U.S. patent number 3,638,226 [Application Number 05/053,798] was granted by the patent office on 1972-01-25 for planar-type spiral antenna.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Charles G. Brooks, Noel C. Peterson.
United States Patent |
3,638,226 |
Brooks , et al. |
January 25, 1972 |
PLANAR-TYPE SPIRAL ANTENNA
Abstract
A planar-type spiral antenna assembly capable of handling higher
input powers than prior art planar antennas and enabling greater
ranges of a radiated beam of electromagnetic wave energy. This is
accomplished by recessing the spiral convolutions of conductive
material forming the antenna into corresponding spiral slots formed
in a dielectric disc having a high-dielectric strength, the disc
being formed from a material such as quartz or alumina. The spiral
convolutions of conductive material, recessed within the aforesaid
slots, are preferably covered with a dielectric material such as
silicon monoxide or silicon dioxide to further increase the
dielectric constant in the space between adjacent conductors.
Inventors: |
Brooks; Charles G. (Kingsville,
MD), Peterson; Noel C. (Severna Park, MD) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
21986609 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/053,798 |
Filed: |
July 10, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/895;
343/873 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
9/27 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
9/27 (20060101); H01Q 9/04 (20060101); H01q
001/36 (); H01q 001/40 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/895,872-873 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Nussbaum; Marvin
Claims
We claim as our invention:
1. A planar-type spiral antenna comprising a slab of material of
high dielectric strength having formed on one face thereof a pair
of separated grooves defining interleaved spirals, electrically
conductive material deposited in said grooves to form two metallic
ribbons of spiral configuration, said two ribbons forming the two
radiating elements of the antenna, and holes extending through said
slab and communicating with the radially innermost ends of the
respective grooves to facilitate electrical connection to said
innermost ends to a wave energy transmission line.
2. The planar-type spiral antenna of claim 1 wherein said material
of high dielectric strength is selected from the group consisting
of alumina, beryllia, quartz and glass.
3. The planar-type spiral antenna of claim 1 including a layer of
electrical insulating material deposited over the face of said slab
containing said grooves and extending down into said grooves.
4. The planar-type spiral antenna of claim 3 wherein said
insulating material is selected from the group consisting of
silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide.
5. The planar-type spiral antenna of claim 1 wherein the ratio of
the thickness of each groove to the spacing between grooves is
about one to one.
6. The planar-type spiral antenna of claim 1 including a layer of
electrical conducting material on the wall of each of said holes,
said layers being electrically connected to and contiguous with the
innermost ends of said metallic ribbons.
7. The planar-type spiral antenna of claim 6 including tubular
elements of electrical conducting material inserted into said holes
and brazed to said layers of electrical conducting material.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As is known, a planar-type spiral antenna is a dipole, or more
accurately a modified dipole. The length of a dipole antenna is
related to the frequency of the electromagnetic energy it can
radiate. That is, as the frequency decreases and wavelength
increases, the length of the dipole, which is approximately
one-half wavelength of the radiated energy, must increase also. At
the lower frequencies, therefore, the length of a dipole antenna,
if it is to extend along a straight line, can become prohibitive.
Designers, therefore, have wound the two halves of a dipole antenna
intended for use at low frequencies into two interleaved spiral
convolutions. This enables the antenna to be fabricated in a
compact, circular configuration; but since the spiral convolutions
are closely adjacent each other, problems arise due to corona
discharge between oppositely polarized conductors when attempts are
made to radiate high powers from such an antenna.
In the past, spiral planar antennas of the type described above
have usually been fabricated by forming interleaved spiral
convolutions of conductive strips on a fiberglass board using
printed circuit techniques. A coating of high dielectric strength
material is then placed over the conductive strips. Antennas of
this type, however, cannot radiate high powers due to the fact that
arcing will occur between adjacent spiral convolutions. The arcing
problem is most severe at the centers of the spiral convolutions
where the waveforms on the respective halves of the dipole are
180.degree. out of phase with respect to each other, meaning that
the potential difference is greatest at this point.
