U.S. patent number 3,638,611 [Application Number 04/838,818] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-01 for electroded development device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Frederick W. Hudson, Ernest A. Weiler.
United States Patent |
3,638,611 |
Weiler , et al. |
February 1, 1972 |
ELECTRODED DEVELOPMENT DEVICE
Abstract
A development system is herein disclosed for making visible a
latent electrostatic image supported on an image retaining member.
The apparatus includes an elongated biased electrode positioned in
close parallel relation to the image-retaining member to form an
enclosed development zone in which a flow of two component
developer material is maintained. A series of pins are mounted on
the electrode and extend into the development zone to disperse the
developer material while the material is under the influence of an
electroded force field wherein the concentration of toner in the
flow stream is controlled.
Inventors: |
Weiler; Ernest A. (Rochester,
NY), Hudson; Frederick W. (West Henrietta, NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Rochester,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25278124 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/838,818 |
Filed: |
July 3, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/295;
118/636 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0801 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/08 (20060101); G03g 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/636,637
;117/17.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Millstein; Leo
Claims
We claim:
1. Apparatus to develop a latent electrostatic image supported upon
an image retaining member including:
a biased electrode positioned in spaced parallel relation to the
image-retaining member to form an extended, substantially enclosed,
development zone being capable of supporting a flow of developer
material,
means to produce a flow of developer material through the
development zone, said developer material having charged particles
being capable of developing a latent electrostatic image support
upon the image-retaining member, and
means positioned within the development zone to disperse the
developer material moving in the flow wherein the charged toner
particles are freely moved by the electroded force field and
concentrated on one side of the flow stream, said last-mentioned
means comprising a series of pins supported by said electrode and
extending into the development zone substantially perpendicular to
said electrode wherein the pins impact the developer material in
the flow stream, said pins being equally spaced in parallel rows
with each successive row being laterally offset from the previous
row, and
means to oscillate said electrode perpendicular to the direction of
developer flow.
2. Apparatus to develop a latent electrostatic image supported upon
a image-retaining member including:
a rotatably supported drum for retaining a latent electrostatic
image mounted upon a horizontal axis,
an electrically isolated electrode placed in spaced parallel
relation with the drum surface and extending downwardly to form an
elongated enclosed development zone capable of supporting a flow of
two component developer material,
means to move said drum through the development zone,
means to introduce a continuous flow of two component developer
material at the upper end of the development zone wherein the
material flows downwardly through said development zone to develop
an image supported by said drum,
a series of pins supported on said electrode and extending
substantially perpendicular to said electrode into said development
zone in a position to impact and disperse the developer material
moving through the development zone,
electrical biasing means operatively connected to said electrode to
place said electrode at a predetermined potential, and
means to oscillate said electrode parallel to the drum surface in a
direction substantially perpendicular to the flow of the developer
material.
3. The apparatus set forth in claim 2 wherein said pins supported
on said electrode are comprised of a conductive material.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the electrode is oscillated so
that the force field associated with each conductive pin is moved
into a region that was previously electrically effected by an
adjacent pin.
Description
This invention relates to apparatus for developing a latent
electrostatic image and, in particular, to an electroded
development system for making visible a latent electrostatic image
supported on an image-retaining member.
More specifically, this invention relates to a xerographic
developing apparatus in which a sensitive control is afforded over
the developer material during the image developing process. In the
art of xerography, a xerographic plate, generally comprising a
photoconductive surface placed over a conductive backing, is first
charged uniformly and then exposed to a light image of an original
to be reproduced. Under the influence of the light image, the
photoconductive surface is selectively discharged to form what is
known as a "latent electrostatic image." Conventionally, the latent
image is developed by contacting the charged image areas with an
oppositely charged toner material which has been specifically
developed for this purpose. The oppositely charged toner particles
are electrostatically attracted into the charged image areas thus
making the latent image visible.
Theoretically, areas of greater charge concentration should be
developed as areas of high toner density while areas of lesser
charge concentration should be proportionally less dense. However,
in practice, this has not been found to be the case. Large,
"solid," areas of charge concentration supported on a surface, such
as a photoconductive plate, exhibit a nonuniformity of development
when contacted with a toner material. It is believed that the flux
density of the electrostatic force field associated with the solid
areas varies with the stronger forces located along the fringes or
edges of the images. The edge areas, therefore, develop at a faster
rate than the interior areas although both are similarily charged.
Because of the phenomena, solid areas which must be developed
within a relatively short time period, as in automatic xerographic
machines, appear washed out or underdeveloped.
It is therefore an object of this invention to improve xerographic
development.
A further object of this invention is to enhance the solid area
developing a capability of a xerographic developing apparatus.
