U.S. patent number 3,627,410 [Application Number 04/703,985] was granted by the patent office on 1971-12-14 for reproduction appratus with liquid developer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Don B. Jugle.
United States Patent |
3,627,410 |
Jugle |
December 14, 1971 |
REPRODUCTION APPRATUS WITH LIQUID DEVELOPER
Abstract
Apparatus for developing latent electrostatic images with a
liquid developer by forming a wave to contact the image with
sufficient turbulence, such that developer particles are suspended
uniformly, but gentle enough so as not to destroy the electrical
characteristics of the image thereby rendering a high quality
print. The wave is formed by pumping liquid developer from a sump
pit into a header pipe which is immersed below the surface of a
development tray filled with liquid developer. Pressurized gas is
introduced into the sump means to maintain uniform suspension of
the particles in the developer liquid. In a preferred embodiment,
an array of liquid development units of different colors are
positioned at a development station to produce multicolor prints by
selectively controlling the formation of different waves to contact
latent images formed sequentially on a photoreceptor member
advanced past the developing units. The liquid developed images are
then transferred onto a support sheet in superposed
relationship.
Inventors: |
Jugle; Don B. (Penfield,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Rochester,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
24827598 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/703,985 |
Filed: |
February 8, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/233;
399/237 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0121 (20130101); G03G 15/101 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/10 (20060101); G03G 15/01 (20060101); G03g
015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;355/4,10 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Matthews; Samuel S.
Assistant Examiner: Hayes; Monroe H.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Liquid developer apparatus comprising
sump means for holding a supply of liquid developer,
tray means disposed above said sump means for containing a supply
of liquid developer,
nozzle means including manifold having openings disposed below the
surface of developer contained in said tray means, said openings
being directed substantially at right angles toward the surface to
control the flow of developer in the path of latent electrostatic
images to be developed,
conduit means defining a flow path for said developer from said
sump means to said manifold, and
pump means for impelling liquid developer through said conduit
means and manifold openings to create a wave on the surface of said
tray means with sufficient agitation to develop latent
electrostatic images brought into contact with the wave but without
destroying the electrical properties of the images.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 including means to introduce a
pressurized gas into said sump means for providing continuous
agitation of the liquid developer particles throughout the body of
the liquid.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sump means has wall
members extending beyond the boundaries of said tray means to catch
falling developer.
4. Multicolor printing apparatus comprising
a photoreceptor member,
means for advancing said photoreceptor past a plurality of
processing stations along a predetermined path,
charging means at a first station for applying a uniform charge to
said photoreceptor member,
exposure means at a second station for causing monocolor light of
different colors to form sequential latent electrostatic images on
said photoreceptor member,
liquid development means at a third station comprising a plurality
of development units, each development unit being of a different
color, and operative to contact the photoreceptor member in the
form of a wave with sufficient agitation to develop the image
without destroying the electrical properties thereof,
logic means for controlling said development units by generating
different wave forms at predetermined intervals to develop each
image with its respective color in proper sequence, and
transfer means at a fourth station for transferring the liquid
developed images to a support sheet in superposed relationship.
5. Multicolor printing apparatus comprising
a photoreceptor member,
means for advancing said photoreceptor past a plurality of
processing stations along a predetermined path,
charging means at a first station for applying a uniform charge to
said photoreceptor member,
exposure means at a second station for causing monocolor light of
different colors to form sequential latent electrostatic images on
said photoreceptor member,
liquid development means at a third station comprising a plurality
of development units, each development unit being of a different
color, said development units each including a tray containing
liquid developer with a submerged manifold having openings directed
substantially toward the surface to control the flow of liquid
developer through the manifold openings to contact the
photoreceptor member in the form of a wave with sufficient
agitation to develop the image without destroying the electrical
properties thereof,
logic means for controlling said development units by generating
different wave forms at predetermined intervals to develop each
image with its respective color in proper sequence, and
transfer means at a fourth station for transferring the liquid
developed images to a support sheet in superposed relationship.
Description
This invention relates generally to electrostatic printing and more
particularly to apparatus for developing latent electrostatic
images with liquid developer.
