U.S. patent number 3,619,568 [Application Number 04/822,257] was granted by the patent office on 1971-11-09 for system and method for identifying and labeling blood packs.
Invention is credited to John F. Taplin.
United States Patent |
3,619,568 |
Taplin |
November 9, 1971 |
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING AND LABELING BLOOD PACKS
Abstract
A system for automatically identifying and labeling the contents
of blood packs designed to avoid human errors in the process of
identifying and labeling of the contents of blood packs. The system
includes an information storage and retrieval center having means
for storing information at predetermined addresses and retrieving
information from said addresses. It further includes a laboratory
station having means for supplying all pertinent data needed for
labeling blood packs to the aforementioned information storage and
retrieval center. In addition the system includes a printout
station where information is being retrieved from the information
and retrieval center and automatically imprinted upon blood packs.
The labeling of blood packs involves identification of the blood
type and serologic data.
Inventors: |
Taplin; John F. (West Newton,
MA) |
Family
ID: |
25235586 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/822,257 |
Filed: |
May 6, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
235/449; 101/93;
382/128; 422/915; 235/375 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G16H
70/00 (20180101); B01L 3/5453 (20130101); G06K
3/02 (20130101); G06K 7/08 (20130101); G16H
10/40 (20180101); A61J 1/05 (20130101); A61J
2205/60 (20130101); A61J 2205/30 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G06K
7/08 (20060101); B01L 3/14 (20060101); G06K
3/00 (20060101); G06K 3/02 (20060101); G06F
19/00 (20060101); A61J 1/00 (20060101); G06k
003/02 (); G06k 007/08 (); B41j 003/28 () |
Field of
Search: |
;235/61.9,61.12,61.14
;101/93RC |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wilbur; Maynard R.
Assistant Examiner: Kilgore; Robert M.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. A system for identifying and labeling the contents of blood
packs including in combination:
a. an information storage and retrieval center having means for
storing information at predetermined addresses and retrieving
information from said addresses;
b. a laboratory station including a laboratory station reading head
for reading alphanumeric information affixed to pilot tubes and for
converting said information into electric signal currents
transmitted to said center as addresses for information regarding
the analysis of blood samples in said pilot tubes, said laboratory
station further having means for transmitting to said center by
electric signal currents information resulting from the analysis of
blood samples contained in said pilot tubes; and
c. a printout station for correlating blood packs and analysis
information pertaining to said blood packs, said printout station
including a support for blood packs, means arranged adjacent said
support defining a path for receiving and guiding information
recording tabs integral with blood packs on said support and
projecting away from said blood packs, a printing station reading
head arranged along said tab path for reading information carried
by said tabs and for converting said information into electric
signal currents for transmission to said center, and said printout
station further including a printout device for alphanumeric
information under the control of electric signal currents derived
from said center and transmitted to said printout device, said
printout device being arranged along said tab path and having
alphanumeric type means for imprinting information upon said
tabs.
2. A system as specified in claim 1 wherein said laboratory station
reading head is a magnetic reading head having a high magnetic
reluctance gap in the flux path thereof arranged in a common plane
with the axis of one of said pilot tubes, and wherein said
laboratory station includes a drive means for establishing relative
rotary scanning motions between said magnetic reading head and one
of said pilot tubes about the axis of one of said pilot tubes.
3. A system as specified in claim 1 wherein said laboratory station
includes means including a motor for rotating said pilot tubes
about the longitudinal axis thereof and wherein said laboratory
station reading head is a magnetic reading head having a high
magnetic reluctance gap in the flux path thereof arranged in a
common plane with said axis.
4. A system as specified in claim 1 wherein said support defines a
horizontal blood pack-supporting surface, wherein said printing
station reading head is a magnetic reading head arranged adjacent
the end of said tab path remote from said blood pack-supporting
surface and provided with drive means for moving said printing
station reading head relative to said tab path in a direction
transverse to said tab path, and wherein said printout device
includes a platen impacted by said alphanumeric type means at
points situated at that end of said tab path which is adjacent to
said blood pack-supporting surface.