Yet a further object of this invention is to improve automatic
xerography by providing a developing apparatus capable of providing
a sensitive control over the developer material whereby images of
varying sizes are developed at a constant rate.
These and other objects of the present invention are attained by
means of a biased electrode which is positioned in close parallel
relation to a latent image bearing member to form an extended,
substantially enclosed, development zone therebetween which is
capable of supporting a continuous flow of two component developer
material, means to continually maintain a flow of developer
material through the enclosed development zone whereby developer
material is brought into contact with a latent image supported upon
the member, and flow disrupting means positioned within the
enclosed development zone to disperse the developer material moving
between the member and the electrode wherein charged toner
particles moving through the zone are readily positionable as they
move through the electroded zone .
For a better understanding of the invention as well as other
objects and further features thereof, reference is had to the
following detailed description of the invention to be read in
connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an automatic xerographic reproducing
machine employing the developing apparatus of the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial perspective view showing the
developing apparatus of the present invention illustrated in FIG.
1.
There is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 a continuous
xerographic apparatus for the purpose of showing a suitable
environment for the xerographic developing system having mounted
therein an electroded development zone in accordance with the
present invention.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the xerographic apparatus comprises a
xerographic plate including a photoconductive layer or light
receiving surface placed on a conductive backing and formed in the
shape of a drum, generally designated by numeral 10, which is
mounted upon shaft 11 journaled in the frame (not shown) to rotate
in the direction indicated by the arrow to cause the drum to pass
sequentially through plurality of xerographic processing stations.
Drum 10 is rotated at a constant rate through the drive action of a
synchronous motor 12.
For the purpose of the present disclosure, the several xerographic
processing stations in the path of movement of the drum surface may
be described as follows:
A charging station A, at which a uniform electrostatic charge is
deposited on the photoconductive layer of the drum surface by means
of a corona discharge device 13 of the type disclosed by Walkup in
U.S. Pat. No. 2,777,957;
an exposure station B, at which a light or radiation pattern of an
original to be reproduced is projected onto the drum surface to
dissipate the charge found thereon in the exposed areas thereby
forming a latent electrostatic image thereon, the exposure station
being positioned adjacent to the charging station in the direction
of drum travel;
a development station C, at which a xerographic developing material
including toner particles having an electrostatic charge opposite
to the electrostatic latent image charge are brought into contact
with the image-bearing drum surface whereby the toner particles
adhere to the electrostatic latent image in configuration to the
original to be reproduced thereby making the latent image
visible;
a transfer station D, at which the xerographic powder image is
electrostatically transferred from the drum surface to a final
support material 14 by means of a second corona generating device
15 similar to that used in the charging station;
a drum cleaning and discharge station E, at which the drum surface
is brushed by means of a rotating cylindrical brush 16 to remove
residual toner particles remaining thereon after image
transfer.
In the present embodiment, the final support material 14 is mounted
on a supply spool 27 in a web configuration and is transported
through heat fuser 17 wherein the developed and transferred powder
image on the web surface is permanently affixed thereto. The web is
guided by a set of idler rollers 18 and driven through the transfer
station in synchronous moving relation with the drum surface by
means of synchronous drive motor 19 acting through a takeup spool
20.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown a preferred
embodiment of a electroded development system constructed in
accordance with the present invention.
The term "two components developer material," as herein used,
refers to a material employed to develop latent electrostatic
image, the material comprising a relatively large "carrier" bead to
which is bonded electrostatically a quantity of smaller "toner"
particles. The carrier and toner materials are preselected from
materials which are triboelectrically remote so that they interact
when brought into rubbing contact to charge the materials to
opposite potentials. Conventionally, the carrier will assume a
positive charge while the toner assumes a negative charge. The
toner is loaded on the carrier beads and the beads brought into
contact with a latent electrostatic image supported upon a member,
such as a xerographic plate, where the toner particles are
electrostatically transferred from the bead surface to the more
highly charged image areas.
One of the most prevalent methods of bringing the developer
material into contact with an image-bearing member is to pour or
cascade the developer material over the member and permitting the
material to gravity flow downwardly in contact with member for a
sufficient period of time to affect development. In the cascade
system, the carrier beads which have given up their toner material
in the development process still retain a charge thereon and act to
scavenge or clean unwanted toner particles from the nonimaged or
background areas on the plate surface. Thus, in a cascade
development system, the developer material is used to both develop
and clean the image-bearing plate surface.
