generator system and by the convection currents set up by the
continuous flow of air from the ion generator system. The shape of
the baffle should be such as to provide for proper charged powder
cloud movement to the development zone adjacent the charged
xerographic plate.
The bias applied to the grid electrode attracts to the grid toner
particles and free ions charged to the opposite polarity as the
bias potential. In this manner, it suppresses the movement of free
ions which might adversely affect image quality through image
discharge. The electrode also accelerates the movement toward the
photoconductive surface of those toner particles between the grid
and the photoconductive surface which are charged to the same
polarity as the polarity of the grid bias potential. It is this
accelerated cloud of particles that is to be used in the
development of the latent image. Finally, the grid electrode
assists in controlling the contrast of the developed image by
providing an electrostatic field to counteract the fringing fields
associated with the edges between adjacent areas of varying charge
density. This field causes the toner particles having the desired
polarity of charge to move toward the photoconductive surface
thereby increasing the effectiveness of the development process. In
controlling the contrast of the image, the grid electrode also
serves to increase the exposure latitude of a xerographic system.
This is, the grid electrode provides the radiologist with a more
versatile system which will give him essentially the same
information content, in the final image, in a wider variety of
exposure conditions with a minimum change in his exposure
technique.
Additionally, the grid electrode makes it possible to develop both
positive and negative images. In a conventional xerographic
processing system, the selenium photoconductor is positively
charged. The latent image remaining after exposure is therefore of
positive potential. In order to develop an image of the positive
sense, it is necessary to provide a preponderance of negatively
charged toner particles in the cloud approaching the plate. These
negatively charged particles are attracted to the latent image and
collect thereon, creating a visible image of deposited toner. To
increase the effectiveness of this developing apparatus for
positive image development, the grid electrode is provided with a
negative potential bias. As indicated above, the negatively biased
grid attracts positively charged particles (not ions) and at the
same time causes the negatively charged particles, in the zone
between the grid and the plate, to be accelerated toward the plate
surface. The field lines in this system generally exist between
those portions of the grid opposite those areas on the plate which
contain fairly high positive potential in the latent image. In
order to increase development in plate areas of lesser plate
charge, it is necessary to increase the bias potential on the grid,
thus creating a more effective field to bring additional toner in
these areas.
To develop toner images having a negative sense, however, the grid
bias is of positive potential. In this situation the stronger field
lines occur in the areas of the plate that have been more heavily
exposed and therefore show a much lower positive charge potential.
The positive potential on the grid tends to attract the negatively
charged toner particles and ions and at the same time causes the
positively charged toner particles, between the grid and the plate
surface, to be accelerated toward the uncharged or relatively
uncharged areas of the plate surface. By varying the magnitude of
the bias applied to the grid, similar control of the positively
charged toner particles, to that described above in the preceding
paragraph with regard to the negatively charger toner particles,
can be achieved.
To partially counteract the effect of toner accumulated at the
bottom of the development chamber which is not completely removed
by the purge system, there can be provided a grounded grid
electrode spaced from the bottom wall of the development chamber.
Though relatively closely spaced to the bottom wall, the grid
should not extend under baffle 130 so as to adversely affect the
powder cloud-ion cloud mixing process, nor should it be so close to
the bottom wall as to be easily and rapidly covered by accumulated
toner.
Initially, since the charged powder cloud must pass adjacent to the
grounded grid electrode as it exists from beneath the baffle, the
electrode serves to collect free ions not attached to toner
particles in the charged cloud. Additionally, since the electrode
is in grid form and toner particles call fall therethrough, the
electrode, to some extend, minimizes the field effect of toner
accumulated at the bottom of the development chamber beneath the
grid. In this regard, the electrode serves to isolate any charge
which might be residing on the insulative toner particles which
have fallen through the grid.
Prolonged deposition of toner particles on either or both of the
grid electrodes can significantly affect, if not removed, the
operational characteristics of the development chamber.
Accordingly, mechanical cleaning of the electrodes is periodically
required. This can be achieved, for example, by causing a brush to
traverse the grid electrode between development cycles, preferably
in an automated mode after each complete development cycle. By
limiting toner buildup on the grid electrode in this manner, the
adverse affects, including possible breakdown with free ion
generation between the grid and the plate surface which might cause
localized discharge of the plate, can be virtually eliminated.
Where such traversing brush cleaning is provided, a grid of
parallel conductors, as opposed to an intersecting grid of parallel
and perpendicular conductors, is preferred since essentially total
toner removal is more easily achieved.
Since it has been found that accumulated toner at the bottom of the
development chamber does affect the electrostatic force field lines
existing in the development chamber, other means, such as scrapper
means or brush cleaner means, can be provided, in addition to or in
place of, the purge system already described to remove accumulated
toner from the bottom of the development chamber. In this manner,
the adverse affect of having charged, insulating toner particles at
the bottom of the development chamber can be minimized or
substantially eliminated.
In addition, the baffle and grid electrode described above can be
utilized in a system where the developer particles are charged by
triboelectrification (i.e., in the absence of charging by means of
the ion generator described above). In such a system, the grid
electrode functions to separate the toner particles of undesired
charge and to accelerate the toner particles of desired charge,
between the grid and the latent electrostatic image-bearing
surface, towards the latent image. This is in addition to the
previously stated function of modifying the electrostatic field
lines associated with the latent electrostatic image.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific
embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the
art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted for elements thereof without departing from the true
spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although the
present invention has been described herein with reference to an
automated development technique wherein the xerographic plate is
advanced into the development station, the development chamber
moved upwardly to seat against the xerographic plate and, after the
development cycle completed, the chamber lowered, and the
xerographic plate advanced from the development station, the
invention is also susceptible to manually operated development
chambers or development chambers wherein the xerographic plate is
lowered to seat against the upper edge of the sealing means
defining the upper bounds of the leaktight development chamber. In
addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular
situation, material or structural design, to the spirit of the
present invention without departing from its essential
teachings.
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