In prior art spiral antennas deposited on fiberglass boards, for
example, the arc-over at the center of the antenna would sometimes
cause the fiberglass board to burn or disintegrate; and there could
also be considerably arcing at points radially spaced from the
center of the antenna. The heat generated at the center was also
sufficient to cause melting of the solder at the joints between the
feed lines and antenna. As a result, such antennas have normally
been limited to relatively low powers and ranges, notwithstanding
the fact that they are ideally suited for airborne applications
because of their planar nature, enabling them to fit into the skin
of an aircraft without any projecting elements.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a planar-type spiral
antenna structure is provided which includes, as a starting
material, a disc of material of high dielectric strength. This
material is preferably quartz but may also comprise materials such
as alumina, beryllia or even certain types of glass.
Cut into one face of the disc, preferably by ultrasonic impact
grinding techniques, is a pair of channels forming interleaved
spirals having an essentially common center point. By "common
center point" it is meant that radially innermost ends of the
spiral channels terminate closely adjacent each other but, of
course, do not touch so as to be electrically insulated from each
other. Holes are then drilled through the disc from the backside so
as to communicate with the radially innermost ends of the channels.
The channels and drilled holes thus formed are subsequently filled
with a metallizing material, such as a silver or gold paint, which
is cured to form a ribbon of electrically conductive material in
each channel. This electrically conductive material, after curing,
is also applied to the walls of the holes extending through the
disc and communicating with the radially innermost ends of the
channels.
Thereafter, electrical leads, adapted for connection to a coaxial
transmission line or the like, are brazed into the holes so as to
make electrical connection with the electrical conducting material
in the respective channels. The assembly is completed by applying a
coating of silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide, or some other
material of high dielectric strength over the entire face of the
disc which contains the channels having ribbons of conducting
material therein.
With this configuration, the ribbons of conducting material forming
the interleaved spirals are recessed beneath the surface of the
disc and separated from each other by a substantial thickness of
quartz or other high dielectric material. The oxide deposited over
the surface of the disc further increases the dielectric strength
of the space between adjacent conductors. With this configuration,
therefore, substantially higher powers can be transmitted from the
antenna without corona discharge effects; and the range of the
antenna can be materially increased. The rise in temperature, due
to dielectric and conductor losses, will not affect the hard brazed
connection as it would a soft solder joint.
The above and other objects and features of the invention will
become apparent from the following detailed description taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part of this
specification, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the antenna of the invention
and the manner in which it is connected to a waveguide;
FIG. 2 is a top or plan view of the central portion of the antenna
of FIG. 1 showing the manner in which interleaved spiral
convolutions are formed therein;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially along line
III--III of FIG. 2 showing how the electrically conducting ribbons
of the respective spirals shown in FIG. 2 are electrically
insulated from each other; and
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken substantially along line
IV--IV of FIG. 3 showing the manner in which electrical leads are
connected to the respective interleaved spiral conducting ribbons
forming the antenna.
With reference now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, the
antenna shown is identified generally by the reference numeral 10
and comprises a disc 12 of electrical insulating material having on
one face thereof a pair of interleaved spiral grooves 14 and 16
containing ribbons of electrical conducting material. The inner
ends of the respective spiral ribbons of electrical conducting
material in grooves 14 and 16 are connected through the disc 12 to
a pair of leads 18 and 20 which are connected through an impedance
matching transformer arrangement 22 to the grounded, outer
conductor 24 of a coaxial transmission line and the inner conductor
26 thereof, respectively.
The two interleaved spiral ribbons of conducting material on the
face of disc 12 form the two elements of a dipole antenna and are
arranged in the spiral grooves 14 and 16 as explained above in
order to facilitate transmission of relatively low-frequency
signals while at the same time minimizing the size of the antenna.
The radiated beam is identified by the reference numeral 28 in FIG.
1 and comprises circularly polarized wave energy. An antenna of the
type shown in FIG. 1 will transmit and receive only circularly
polarized wave energy which is polarized in one direction. Thus,
the device is ideal for eliminating the possibility of receiving
false echos or interference signals.