As previously noted, however, solid area development of a latent
electrostatic image by simply contacting the image with a developer
material has long been a problem in the xerographic art. The
nonuniformity found in the electrostatic force field density
associated with the image causes the image to be developed at
different rates. By the use of a biased development electrode, it
is possible to increase the electrostatic force field above the
image to produce a more uniform field acting on the toner
particles. It should be made clear at this point that the term
"biased electrode" as herein used is broad enough to include either
a positively or negatively charged electrode, a grounded electrode,
or even a free floating electrode. Nevertheless, it was generally
recognized that an electrode, when brought into close proximity
with an image-retaining member changes the images electrostatic
field configuration so that the developability of the system is
enhanced. However, little has heretofore known of the effect biased
electrode had upon the developer material contained within a flow
stream as it moved through an electroded force field.
It has been shown that a two component developer material moving
through an enclosed development zone, such as between a development
electrode and a photoconductive plate as herein disclosed, after
passing through the introductory region tends to become compacted.
That is, the particulate material moves in a unitized mass with the
particles in contact with each other when flowing through an
extended, enclosed, region. As the mass of developer moves through
an electroded development zone, the electrode force field not only
enhances the image force field but also acts upon the fine toner
particles tending to force or move the particles, depending upon
the charge relationship involved, to one side or the other of the
development zone. However, if the developer mass is highly
compacted, the toner particles are afforded little or no room to
gravitate from one side of the development zone towards the
other.
As will be explained in greater detail below, the apparatus of the
present invention provides a developing system having means to
disperse developer material moving in a restricted flow zone
between an electrode and a plate wherein the fine toner particles
moving in the electroded zone have sufficient room to move within
the flow. By controlling the electrode potential and bias
magnitude, a toner gradient can be established in the flow stream
to concentrate the toner on one side or the other of the
development zone.
In order to effect development of the electrostatic latent image on
the cylindrical xerographic plate, the developing system shown
includes a developer apparatus, generally referred to numerically
as 21, which coacts with a cylindrical xerographic drum 10 to form
a development area wherein the charged and exposed surface of the
drum is capable of being developed to form a visible powder image
of the original to be copied.
For this purpose, a developer housing 22 is mounted adjacent to the
xerographic drum as illustrated in FIG. 1. Mounted within the
developer housing is a driven bucket-type conveyor used to
transport two component developer material, previously supplied to
the developer housing, to the upper portion of the housing where
the material is guided through an introductory region into the
active development zone 28 by means of an entrance chute 23. A
shaped electrode 24 is mounted within the developer housing in
spaced parallel relation to the cylindrical drum surface and
extends transversely across the drum to form an elongated
development zone 28 therebetween. As the developer material is
introduced into the upper part of the development zone, the
material is caused to flow downwardly through the development zone
wherein toner particles on the developer material adhere
electrostatically to the previously formed latent images on the
drum surface and the remaining developer material passes through
the bottom opening of the development zone back into the sump or
supply area of the developer housing. Toner particles, consumed
during the developing operation to form the visible powder images,
are replenished by means of a toner dispenser 29 mounted on the top
portion of the developer housing as shown in FIG. 2.
A suitable bucket-type conveyor is used to convey the developer
material from the reservoir portion of the developer housing to the
upper portion of the developer housing from where the material is
gravity fed through the development zone. In this embodiment, the
bucket-type conveyor consists of a series of parallel spaced
buckets 30 secured by rivets or the like to a pair of conveyor
belts 32 which are wrapped about conveyor drive pulleys 34 and
conveyor idler pulleys 35 secured to drive and idler shafts 36 and
37, respectively. The two shafts 36 and 37 are rotatably supported
in parallel relation in bearing blocks 38 (FIG. 2) provided in the
parallel opposed sidewalls of the developer housing 22. The drive
shaft 36, which is securely journaled for rotation within the
bearing blocks 38 passes exterior the developer housing and is
operatively connected to motor 45 wherein the bucket conveyor moves
in predetermined timed relation with the xerographic drum surface
in the direction indicated.
To properly introduce the developer material into the development
zone, and to spread this material is longitudinally across the face
of the drum surface as the material is emptied out of the conveyor
buckets by gravity, an input chute 23 is secured as by welding the
end flanges (not shown) of the chute to the sidewalls of the
developer housing.
In the present invention, an arcuate-shaped electrode 24, extending
longitudinally across the drum surface, is slideably supported in
close parallel relation to the drum surface 10 to establish
therebetween an elongated development zone 28 capable of supporting
a flow of two component developer material. The development zone
extends from the upper portion of drum down into the inverted drum
region such that the developer material is caused to move in
contact with the drum surface for relatively long period of time.