5. A system as specified in claim 1 including a common housing for
said printing station reading head and for said printout device,
said housing having a slot therein for the insertion of said
recording tabs into said housing and said support for blood packs
being arranged outside of said housing at substantially the same
level as said slot and supported by said housing.
6. An apparatus for identifying by print the contents of blood
packs including in combination:
a. a support for supporting blood packs;
b. means arranged adjacent said support defining a path for
recording tabs integral with blood packs resting on said support
and projecting away from said bags;
c. a reading head arranged along said path to read information
carried by said recording tabs and to convert said information into
corresponding electric signal currents; and
d. a printout device under the control of electric signal currents
arranged along said path and having alphanumeric type means for
imprinting information upon said recording tabs.
7. An apparatus as specified in claim 6 including
a. a horizontal surface adapted to support blood packs;
b. a magnetic reading head for alphanumeric information arranged
adjacent the end of said path situated remote from said horizontal
surface;
c. drive means for moving said magnetic reading head relative to
said path in a direction transversely to said path; and
d. a platen impacted by said alphanumeric type means at a region of
said path adjacent said horizontal surface.
8. An apparatus as specified in claim 6 including
a. a horizontal surface adapted to support blood packs; and
b. a punched card reading head arranged along said path to read
information punched into said recording tabs and to convert said
information into corresponding electric signal currents.
9. A method of processing blood packs including the steps of
a. providing on a tab affixed to and projecting from a blood pack
and on a pilot tube containing the same blood as said blood pack
machine readable identifications;
b. machine reading one of said identifications on said pilot tube
and storing said one of said identifications as an address in an
information storage and retrieval system;
c. automatically analyzing the contents of said pilot tube and
storing the resulting analysis information under said address in
said information storage and retrieval system;
d. machine reading the other of said identifications on said tab
affixed to and projecting from said blood pack and feeding the
resulting identification signal to said storage and retrieval
system as address for finding said analysis information; and
thereafter
e. retrieving said analysis information from said information
storage and retrieval system and automatically printing said
analysis information on said tab affixed to and projecting from
said blood pack.
10. A system for identifying and labeling the contents of blood
packs including in combination:
a. an information storage and retrieval center having means for
storing information at predetermined addresses and retrieving
information from said addresses;
b. a laboratory station including a laboratory station magnetic
reading head arranged with the reading gap thereof in a common
plane with the axis of a pilot tube and motor means for
establishing a relative rotary motion between said laboratory
station reading head and said pilot tube about said axis for
converting information affixed to the surface of said pilot tube
into signal currents, a communication channel for transmitting said
signal currents to said center as address for information regarding
the contents of said pilot tube, and said laboratory station
further having means for transmitting to said address in said
center information regarding the contents of said pilot tube;
and
c. a printout station for correlating a blood pack with information
regarding the contents of said pilot tube, said printout station
including a blood pack support, means arranged adjacent said
support defining a path for receiving and guiding an information
recording tab integral with said blood pack and projecting away
from said blood pack, a printout station magnetic reading head
arranged adjacent the end of said path for said tab remote from
said support and having drive means for movement thereof in a
direction transverse to said tab and said path for said tab, a
communication channel for transmitting signal currents from said
printing station magnetic reading head to said center as address
for information regarding the contents of said blood pack, and said
printout station further including a printout device under the
control of said center and arranged along said path for said tab
closer to said support than said printing station magnetic reading
head.
11. A system as specified in claim 10 wherein
a. said printout station magnetic reading head and said printout
device are arranged in a common housing having a horizontal slot
for insertion of said tab into said housing; and wherein
b. said blood pack support is arranged outside of and is integral
with said housing and is arranged at substantially the same level
as said slot therein.
