U.S. patent number 3,622,604 [Application Number 04/815,279] was granted by the patent office on 1971-11-23 for synthetic polyamides of a dimeric fatty acid, a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid ethylene diamine, and a co-diamine.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Schering AG. Invention is credited to Manfred Drawert, Eugen Griebsch.
United States Patent |
3,622,604 |
Drawert , et al. |
November 23, 1971 |
SYNTHETIC POLYAMIDES OF A DIMERIC FATTY ACID, A LOWER ALIPHATIC
CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYLENE DIAMINE, AND A CO-DIAMINE
Abstract
Synthetic polyamides, useful as binders in the formulation of
printing inks, formed between a dimeric fatty acid, an
unsubstituted lower aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, ethylene
diamine, and certain aromatic, cycloaliphatic, and other aliphatic
diamines, including aliphatic ether diamines; methods for preparing
such polyamides.
Inventors: |
Drawert; Manfred (Werne a.d.
Lippe, DT), Griebsch; Eugen (Unna, DT) |
Assignee: |
Schering AG (Berlin,
DT)
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Family
ID: |
25993219 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/815,279 |
Filed: |
April 9, 1969 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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527107 |
Feb 14, 1966 |
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495319 |
Oct 12, 1965 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Oct 15, 1964 [DT] |
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Sch 35965 |
Feb 19, 1965 [DT] |
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Sch 36567 |
Mar 26, 1965 [DT] |
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Sch 36782 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
524/599; 106/243;
528/339.3; 106/31.76 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09D
11/102 (20130101); C08G 69/34 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C08G
69/34 (20060101); C08G 69/00 (20060101); C09D
11/10 (20060101); C09f 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;260/404.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Thomas, Jr.; James O.
Assistant Examiner: Hollrah; G.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
527,107, filed Feb. 14, 1966 (now abandoned), and of application
Ser. No. 495,319, filed Oct. 12, 1965 (now abandoned).
Claims
What I claim:
1. A synthetic polyamide prepared by co-condensing, at a
temperature between about 180.degree. C. and about 250.degree. C.,
substantially equivalent amounts of an acid component consisting
essentially of (1) a dimeric fatty acid prepared by polymerizing a
monobasic acid of an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 8-24 carbon atoms
and (2) a monobasic straight chain alkanoic acid having 1-5 carbon
atoms, and of an amine component consisting essentially of ethylene
diamine and a co-diamine selected from the group consisting of (1)
an alkylene diamine having 6 to 12 carbon atoms; (2) an aromatic
diamine having one of the following formulas: ##SPC9##
(3) a cycloaliphatic diamine having one of the following formulas:
##SPC10## ##SPC11## wherein xin said formulas is zero or a small
whole number from 1 to 3 inclusive, and wherein R.sub.1 -R.sub.6
are hydrogen and up to two of said radicals R.sub.1 -R.sub.6 may be
lower alkyl; and (4) an ether diamine of the formula
wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5 inclusive, x is zero or an
integer from 1 to 3 inclusive, and R is an unsubstituted alkylene
radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or such a radical having one or
two alkyl substituents thereon, said substituents having 1 to 4
carbon atoms, the equivalence ratio between said dimeric fatty acid
and said monobasic acid being between 0.8:0.2 and 0.7:0.3, and the
equivalence ratio between said ethylene diamine and said codiamine
being between 0.8:0.2 and 0.5:0.5
2. A polyamide as in claim 1 wherein said monocarboxylic acid is
acetic acid.
3. A polyamide as in claim 1 wherein a mixture of ethylene diamine
and an alkylene diamine having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is
employed.
4. A polyamide as in claim 3 wherein said alkylene diamine is
1,6-diaminohexane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,12-diamino-dodecane, or
trimethyl-hexamethylene diamine.
5. A polyamide as in claim 1 wherein a mixture of ethylene diamine
and an aromatic diamine is employed.
6. A polyamide as in claim 5 wherein said aromatic diamine is
1,4-bis(aminoethyl)-benzene or 9.9-bis(aminopropyl)-fluorene.
7. A polyamide as in claim 1 wherein a mixture of ethylene diamine
and a cycloaliphatic diamine are employed.
8. A polyamide as in claim 7 wherein said cycloaliphatic diamine is
3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexylamine.
9. A polyamide as in claim 1 wherein a mixture of ethylene diamine
and an ether diamine is employed.
10. A polyamide as in claim 9 wherein said ether diamine is
1,10-diamino-4,7-dioxa-decane, 1,10-diamino-4,7-
dioxa-5-methyl-decane, 1,13-diamino-4,7,10trioxa-decane, and
1,12-diamino-4,9-dioxa-dodecane.
