U.S. patent number 3,635,556 [Application Number 05/007,653] was granted by the patent office on 1972-01-18 for electroduplication apparatus employing a conductive porous elastic pressure pad for pressing the recording medium against the photoconductor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Varian Associates. Invention is credited to Raymond L. Levy.
United States Patent |
3,635,556 |
Levy |
January 18, 1972 |
ELECTRODUPLICATION APPARATUS EMPLOYING A CONDUCTIVE POROUS ELASTIC
PRESSURE PAD FOR PRESSING THE RECORDING MEDIUM AGAINST THE
PHOTOCONDUCTOR
Abstract
In an electrophotographic apparatus having a photoconductive
plate illuminated by a photon image, an elastic pressure pad holds
the electrographic paper against the plate. The dielectric surface
of the paper overlays the photoconductive plate. A potential is
applied from the photoconductive plate through the paper to the
pressure pad in order to form a charge image on the dielectric
surface corresponding to the photon image. The charge image is
subsequently developed by conventional methods employing
electrographic toner. During deposition of the charge image, the
paper is pressed against the photoconductive plate by means of a
conductive, resilient, porous pressure pad. The pad is a carbon
filled plastic foam (approximately 53 percent carbon and 47 percent
foam) mounted on a firm backing member. The resilience of the foam
is approximately 29 p.s.i. per inch of compression and provides
good mechanical and electrical contact between the paper and the
photoconductive plate. The conductivity of the foam is
approximately 3,000 ohms/square unit and provides electrical
continuity during the charge image formation. The porous nature of
the foam pad permits air bubbles between the pad and the paper to
escape through the pad, thus eliminating undesirable voids in the
final print.
Inventors: |
Levy; Raymond L. (Palo Alto,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Varian Associates (Palo Alto,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
21727415 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/007,653 |
Filed: |
February 2, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/136;
355/72 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/05 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/05 (20060101); G03g 015/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;355/12,16,72,73,91,92 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Matthews; Samuel S.
Assistant Examiner: Gellner; Michael L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In an electroduplication device for reproducing a charge image
on the charge retentive surface of a recording medium, the
combination comprising:
imaging means for providing the image which is to be
reproduced;
a selectively conductive member responsive to the image for
providing a conductive pattern therethrough corresponding to the
image;
a porous, resilient member impregnated with a conductive material
and positioned proximate to the selectively conductive member with
the recording medium therebetween;
means for urging the conductor impregnated porous member and the
selectively conductive member closer together to establish
electrical continuity from the selectively conductive member
through the recording medium to the porous member, the porous
nature of the porous member permitting air displaced during the
urging to pass therethrough; and
voltage means in electrical communication with the selectively
conductive member and the porous member for establishing an
electric field thereacross through the recording medium for causing
a charge image to form on the charge retentive surface of the
recording medium corresponding to the conductive image on the
selectively conductive member.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the selectively conductive member
is photoconductive.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the porous member is a plastic
foam substance selected from the group consisting of vinyl and
urethane impregnated with a conducting material.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the porous member is plastic foam
impregnated with carbon particles.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein the means for urging includes a
firm backing member upon which the porous member is mounted.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein the firm backing member is
perforated to permit additional air open-celled through the porous
member.
7. The device of claim 5, wherein the firm backing member is
conductive and is in electrical contact with the conductor
impregnated porous member to facilitate connection of the voltage
means to the porous member.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the conductor impregnated porous
member is formed of an open plastic foam substance for facilitating
the displacement of air from within the porous member as the porous
member is urged toward the selectively conductive member to contact
the recording medium.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Heretofore, relatively rigid backing members have been employed for
pressing the charge retentive surface of the electrographic paper
into contact with the photoconductive plate in electrophotographic
devices. One difficulty with this structure is that small airgaps
or bubbles form between the photoconductive plate and the
dielectric surface of the electrographic paper. These gaps need
only be 0.0005 inch or greater to prevent formation of a charge
image on those portions of the paper proximate the bubbles. A
flexible crowned pressure pad for preventing air bubbles is
disclosed in application "Electrophotographic Apparatus Employing
an Elastic Pressure Pad for Pressing the Film Against the
Photoconductor," Ser. No. 615,257, filed Feb. 10, 1967 by Roy
Uhlenberg et al., and assigned to the present assignee, now U.S.