Description
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Human blood intended for transfusion is stored in bags known as
blood packs. At the time human blood is being taken from a donor
the bulk of the blood which has been taken from the donor is filled
into a blood pack, and a small sample of the donor's blood is
simultaneously filled into a small test tube of glass known as
pilot tube. Each blood pack and each pilot tube containing blood
from the same donor are cross-referenced. To be more specific,
corresponding blood packs and pilot tubes are generally labeled
with labels bearing the same serial number. The blood packs are
then transferred to a temporary cold storage area known as holding
area, and the pilot tubes are transferred to the laboratory where
the contents thereof is analyzed. The serial number of the
respective pilot tube and the result of the analysis of its content
are made of record, i.e., both are generally recorded on a
worksheet. This operation is known as posting. The content of blood
in the pilot tube not held for compatibility tests is disposed of.
The worksheets bearing serial numbers and information regarding the
blood samples bearing those serial numbers are then transferred to
a cold storage area known as holding area. At this location the
blood packs and worksheets bearing the same serial numbers are
correlated. This involves affixing of a preprinted identification
label to the front surface of each blood pack. This process is
known as labeling. The blood packs fully identified as to their
contents by statements regarding the blood group to which their
contents pertains, Rh type, etc., are then transferred to a cold
storage area where they are available for use.
This relatively complex operation is liable to involve errors which
may result in fatalities when they occur.
The principal object of this invention is to eliminate, as far as
possible, the occurrence of human errors in the above operation by
a far reaching mechanization, or automation thereof.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
A system embodying this invention consists basically of three
units, or stations.
The first unit is an information storage and retrieval center
having means for storing information at predetermined addresses and
retrieving information from said addresses. The aforementioned
center may be located wherever desired, i.e. there is no need to
assign to it any specific location. Storage and retrieval of
information may be effected by any known and/or desired means which
lend themselves to achieving this end.
The second unit will be referred to as laboratory station. The
laboratory station includes a first reading head for reading
alphanumeric information supported on the surface of said pilot
tubes and for converting said information into electric signal
currents transmitted to the aforementioned information storage and
retrieval center as addresses for information regarding the
analysis of blood samples in said pilot tubes, and said laboratory
station further has means for transmitting to the aforementioned
center by way of electric signal currents information regarding the
analysis of blood samples contained in said pilot tubes.
The third unit will be referred to as printout station. The
printout station is located at the temporary cold storage area
known as holding area. The printout station derives from the
aforementioned information center information specifying the
contents of blood packs, and prints out this information. The
printout station includes a support for blood packs, means arranged
adjacent said support defining a path for receiving and guiding
information recording tabs integral with blood packs on said
support and projecting away from said blood packs, and a second
reading head arranged along said tab path for reading information
carried by said tabs and for converting said information into
electric signal currents for transmission to said information
center. The printout station further includes a printout device for
alphanumeric information under the control of electric signal
currents derived from said information center and transmitted to
said printout device, said printout device being arranged along
said tab path and having alphanumeric type means for imprinting
information upon said tabs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system embodying the present
invention;
FIG. 2 shows on a very large scale a type face which may be used in
reading, printing, and transmitting information;
FIG. 3 shows an electric current plotted versus time resulting from
magnetic reading, or scanning, of an imprint made with the type
face according to FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an isometric diagrammatic view of a magnetic pilot tube
reading head for the laboratory station;
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a printout station
including a magnetic reading head and an electric typewriterlike
printout device; and
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a typical automatic
blood analysis channel.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1
thereof, the rectangle marked "blood-taking area" refers to the
location where a donor's blood is taken from him and filled into a
blood pack B and where a small sample of the donor's blood is
filled into a pilot tube P. The information recording tab or tag T
is integral with blood pack B and projects away from blood pack B.
Recording tab T may be heat-sealed to blood pack B if the latter is
made of a thermoplastic material which lends itself to heat
sealing. Recording tab T may also be formed by a projection of the
impervious sheet material of which one of the sidewalls of the
blood pack B is made. The end of tab T remote from the blood pack B
proper has an area SN where a serial number, or another equivalent
alphanumeric group of symbols, identifying the particular blood
pack B is recorded, i.e. printed. The pilot tube P has an area SN'
on which there is the same serial number, or another equivalent
alphanumeric group of symbols for identifying the corresponding
blood pack B. In other words, one blood pack B and one pilot tube P
are identified as corresponding pairs by identical symbols that may
be read by the hospital staff.