The developer to drum access time afforded by this system is
considerably longer than that provided by a conventional cascade
development system. A developer material introduced into the
development zone moves downwardly in contact with the moving drum
surface through the development zone and is eventually discharged
back into the reservoir of the developer housing where it once
again reused in a development process.
The electrode, as illustrated in FIG. 2, is supported in a slide
member 46 formed of an insulating material and secured to the
sidewalls of the developer housing. The electrode is capable of
being moved in a lateral direction substantially perpendicular to
the developer flow and is electrostatically isolated from the
developer housing. A biasing means 26 is electrically connected to
the electrode and electrically biases the electrode to a
predetermined potential and magnitude to control the positioning
and concentration of toner within the flow stream.
Mounted upon the electrode and extending substantially
perpendicular from the electrode into the development zone are a
series of pinlike members 25. The pins are positioned to contact
the developer material moving through the development zone to
disperse and scatter the particulate material within a flow stream.
The pins impact or collide with the carrier beads to scatter the
beads throughout the development zone. At the same time toner
material is dislodged from the beads surface to form an airborne
toner cloud. It should be noted, that while carrier beads are
scattered throughout the development zone, and the toner dislodged
from the beads, the entire developer mass is flowing in a stream
downwardly through the development zone. However, because the
developer material is now dispersed, the electroded force field
more readily act upon the charged toner particles to control the
concentration of toner within the flow stream. In this preferred
embodiment, the toner particles are triboelectrically charged to a
negative potential and a highly negative charge is placed upon the
electrode to establish a force field in the development zone to
place a high percentage of the available toner in contact with the
image-bearing drum surface where it is readily available for use in
a development process. Because the solid area force fields are also
enhanced by the electrode, the toner made available at the plate
surface is rapidly attracted to the charged image areas thus
rapidly and efficiently developing the image regardless of the
image surface area.
Preferably, the pins are mounted equally spaced in parallel rows
with the pins in each successive row being offset so that the
developer material is caused to follow a relatively torturous path
through the development zone. In this manner, the maximum number of
bead impacts possible are maintained as the material moves through
the development zone.
The pins can be constructed of either a conductive material or an
insulating material. Conductive pins act much in the same manner as
small individual point source electrodes to produce strong force
fields about the pin capable of affecting image development. In
practice, it has been found that the conductive pins cause the
imaged drum surface to experience a history of unidirectional
toning causing a discernible series of dark lines or streaks to be
produced thereon due to the pins bringing a localized force field
close to the plate surface. By oscillating the electrode
substantially perpendicular to the developer flow so that the
individual pins effect overlapping areas of development on the
plate surface, is possible to eliminate the streaking effect while
at the same time in effect bringing the electrode close to the
plate surface while maintaining a flow zone capable of supporting a
relatively large volume rate of flow.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, electrode 24 is slideably mounted in a
nonconductive supporting member 46 and adapted to oscillate
longitudinally across the drum surface transverse to the direction
of developer flow. A motor MOT-1 is mounted in a support housing 39
and the support housing secured to the side wall of the developer
housing by means of screws or the like. An eccentric disc 40 is
keyed to the motor shaft and has a drive pin 41 staked therein. The
drive pin extends perpendicular to the disc and passes through an
elongated aperture 43 formed in one end of drive arm 42. Arm 42,
which is also formed of an insulating material, passes through an
opening provided in the developer housing wall and is secured at
the opposite end to the electrode. As the motor turns the eccentric
disc, the arm moves the electrode back and forth within the slide
member, a distance at least equal to the lateral spacing between
pins. It should be clear that the frequency of oscillation is
related to the development speed and the pin positioning within the
development zone and that the optimum frequency will change as the
system parameters change. A suitable seal encloses the opening in
the developer housing through which arm 43 passes and acts to
prevent developer material from escaping from the developer
housing.
The apparatus of the present invention now makes it possible to
fully utilize a development electrode in a manner heretofore
unknown in the art. By scattering the developer material moving
through a restricted electroded development zone, in the manner
herein disclosed, compacting of the developer material is prevented
while at the same time toner is freed from the carrier beads. The
developer material is thus placed in a condition such that the fine
toner particles are freely moved by the electroded force field
wherein the toner is concentrated on one side of the developer flow
stream. In this preferred embodiment, the electrode is placed at a
potential similar to the toner charge potential and having a
magnitude sufficient to force a heavy concentration of toner into
contact with the latent image-bearing member. Because the electrode
also strengthens the image force components, the total effect of
the electrode on the developability of the system is such that
image areas of various sizes are rapidly and efficiently
developed.
While this invention has been described in reference to the
structure disclosed herein, it is not confined to the details as
set forth, and this application is intended to cover modifications
or changes as may come within the scope of the following
claims.
* * * * *