Pat. No. 3,510,217. The crown of the pad, and special grooves
provided therein, displaced the troublesome air between the paper
and the pad. The required conductivity was provided by a conductive
layer over the pad.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of this invention to: provide an improved
web-holding mechanism in an electroduplication device; provide more
effective bubble prevention means in the web-holding mechanism in
an electroduplication device; provide a pressure pad in an
electroduplication device which is relatively insensitive to wear;
provide a pressure pad which may be easily electrically connected
to the backing plate; and provide a pressure pad partially
applicable in a vacuum actuated, large area electrophotographic
device.
Briefly, these and other objects are achieved by providing a
porous, resilient, conductive pressure pad which is urged toward a
selectively conducting member or plate to sandwich the dielectric
paper or recording medium therebetween. The porous nature of the
pad permits air displaced during the urging to pass therethrough,
thus eliminating air bubbles on the backside of the recording
paper. The resilient and conductive property of the pad provides
good mechanical and electrical contact to the recording paper
between the plate and pad. The image to be reproduced is formed on
the selectively conductive plate as a photon pattern, thermal
pattern, radiation pattern, etc. The plate is conductively
responsive to the image to provide a corresponding conduction
pattern therethrough. A voltage is applied between the plate and
the pad causing an electric field through the paper corresponding
to the conduction image. The conductive property of the pad
provides electrical continuity and a charge image is formed on the
charge retentive surface of the recording medium. The charge image
is then developed to provide a copy of the original image to be
reproduced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Further objects and advantages of the porous pad and the operation
of the associated electrophotographic device will become apparent
from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with
the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an electrophotographic
camera using a foam pressure pad; and
FIG. 2 is a perforated embodiment of the backing plate of FIG.
1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown an electrophotographic
camera 10 which includes a dark box 12 having a lens 13 and shutter
14 at one end thereof. A selectively conductive member, in this
case a photoconductive plate 15, is disposed in the focal plane of
lens 13, at the other end of box 12. Photoconductive plate 15 is
supported by a glass plate 16 with an optically transparent
conductive electrode 17 sandwiched therebetween. The plate
assembly, comprising glass plate 16, electrode 17 and
photoconductive plate 15, is cemented at its edges to an internal
rim 18 of dark box 12.
A rear housing 19 covers over the rear side of photoconductive
plate 15 and is hinged to dark box 12 at 21. Rear housing 19
includes a supply roll 22 of electrographic recording paper 23, a
section of which is disposed overlaying photoconductive plate 15.
Electrographic paper 23 comprises a thin film of dielectric
(approximately 4 microns) coated on a conductive paper backing. The
dielectric film forms a charge retentive surface. Roll 22 is
mounted on a shaft 24, the ends of which are supported from the
sidewalls of rear housing 19.
A pressure pad assembly 25 is disposed overlaying photoconductive
plate 15 and recording paper 23. Pad assembly 25 is carried from a
fixed shaft 26 by a plurality of leaf springs 27. Shaft 26 is
supported at its ends from rear housing 19. A cam 28 is
eccentrically mounted on shaft 26 and cam lever arm 29 extends from
cam 28 out of housing 19 through a slot 31 therein. When cam lever
arm 29 is moved to the upper position, as indicated by the dotted
lines, cam 28 pushes pressure pad assembly 25 into engagement with
recording paper 23 and presses the paper against the
photoconductive plate 15.
A potential supply 46 supplies a negative potential, such as -500
v., to one side of photoconductive plate 15 via lead 47 and
transparent electrode 17. A timing switch 48 is connected in lead
47 for controlling the closed time of the circuit. The other
terminal of supply 46 is grounded as is pad assembly 25.
In operation, the operator pulls an unexposed length of paper 23
from roll 22 past photoconductive plate 15 such that the charge
retentive dielectric film layer of electrographic paper 23 is
disposed overlaying and facing photoconductive plate 15. The
operator then moves cam lever 29 to the upper position, indicated
by dotted lines, to press pressure pad assembly 25 against paper 23
causing the charge retentive surface of paper 23 to be in nominal
contact with photoconductive plate 15.