As indicated by arrow S.sub.1 the blood packs B upon having been
filled with human blood are transported to the holding area where
the aforementioned printout station is located, and as indicated by
arrow S.sub.2 the pilot tubes P are transferred for analysis to the
laboratory where the laboratory station is located. In the
laboratory station the identification on the area SN' of each pilot
tube P is read by a reading head and converted into electric signal
currents transmitted to the information center as addresses for
additional information regarding the analysis of blood samples in
the pilot tubes. The arrow S.sub.3 in FIG. 1 indicates the message
path for the transmittal of information automatically read off the
area SN' of each pilot tube. The device or reading head for reading
information present on the areas SN' of pilot tubes P is shown in
FIG. 4 and described below in detail in connection with this
figure.
In the laboratory the blood samples in the pilot tubes P are
analyzed and the result of the analysis is transmitted to the
information storage and retrieval center where it is stored at the
address determined by the alphanumeric information on the area SN'
of the particular pilot tube. In other words, the serial number on
the pilot tube P is used as the address in the information center
to identify the location of the following laboratory test data. The
unidirectional flow of information regarding the analysis of blood
samples in form of signal currents from the laboratory station to
the information and retrieval center has been indicated by the
arrow S.sub.3 '.
The type of reading head used in the laboratory station for reading
information contained on the surface of pilot tube P may vary. It
may be an optical or a magnetic character recognition device. A
preferred magnetic character recognition device is shown in FIG. 4
and will be considered below more in detail in connection with this
figure.
All active parts of the printout station are enclosed in a housing
1 having a slot 2 for insertion of record tabs T of blood packs B
into housing 1. A blood pack support or table 3 is arranged in
proximity to, i.e. immediately below, slot 2 and supported by
housing 1. Slot 2 forms part of a path extending into housing 1 for
receiving a guiding record tabs T. Thus when a record tab T is
inserted into housing 1 it is no longer accessible to the operator
of the printout station, and what then happens is under the sole
control of the active parts of the printout station enclosed in
housing 1. There is a reading head for alphanumeric information in
housing 1 capable of reading the serial number, or other equivalent
information, present in the area SN on the end of tap T remote from
the blood pack B proper. This information is converted into
electric signal currents and transmitted as indicated by the arrow
S.sub.4 in FIG. 1 to the information center of the system. This
information is, in effect, an address for searching the memory of
the information center for the laboratory analysis data which are
stored at the specific address in its memory. When the laboratory
information pertaining to the particular serial number, or address,
on tab T has been searched and found it is transmitted from the
information center to the printout station by way of the message
path indicated by arrow S.sub.5 in FIG. 1. Inside of housing 1 of
the printout station there is a printout device for alphanumeric
information under the control of signal currents following message
path S.sub.5. This printout device is arranged along the path of
tab T, and imprints upon the latter by alphanumeric type means the
laboratory test data corresponding to the particular address, or
identification symbol, read from the area SN of tab T.
It will be apparent from the above that processing a blood pack by
the system of FIG. 1 involves the following sequence of steps:
1. Providing on a tab affixed to and projecting from a blood pack
and on a pilot tube containing the same blood as said blood pack
(i.e. blood derived from the same donor) machine readable
identifications.
2. Machine reading one of said identifications on said pilot tube
and storing one of said identifications as an address in an
information storage and retrieval system.
3. Automatically analyzing the contents of said pilot tube and
storing the resulting analysis information under said address in
said information storage and retrieval system.
4. Machine reading the other of said identifications on said tab
affixed to and projecting from said blood pack and feeding the
resulting identification signal to said storage and retrieval
system as address for finding said analysis information.
5. Thereafter retrieving said analysis information from said
information storage and retrieval system and automatically printing
said analysis information on said tab affixed to and projecting
from said blood pack.