In the art of electrostatic printing various methods are employed
to develop electrostatic images. One such method is known as liquid
development. In this method, electrostatic images residing on a
surface are developed by applying to the surface a dispersion of
finely divided pigment or toner in an insulating carrier liquid.
During development, the toner is electrostatically extracted from
the carrier liquid and held on the surface in an image pattern.
Liquid development of electrostatic images is described in many
publications and patents, such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,053,688 issued
Sept. 11, 1962 to Harold C. Greig and U.S. Pat. No. 3,084,043
issued Apr. 2, 1963 to R. W. Gundlach.
Liquid development has a number of advantages over dry techniques.
In most dry techniques, for example, the toner particles are
electrostatically bound to the carrier. As a result, a minimum of
force must be overcome before it is even possible for the toner
particles to be attracted to the electrostatic image. This minimum
force or threshold is not present in the case of liquid developers
where the toner particles are freely suspended. Another obvious
advantage of liquid developers arises by virtue of the fact that
very minute toner particles can be readily suspended in the liquid
medium while they are not so readily handled and distributed in dry
form.
As a consequence of these and other advantages, it is possible to
obtain higher image resolutions with liquid developers than can be
accomplished by dry methods. In practice, however, liquid
developers have not proved so ideal. In particular, it has been
found that when a latent image-bearing surface is brought into
contact with a volume of liquid developer, portions of the
developer in immediate contact with the latent image areas tend to
become depleted of toner particles, thereby depriving more weakly
charged areas of sufficient development. If in an attempt to
overcome this depletion, turbulence is introduced into the
developer, there occurs, on the other hand, a tendency to
mechanically and triboelectrically destroy the very delicate latent
electrostatic image.
Accordingly it is a general object of the present invention to
improve development of latent electrostatic images with liquid
development compositions.
It is another object of the present invention to introduce
sufficient agitation into liquid developer to maintain uniform
suspension of toner particles during development of latent
electrostatic images and yet not destroy the electrical properties
of such images.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide
multicolor electrostatic printing processes and apparatus more
efficient than heretofore.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to produce a
multicolor print of high quality or ordinary paper.
The foregoing objects and others are accomplished in accordance
with the present invention by contacting a latent electrostatic
image with a development wave generated with sufficient agitation
to suspend developer particles uniformly but not destroy the
electrical characteristics of the image rendering a high quality
print. Due to the manner in which the wave is produced and
controlled, this type of development is well adapted for the
production of multicolor prints.
For a better understanding of the nature of the invention as well
as other objects and further features thereof, reference is had to
the following detailed description of the invention to be read in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a partially cut away isometric view of development
apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of development apparatus according
to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along lines 3--of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a partially schematic and partially side sectional view
illustrating a multicolored printing system constructed in
accordance with the principles of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS 1-3 of the drawings, there is shown a tank or
container 10 having sidewalls and a bottom wall and being of a size
capable of holding a substantial quantity of liquid developer 12.
Liquid developer 12 basically consists of bulk solvent carrier
having a high electrical resistivity, such as 10.sup.15 ohm-cm.,
and pigment or coloring forming particles that are capable of being
maintained as a dispersion in the carrier. Any suitable liquid
developer may be used. Typical developer compositions are described
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,890,174, 2,891,911, 2,899,335, 2,907,674, and
3,301,675.
Positioned in the lower or sump portion of the tank 10 are a
plurality of conduits 15 which are connected to an air pump 17.
Conduits 15 are formed with numerous small perforations 19 which
are sufficiently minute such that the liquid developer 12 cannot
normally overcome surface tension effects through them, but, as a
result of pressure from air pump 17, air continuously seeps through
perforations 19 and into the body of liquid developer contained
within tank 10. This results in a bubbling action which provides
continuous agitation within the liquid developer maintaining
pigment or toner particles in a uniform dispersion throughout the
body of the liquid developer. Such dispersion is highly desirable
since if the pigment particles are effectively dispersed, proper
electrical charge is maintained for high quality development.