According to the presently accepted theory for charge transfer to
the charge retentive surface of paper 23, it is believed that a
minute airgap, on the order of a few microns, is required between
photoconductive plate 15 and the charge retentive surface of paper
23. Photoconductive plate 15 and the thin dielectric charge
retentive film of paper 23 have surface irregularities on the order
of a few microns. These surface irregularities are believed to
provide the necessary airgap even though the two surfaces are
pressed together. The term "nominal contact" has been employed
herein to described this contact between the two surfaces which
permits the existence of a minute airgap on the order of a few
microns therebetween.
Once recording paper 23 has been pressed into nominal contact with
photoconductive plate 15, shutter 14 is opened and a photon image
to be reproduced illuminates photoconductive plate 15.
Simultaneously, timer switch 48 is activated for a certain exposure
time to apply the charge transfer potential across photoconductive
plate 15 and the dielectric film of recording paper 23. This
applied potential causes a charge image, corresponding to the
photon image to form on the charge retentive film. After the charge
image has been formed, timer 48 opens the circuit and shutter 14 is
closed. The operator places cam lever 29 in the lower position to
release the pressure on paper 23 so that the exposed paper may be
pulled from housing 19 for subsequent development by conventional
electrographic toner methods such as shown in U.S. Pat. No.
3,079,890 to Oliphant and U.S. Pat. No. 2,877,133 to Mayer.
Suitable methods include either those employing liquid toner or dry
powdered toner.
Pressure pad assembly 25 is formed by a conductive porous pad 50
mounted on a firm conductive backing member 52. Porous pad 50 is
flexible and requires backing member 52 to match the contour of
photographic plate 15 which in this case is planar. Backing member
52 also serves as an electric terminal in the charging circuit for
photoconductive plate 15. Pad 50 is impregnated with a conductive
substance such as carbon or silver which establishes electrical
continuity from backing member 52 through paper 23 to
photoconductive plate 15. The conductivity of pad 50 is determined
by the percentage of conducting material in the composition
thereof. This composition and resistivity is not critical because
of the high resistance of paper 23 and photoconductive plate 15.
The resistivity of pad 50 may vary over a wide range. The
particular porous substance employed in the preferred embodiment is
a carbon loaded plastic foam (47 percent vinyl or urethane foam and
53 percent carbon) having a resistivity of about 3,000 ohms per
square unit. The thickness and resiliency of pad 50 is also not
critical. The preferred embodiment employs a quarter-inch pad
having a resiliency of about 0.29 p.s.i. per 10-mil deflection. A
softer pad having a lower resiliency may be employed where only
limited pressure forces are available or where the pad area is
large. The porous or open-celled structure of pad 50 permits air in
the pad and between the pad and paper 23 to be displaced through
the four openside edges 54 of pad 50. This passage of air
eliminates undesirable air bubbles on paper 23 and subsequent voids
on the final print.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a modified backing member
60 having perforations 62 for further assisting air passage through
pad 50 in applications involving high pressures or large pad areas.
When pad 50 is pressed under high pressures, the pores or cells
partially close inhibiting somewhat the airflow and speed of air
displacement. This constriction is more noticeable in large area
pads. Perforations 62 provide passages for the displaced air in
addition to the passage through the sides 54 of pad 50. Such high
pressures are easily established and maintained in vacuum pressure
systems wherein the pad housing is partially evacuated and
atmospheric pressures force contact between the web, the plate and
backing member. These vacuum established pressures are normally
sufficient to easily operate large area pads, such as 22 by 34
inches. The pad may also be thicker, such as three-eighths inch or
greater in these vacuum applications. The thicker pads are even
more insensitive to wear and are less constricting to airflow under
high pad pressures. If desired, the back plates for the larger pads
may be bowed slightly in one or more planes to iron out or prevent
wrinkles in paper 23 as it is pressed between pad 50 and
photoconductive plate 15. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, pad 50 was
bowed approximately 15 mils along the 10 inch longitudinal
dimension.
Clearly, various changes may be made in the structure and
embodiments shown herein without departing from the concept of the
present invention. For example, other mediums besides light, such
as heat or pressure, may be used to form the image to be projected
onto plate 15. Conductive plate 15 would have to be selectively
conductive in response to the particular image medium employed. The
pad 50 may be any porous conductive resilient substance such as
metal-filled sponge rubber.
Although the pressure pad feature of the present invention has been
described, for simplicity of explanation, as it is employed in an
electrophotographic camera 1, it is equally applicable to other
electrophotographic devices such as, for example, microfilm
printers and radiographic cameras.
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