These process steps establish a fully automated closed loop in the
sense that at no point of the loops human action liable to error is
required. To be more specific, the sequence of these steps
eliminates the correlation by human action of a given blood pack
with the data obtained by automatic analysis of the contents of a
corresponding pilot tube. Comparable prior art systems do not
include automatic computer means for automatically correlating
given blood packs and given analysis data and the printout devices
of prior art systems are adapted to print the results of the
analysis on a document distinct and separate from the blood
packs.
Any appropriate data storage and retrieval system may be used as
information storage and retrieval center, e.g., a magnetic tape
system. As is well known, magnetic tape requires reading along the
entire length thereof until the required information is found; but
this limitation of magnetic tape systems is acceptable in the
instant case. Data such as laboratory test data are stored in
blocks separated by short sections of blank tape. Each block has an
address which is read by a playback head. If the required data is
stored, for instance, in block 265,382 the counter circuit
associated with the system counts off the proper block and then
stops the tape.
Instead of using a magnetic tape memory, a magnetic disc memory, or
a magnetic drum memory may be used. Switching is used for reading a
word from a certain address, or for writing a word at a certain
address. In a magnetic drum memory each drum has a plurality of
circular tracks. Each track comprises a plurality of information
units, or words, separated by short empty spaces. Each track is
associated with a recording-playback head. These heads are arranged
in staggered relation. Several heads may have common read-write
amplifiers which can be automatically switched on and off, as
desired. For identification a separate track on the drum carries
timing pulses which are prerecorded and read by a head whose output
identifies the location of any spot on the drum. The serial number
on the tab T in the printout station may be 26,207, and this may
mean that the word, or laboratory analysis, is stored at 26 on
track 207. The address selector is then present to count 26, and
the timing pulses of the timing track are read into a counter. When
count 26 is reached, a comparison circuit produces an output signal
causing the head for track 207 to be switched on. After reading the
information, or word, the head goes off when it reaches the
consecutive spacer.
Other storage means which might be used in the information storage
and retrieval center are arrays of ferrite cores, etc. Since such
data-processing equipment and the mode of its operation are well
known in the art, stating any further details in regard to the
information storage and information retrieval center does not
appear to be necessary.
The reading heads in the laboratory station and in the printout
station must be associated with appropriate auxiliary signal
current processing circuitry such as, for instance amplifiers,
pulse shapers or clippers, etc., which is well known in the art and
does not call for detailed description.
The electric signal currents derived from the reading heads in the
laboratory station and the printout station may be stored in the
central station and retrieved from the central station in a form
which differs from their original form. Hence there may be a need
to include conversion equipment such as encoders in the message
paths S.sub.3, S.sub.3 ' and S.sub.4, and it may be necessary to
arrange conversion equipment or a decoder in message path
S.sub.5.
It is preferred to execute the writing on the area SN of tag T and
on the area SN' of pilot tube P with magnetic means as, for
instance, magnetic inks. Preprinted pressure-sensitive labels may
be affixed to areas SN and SN'. The alphanumeric information at
these areas may be of such a character as to result in a coded
electric signal when read by a magnetic reading head, as will be
shown below more in detail. Magnetic inks may be printed on or
applied in form of a carbon paper like material and also in form of
typewriter ribbons.
The preferred form of magnetic alphanumeric recording located at
areas SN and SN' of pilot tube P is by way of symbols which, when
read or scanned by a reading head, result in pulse-position
modulated (PPM) trains of pulses. In other words, a permutation
code is being used having a given number of units. Symbols located
at the areas SN and SN' may also be used as control signals such as
start, stop, blank, etc.
Referring now to FIG. 2, this figure shows the letter H formed by
six bars whose interbar spacing is coded. The letter H is printed
with a magnetic ink and when it is read, or scanned, by a magnetic
reading head, or scanning head, an electric signal current as shown
in FIG. 3 results, i.e., a pulse-position modulated train of
pulses. In this form, the letter H, or any other similarly coded
alphanumeric symbol, may be transmitted from the laboratory station
to the information center of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 4 showing diagrammatically the serial number
reading head of the laboratory station, the rotatable platform 4 is
driven by an electric motor 5 by the intermediary of a pinion 5a in
cooperative engagement with the periphery of rotatable platform 4.