In communication with the liquid developer 12 in tank 10 is a
conduit 21 which is connected to an impeller-type pump 23 which
serves to draw the liquid developer from tank 10 into a header pipe
25 immersed in a developer tray 27 filled with developer liquid. A
series of small spaced apertures or openings 31 extend along the
full length of header pipe 25 which is centrally disposed and
extends laterally across the width of the latent electrostatic
image to be developed. Apertures 31 desirable are of a size ranging
from about 0.010 to about 0.050 inches and have spacings ranging
from about 0.05 to about 0.25 inches.
In accordance with the present invention as liquid developer 12
emerges from apertures 31 in header pipe 25, a wave is generated on
the surface of developer tray 27. The wave formed contacts an
electrostatic latent image bearing member 35 which has already been
charged and selectively discharged to have a latent electrostatic
image on the surface in contact with the crest of the wave. Image
bearing member 35 has a layer of photoconductive material on its
exposed surface and may, for example, be of the type disclosed in
the above mentioned patents. Those regions of the image which are
charged attract the pigment or color particles in liquid developer
12 while the uncharged regions remain unaffected by the developer.
It should be noted that liquid developer flows over the top of the
sides of developer tray 27 and falls back into the large supply of
developer in tank 10 where it can be recirculated again in the
manner described.
It will be appreciated that the development wave formed on the
surface of tray 27 has sufficient agitation to achieve uniform
dispersion of the toner particles in the liquid carrier and yet
movement is sufficiently gentle so that flow conditions do not
destroy the electrical properties of the image. Liquid is pumped
out of header pipe 25 at an even rate regardless of the liquid
level in tank 10 as long as the pump 23 is covered. Also the
relative capacities of the pump 23 and header pipe 27 are such that
a controlled smooth wave is formed on the surface of the tray 27.
In order to ensure optimum performance drive motor 29 can be of the
variable speed type to enable selective flow conditions for the
development of the image. Alternatively a solenoid actuated valve
may be used to regulate flow conditions. It should be noted that
wave height depends upon such factors as the viscosity of the
liquid, the pressure of the fluid and the spacing and size of
apertures 31 in the header pipe. With respect to the latter, it
should be understood that a slot could be substituted in place of
the apertures.
After the electrostatic latent image, which is in motion through
the developing wave, leaves the developing area, its excess or
surplus liquid is wiped away in any suitable manner, such as, by an
air knife or by squeezing rollers which may be made of suitable
resilient material so that sufficient pressure can be applied to
remove the excess liquid.
Because developer particles on transfer are being consumed without
being restored to the developing system, that which is consumed is
replenished from a suitable dispensing unit, not shown, containing
developer particles that are dispensed in metered amounts to the
liquid developer as is known by those skilled in the art. The
dispenser is operative in response to a regulatory control set to
effect the dispensing in proportion to the rate of consumption.
From the foregoing it is apparent that due to the gentle touching
of the wave to the electrostatic latent image which in effect
kisses the image, high quality development is accomplished without
destroying the electrical properties of the image. It is also
apparent that due to the continuous circulation of the developer
fluid and of the air bubbles through the liquid, the liquid in the
development wave is continually replenished and is always at
maximum developing strength. Thus no adjustment to the speed of the
electrostatic latent image is ever necessary to provide an
effectively constant development time throughout the life of the
developer fluid.
The compatibility of the liquid development apparatus of the
invention as previously described in a multicolor printing system
is quite advantageous. Production of multicolor prints in
accordance with the invention may best be understood with reference
to FIG. 4 which illustrates apparatus embodying such a system. An
endless flexible plate 50 comprising a photoconductive layer on a
flexible conductive backing is continuously advanced over suitable
guide rolls one of which is driven by a drive motor M-1. As plate
50 advances a uniform electrostatic charge is first applied on its
surface by a corona generating device 52 which is energized from a
suitable potential source. On further advancement the charged plate
is exposed to a light image of activating radiation from flash
lamps 53 which is reflected from a document 54 supported on a glass
platen 55 and which is optically aligned with an objective lens 56
which projects the image onto the charged plate resulting in an
electrostatic latent image. At one point of the optical path, there
is positioned a filter plate 58 which is shown as a disc
incorporating a number of filters 59 each for a different color as
cyan, yellow, and magenta. Filters 59 are interchanged by rotation
of filter plate 58 using a drive motor M-2 for positioning the
filter plate. Both the timing of flash lamps 54 and the actuation
of motor M-2 are controlled by the signal from a lamp 60 and
photocell 61 positioned along the path of plate 50 to detect one or
more logic marks on the plate for ensuring registration of the
images.