The details of the two interleaved spiral grooves 14 and 16 are
shown in FIG. 2. The groove 14, for example, starts with a center
termination 30. Similarly, the groove 16 starts with a center
termination 32. In FIG. 3, four convolutions of the spiral 14 are
shown in cross section and identified as 14A-14D. Similarly, four
convolutions of the spiral configuration 16 are shown and
identified as 16A-16D.
In accordance with the present invention, the convolutions 14 and
16 are formed by initially grinding spiral slots in the face of the
disc 12 which may comprise quartz, beryllia, alumina, 7056 glass or
some other similar material of high dielectric strength. The
convolutions 14 and 16 are preferably formed by means of ultrasonic
impact grinding techniques. In this process, a die, having spiral
protrusions thereon corresponding to the spiral groove
configurations 14 and 16, is brought into close adjacent
relationship with one surface of the disc 10 and connected to an
ultrasonic transducer. By bathing the surface of the disc with a
slurry containing a highly abrasive grinding material, this
grinding material, vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency, will
penetrate into and form the spiral grooves 14 and 16.
After the grooves 14 and 16 are thus formed, holes 34 and 36 are
drilled through the quartz plate 12 such that they communicate with
the central terminations 30 and 32. These holes, as will be seen,
serve as a means to connect the electrical leads 18 and 20 to the
centers of the electrical conducting material deposited in the
spiral grooves 14 and 16.
With the spiral grooves 14 and 16 formed in the face of the disc 12
and the holes 34 and 36 drilled, the face containing the grooves is
swabbed with a metallizing material, such as a silver or gold
paint. The interior walls of holes 36 and 34 are also coated with
this metallizing material. The excess paint is then wiped from the
face of the disc 12 containing the grooves 14 and 16 and the disc
fired in order that the binder for the metallic paint will burn
off, leaving layers of electrical conducting material at the bottom
of each groove, these layers of electrical conducting material
being identified in FIG. 3 by the reference numerals 38 and 40,
respectively. During firing, any paint on the sides of the grooves
will flow downwardly to the bottoms of the grooves, forming the
essentially flat ribbons shown. The antenna assembly is completed
by applying over the surface of the disc 12 containing the grooves
14 and 16 a layer of silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide or some
other suitable insulating material of high dielectric strength.
With reference to FIG. 4, once the holes 34 and 36 are drilled into
the disc 12 and the metallic paint applied and cured, a layer of
electrical conducting material 42 will surround each hole 34 or 36,
this electrical conducting material being in contact with, and
contiguous with, the metallic ribbons 38 and 40 at the bottoms of
the respective grooves 14 and 16. Received within the holes 34 and
36, after the metallic coatings 42 are applied thereto, are tubular
members 44, also formed from electrically conducting material and
fastened to the metallic coating by brazing. These tubular members,
then, receive the ends of the conductors 18 and 20 shown in FIGS. 1
and 3 to connect the antenna to a wave guide or other type of wave
transmitting device. In a typical embodiment of the invention, the
thickness of the quartz disc 12 is about 0.125 inch while the
thickness and width of each of the grooves 14 and 16 are about 0.02
inch. Similarly, the respective adjacent grooves shown in FIG. 3
are separated by about 0.02 inch. As long as the ratio of the
thickness of each groove to the spacing between the grooves is
maintained at about 1:1, a constant impedance to the
impedance-matching device 22 is presented.
With the arrangement shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, it can be seen that
because of the quartz material separating the two conducting
ribbons 38 and 40, as well as the silicon dioxide or silicon
monoxide, covering the ribbons, the material filling the discharge
path between adjacent ribbons 38 and 34 has an extremely high
dielectric strength. As a result, the size of the antenna may be
kept extremely small while maximizing the power delivered from the
antenna.
Although the invention has been shown in connection with a certain
specific embodiment, it will be readily apparent to those skilled
in the art that various changes in form and arrangement of parts
may be made to suit requirements without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention.
* * * * *