Description
This invention relates to synthetic polyamides comprising dimeric
fatty acids and to methods for making the same. In particular, this
invention relates to synthetic polyamides notable either for their
good solubility in alcohols, particularly in ethanol, or for good
solubility in solvent mixtures coupled with a high-softening point,
and to methods of making such polyamides.
The polyamides of the invention are used to advantage as printing
ink binders.
Polyamides comprising polymerized unsaturated fatty acids and
ethylene diamine, and having a molecular weight range of from 3,000
to 5,000, are known in the art. However, only butanolic solutions
of such products are stable at room temperature.
It has also been proposed in the prior art to increase the
solubility of polyamides by the incorporation therein of
branch-chain alkylol amines or branched dicarboxylic acids, or of
branch-chain diamines having an amino group on a tertiary carbon
atom.
Although certain progress has been made in the prior art toward
increasing the solubility of polyamides, the disadvantages of prior
art polyamides include a strong tendency toward blocking in sheets
printed with inks comprising the polyamides as binders, an
insufficient resistance of solutions of the polyamides to gelation,
and a lack or low degree of reversibility of gel formation in such
solutions. A further disadvantage in those prior art polyamides
having improved solubility is that their softening point is too low
to permit them to be used as printing ink binders.
The present invention concerns new polyamides and their preparation
by the thermal polycondensation of monocarboxylic acid, diamine,
and dimerized fatty acid which may optionally contain smaller
quantities of trimeric fatty acid and monomeric fatty acid. The
monocarboxylic acid is a straight-chain unsubstituted (i.e.
hydrocarbon) aliphatic carboxylic acid having one to five carbon
atoms, suitably a lower alkanoic monoacid such as acetic acid. As
the diamine are used mixtures of ethylene diamine with either: (1)
a branched or straight-chain unsubstituted (i.e. hydrocarbon)
aliphatic codiamine having six to twelve carbon atoms, particularly
a C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 alkylene diamine; or (2) certain aromatic and
cycloaliphatic codiamines or (3) certain ether codiamines.
In particular, aromatic amines of the formulas ##SPC1## and
cycloaliphatic diamines of the formula ##SPC2## wherein x is zero
or a small integer and wherein R.sub.1 -R.sub.6 are hydrogen or
lower alkyl. Those cyclic amines in which at most two of the
substituents R.sub.1 -R.sub.6 are lower alkyl are of particular
interest because of their current commercial availability.
As ether codiamines, materials having the formula
can be used, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5 inclusive, x is an
integer from 0 to 3 inclusive, and R is an alkylene radical having
from one to 12 carbon atoms, which radical may optionally have one
or two alkyl substituents having from 1to 4 carbon atoms
thereon.
According to the invention, suitable aromatic and cycloaliphatic
codiamines include p-phenylene diamine, m-toluylene diamine;
4,4.degree. -diamino diphenylmethane; 3,3''-dimethyl-4,4' -diamino
diphenylmethane;4,4'-diamino diphenylpropane; 4,4'diamino
dicyclohexylmethane; 3,3' -dimethyl-4,4' -diamino
dicyclohexyl-methane; xylylene diamine; bis-(.beta.-aminoethyl)
benzene; bis-(.beta.-aminoethyl)-dimethylbenzene;
bis-(aminomethyl)-cyclohexane;
3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexylamine;
1-methyl-4(1-amino-1-methyl-ethyl)-cyclohexylamine; and 9,9-bis-(
3-aminopropyl)-fluorene.
Suitable ether codiamines include 1,7-diamino-4-oxa-heptane;
1,11-diamino-6-oxa-undecane; 1,7-diamino-3,5-dioxa-heptane;
1,10-diamino-4,7-dioxa-decane; 1,10-diamino-4,7-dioxa-
5-methyl-decane; 1,11-diamino-4,8-dioxa-undecane; 1,11-diamino-
4,8-dioxa-5-methyl-undecane; 1,12-diamino-4,9-dioxa-dodecane;
1,13-diamino-4,10-dioxa-tridecane;
1,14-diamino-4,11-dioxa-tetradecane;
1,11-diamino-4,8-dioxa-5,6-dimethyl-7-propionyl- undecane;
1,14-diamino-4,7,10-trioxa-tetradecane; 1,13-diamino-
4,7,10-trioxa-5,8-dimethyl-tridecane;
1,16diamino-4,7,10,13-tetra-oxa hexadecane;
1,11-diamino-4,8-dioxa-6,6-dimethyl-undecane; and
1,20-diamino-4,17-dioxa-eicosane.