Subsequent to exposure the light image plate 50 is advanced to a
developing station at which development of the electrostatic latent
image occurs. Arranged at the developing station are a plurality of
development units 65 which develop a latent electrostatic image by
generating a wave as previously described. Each development unit
has a different colored pigment to accomplish development for its
respective color as, for example, cyan, yellow, magenta, and black.
Development units 65 are activated from a control logic 70 which
determines which color is to be used in accordance with a
predetermined input which may be manual or automatic. It is to be
understood that color development desirably has the same sequence
as exposure filters 59. As already mentioned above, activation of a
development unit is quite rapid and requires only actuation of the
motor drive for pumping liquid developer to generate the
development wave. Hence, the use of this kind of development for
color printing is quite advantageous. Each development unit has an
associated air knife 72 which subjects the developed image to air
pressure thereby wiping away any surplus liquid.
After development the developed image is then transferred onto a
support sheet 80 turning in synchronization with moving plate 50 by
a corona generating device 81. Support sheet 80 is supplied from a
paper feeder 82 to a rotating drum 84 to which it is secured by any
suitable securing device. The image transferred to support sheet 80
is fixed by any suitable fixing device. 86. After image transfer,
liquid developer remaining on plate 50 is removed by a suitable
cleaning squeegee 88.
It will be appreciated that projection, developing and fixing of a
second stage step and succeeding steps are similarly carried out.
By repeating the above described procedure for the required number
of stages, each comprising projection, development and fixing and
then lifting support sheet 80 off form drum 84, a reproduction
print corresponding to a color print of original 54 is obtained.
After release of the sheet 80 from drum 84, it is moved by a
transport belt 90 into output tray 92.
By suitably selecting the filters and developing toners in the
liquid developer material the production of multicolor prints is
possible according to a two-color method, a three-color method, or
a multicolor method using more colors. Also by a suitable control
system triggered by one or more logic marks on plate 50 as is well
known in the art, the programming of exposure at the exposure
station may be controlled in order to maintain the distance between
repetitive images at a minimum. As a result of this mode of
operation, it is possible to form images having a width
corresponding to the plate width of any length up to the length of
the web at the exposure station while maintaining the amount of
unexposed web between and around the images to a minimum.
Additionally it is possible to form only a two-color print even
though the image bearing surface is moved through all of the
development units. This may be conveniently accomplished as, by
example, disabling the development units not in use by deenergizing
the motor drive for pumping liquid developer thereby drooping the
wave so that no development can occur. Alternatively a solenoid
actuated valve may be used to activate or deactivate a wave
development unit.
It will be appreciated that the multicolor system of the invention
affords color printing without the necessity of a large number of
printing plates as in the case of conventional multicolor printing
processes. Since coloration is determined by the colors of the
filters and the colors of the toners in the liquid developer,
multicolor is possible from any kind of original pattern
irrespective of its being a negative or positive or its being
transparent or opaque. Another advantage is that printing is
possible on ordinary paper for ordinary black and white printing.
Due to the fact that the apparatus of the invention can be operated
automatically after placing the original pattern in the correct
position as in the case of ordinary monochromatic electrostatic
printing systems, the apparatus can be easily operated. Also since
the construction is simple, the apparatus can be manufactured at
low cost. It can be readily appreciated that the present invention
affords a multicolor printing system which can be effectively
applied to a wide range of uses.
While the invention has been described with reference to the
structures disclosed herein, it is not to be confined to the
details set forth and this application is intended to cover such
modifications or changes as may come within the purpose of the
improvements of the following claims.
* * * * *