Preferred embodiments of the invention include those in which the
equivalence ratio between ethylene diamine and the codiamine is
between 0.8:0.2 and 0.5:0.5, especially at 0.7:0.3, and in which
the equivalence ratio between the dimeric fatty acid and the
monocarboxylic acid lies between 0.8:0.2 and 0.7:0.3, particularly
at 0.75:0.25.
In the process of the invention, the greater the proportion of the
aromatic, cycloaliphatic, long chain, or ether codiamine present,
the better are the solubility properties of the resultant
polyamide. The greater the proportion of ethylene diamine present,
the higher is the softening point of the resultant polyamide.
The polyamides of the present invention do not have the
disadvantages earlier described for known polyamides. They are
soluble, even at room temperature, up to 60 percent in lower
alcohols, particularly ethanol. The solutions are resistant to
gelation, and any gelation occurring at low temperatures is
reversible at room temperature. Sheets printed with compositions
comprising the polyamides of the invention show little tendency to
block, in contrast with those printed with known ethanol-soluble
printing ink resins. Also, ink resins according to the invention
show outstanding adherence and good shine on conventional carriers,
especially on pretreated polyethylene. The scratch resistance of
printed sheets is excellent, particularly for those polyamides
comprising an ether codiamine. Resistance to cracking and scaling
is also at high levels. The mechanical properties of the resin
films, such as hardness and elasticity, as well as the properties
desirable in the coating arts, all meet the demands imposed on
them.
Production of the polyamide resins of the invention involves
reaction of the diamines, dimeric fatty acid, and monocarboxylic
acid at condensation temperatures between about 180.degree. C. and
about 250.degree. C., especially at about 230.degree. C. Any
remaining water of condensation is conveniently removed by applying
a vacuum for one to two hours. In place of the free dimeric fatty
acids, their amide-forming derivatives can also be used, such as
their esters, in particular those which easily undergo aminolysis,
such as the methyl and ethyl esters.
For preparation of the polyamides of the invention, those dimeric
fatty acids are used which can be obtained by the free radical,
ionic, or thermal polymerization of fatty acids. The fatty acid can
be a saturated or a mono- or poly-ethylenically or acetylenically
unsaturated natural or synthetic aliphatic monobasic acid, suitably
having 8 to 24 carbon atoms. These fatty acids can be polymerized
by different means, but all give functionally similar products
which can generally be characterized as polymeric fatty acids. The
polymer products usually contain a predominant amount of dimeric
fatty acids, and smaller amounts of trimeric or higher polymeric,
as well as monomeric, fatty acids. The term "dimeric fatty acid" as
used in the specification and claims is to be understood to refer
also to such mixtures containing small quantities of non-dimeric
materials.
Polymerization of saturated fatty acids can be carried out at
elevated temperatures with peroxide catalysts such as
di-t-butyl-peroxide, for example. The straight chain and
branch-chain acids such as caprylic, pelargonic, capric, lauric,
myristic, palmitic, isopalmitic, stearic, arachidic, behinic, and
lignoceric acids are suitable saturated fatty acids. However, this
process is of little interest because of the small yield.
The polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated fatty acids is much
more common. This can be done with or without catalysts, but
uncatalyzed polymerization requires higher temperatures. Suitable
catalysts are acid or alkaline clays, di-t-butyl-peroxide, boron
trifluoride and other Lewis acids, anthroquinone, sulfur trioxide,
and the like. The monomeric fatty acids commonly polymerized
include the branched-chain and straight-chain, poly- and/or
mono-ethylenically unsaturated acids such as 3-octene acid,
11-dodecene acid, linderic acid, lauroleic, oleic, elaidic,
vaccenic, gadoleic, cetoleic, erucic, linoleic, linolenic,
elaostearic, arachidic, clupanodonic, nisinic, and chaulmoogra oil
acid.
The acetylenically unsaturated fatty acids, which can be
polymerized in the absence of catalysts because of their higher
reactivity, seldom occur in nature and are expensive to synthesize.
For this reason they are economically less interesting. A number of
acetylenically unsaturated fatty acids, either straight chain or
branch chain, mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturated, can be used for
the preparation of polymeric fatty acids. For example, 6-octadecyn,
9-octadecyn, 13-dokosyn, and 17-octadecen-9,11-diyn acids can be
mentioned.
Because of their low cost and relatively easy polymerizability,
oleic acid and linoleic acid are preferred as starting materials
for the preparation of polymeric fatty acids.
The usual approximate composition of the commercial dimeric fatty
acid product prepared from an unsaturated C.sub.18 -fatty acid is:
5-15 percent by weight of C.sub.18 -monocarboxylic acid, 60-80
percent by weight of C.sub.36 -dicarboxylic acid, and 10-35 percent
by weight of C.sub.54 -tricarboxylic acid and higher carboxylic
acid products.
The mixtures obtained by polymerization can be fractionated by the
usual distillation or solvent extraction methods. They can be
hydrogenated before or after distillation in order to decrease the
degree of unsaturation using high pressure hydrogen in the presence
of a hydrogenation catalyst.
The preferred content of dimeric fatty acids in the fatty acid used
in the present invention is between 55 and 100 percent by weight.
The content of mixtures of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric fatty
acids can be determined either by gas chromatography or according
to the microdistillation method of Paschke, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.
XXXI, No. 1, 5 (1954).
A better understanding of the present invention and of its many
advantages will be had by referring to the following specific
examples, given by way of illustration.
Example 1
400 grams of a commercially available dimerized fatty acid (0.75
equivalent) prepared from an unsaturated C.sub.18 -fatty acid and
having a content of about 75 percent dimeric fatty acid, 15 percent
trimeric fatty acid, and 10 percent monomeric fatty acid, 28.1
grams of glacial acetic acid (0,25 equivalent), 39.45 grams of
ethylene diamine (0,70 equivalent), and 32.7 grams of hexamethylene
diamine (0,3 equivalent) were mixed together and heated to
125.degree. C. over a period of about 15 minutes under a nitrogen
atmosphere with stirring. This temperature was maintained for half
an hour, then the mixture was raised to 225.degree. C. over a
period of two hours and held at this temperature for three
additional hours. Finally, a vacuum of 15 mm. Hg. was applied for
one more hour at a temperature of 225.degree. C.
The resulting product had an amine number of 2.64, an acid number
of 2.02, and a ring-and-ball softening point of 113.degree. C.
The polyamide obtained was soluble in ethanol throughout the entire
concentration range up to 60 percent.
Examples 2-10 tabulated in tables I and II below were prepared in
analogous fashion using other monocarboxylic acids and aliphatic
codiamines. The polyamide products are all soluble in ethanol, and
their alcoholic solutions can be prepared either cold or at the
boiling point. ##SPC3## ##SPC4##
Example 11
200 grams of dimeric fatty acid (0.75 equivalent), 14.05 grams of
acetic acid (0.25 equivalent), 19.7 grams of ethylene diamine (0.7
equivalent), and 17.15 grams of m-toluylene diamine (0.3
equivalent) were mixed and heated to 125.degree. C. over a period
of 15 minutes. This temperature was maintained for 30 minutes.
Thereafter, the temperature was raised over a period of 2 hours to
225.degree. C. and held at this temperature for a further 3 hours.
Finally, a vacuum of about 15 mm. Hg. was applied for a further
hour.
The polymer product had an amine number of 2,23, an acid number of
3.69, and a softening point (ring and ball) of 112.degree. C.
Additional polyamides were prepared according to the invention in
an analogous fashion. Tables III and IV summarize the results of
further examples 12-24. ##SPC5## ##SPC6##
Solutions of the polyamides according to the invention can be
prepared in concentrations of at least 30 percent either at boiling
temperatures or at room temperature.
For purposes of comparison, examples 1 and 20 of U.S. Pat. No.
2,450,940 were repeated. The product prepared according to example
1 of the patent is insoluble in ethanol. A 30 percent solution in
isopropanol gels at room temperature. A 30 percent solution in
butanol showed a strong increase in viscosity after several weeks
standing. The polyamide prepared according to example 20 of the
patent also did not given stable 30 percent solutions in the
alcohols mentioned.
Example 25
Four-hundred grams of dimerized fatty acid (0.75 equivalent), 28.1
g. of acetic acid (0.25 equivalent), 45.08 g. of ethylene diamine
(0.8 equivalent), and 25.12 g. of 1,7-diamino-4-oxaheptane (0.2
equivalent) were mixed with one another and heated to 125.degree.
C. with stirring in an inert gas atmosphere. The temperature was
held at 125.degree. C. for one-half hour, then raised to
225.degree. C. over a period of two hours, and left at the latter
temperature for five hours. During the last two hours, a vacuum of
about 15--20 mm./Hg. was applied.
The resulting polyamide resin had an amine number of 2.59, an acid
number of 2.64, and a ring and ball softening point of
120.5.degree. C. The product could easily be dissolved in ethanol
by shaking, either at room temperature or at the boiling point.
Additional polyamides were prepared according to the invention in
an analogous fashion. Tables V and VI summarize the results of
further examples 26-35. ##SPC7## ##SPC8##
* * * * *