Platform 4 supports a pilot tube P. The outer surface of pilot tube
P supports a pressure-sensitive label SN' imprinted with magnetic
ink in the bar fashion illustrated in FIG. 2, and described in
connection with this figure. The label SN may be read by magnetic
reading head 6 supporting winding 7 whose terminals 8 are connected
to conventional electric signal current processing and transmitting
circuitry (not shown). Reading head 6 is secured to an adjusting
rod 9 for moving reading head 6 to close proximity to pilot tube P.
Reading head 6 has a high magnetic reluctance gap 6a which may
either be an airgap, or a gap filled with a solid substance having
a high magnetic reluctance. Gap 6a is arranged in the flux path of
reading head 6 and in a common plane with the axis of the pilot
tube P identical with the axis of rotation of the platform 4
supporting pilot tube P. The area SN' has been subdivided by
vertical lines into small rectangles of which each stands for an
alphanumeric symbol imprinted with magnetic ink. Reading head 6
stands still while the area SN' is read by jointly rotating
platform 6 and pilot tube P about the aforementioned axis.
Thereupon motor drive 5,5a is stopped.
Referring now to FIG. 5 showing diagrammatically essential
components of the printout station, housing 1 is provided with a
slot 2 for insertion of the tabs T of blood packs B resting on a
horizontal support, or table, 3 arranged outside of housing 1 and
supported by housing 1. Slot 2 and rollers 10, 11, 12 define a path
for receiving and guiding information recording tabs T of blood
packs B placed on table 3. The aforementioned path has an entrance
end for tabs T immediately adjacent table or horizontal support 3,
and an end remote from table or horizontal support 3. A magnetic
reading head 13 including a winding 13a is arranged at the end, or
adjacent the end, of the aforementioned tab path to read
alphanumeric information present on the area SN of tabs T and to
convert said information into corresponding electric signal
currents. To be more specific, magnetic reading head 13, 13a is
arranged to read the area SN on tabs T remote from the blood pack B
proper. Magnetic reading head 13, 13a is provided with drive means
as, for instance, a worm gear drive 14 for moving the same
transversely across tab T so as to read sequentially the
alphanumeric symbols on its end area SN.
Housing 1 further houses a printout device under the control of
electric signal currents and arranged along the aforementioned path
for tabs T and having alphanumeric type means for imprinting
information on tabs T. Reference character 15 has been applied in
FIG. 5 to generally indicate the aforementioned printout device.
Roller 10 is a cylindrical rotary platen impacted by alphanumeric
type means 16 at a region of the path for tabs T adjacent its
beginning, or adjacent blood pack-supporting table 3. Printout
device 15 may include a simplified electric typewriter mechanism as
indicated in FIG. 5. Type means 16 are supported by levers 17
pivotable about fulcra 18 and normally resting against abutments
20. Levers 17 are connected by tie rods 19 to levers 21 pivotally
supported at 22 and biased by springs 23. Levers 24 are pivotally
mounted at 25 on levers 21 and acted upon by solenoids or
electromagnets 26. Reference numeral 27 has been applied to
indicate an electric motor for operating a roller 28 which, in
turn, operates components 24, 21, 19, 17, and 16 upon energization
of electromagnet or solenoid 26. Then lever 24 engages roller 28
rotating in counterclockwise direction and thus imparting a force
component to lever 21, causing the same to pivot about 22 in
counterclockwise direction and to pivot lever 17 about fulcrum 18
in counterclockwise direction. Thus type 16 is caused to hit ribbon
29 in front of roller 10.
If desired a bar printer or a type wheel printer as frequently used
in EDP systems as printout devices may take the place of mechanism
15.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that the reading of
information located at area SN of tabs T by the magnetic reading
head 13, 13a is not subject to human error, and that the printout
device 15, or its equivalent, excludes the occurrence of human
error at the location where the contents of blood packs B is
identified thereon. The personnel at this station has no access to
the equipment inside of housing 1. The identification process of
the blood packs is fully automated, except that each blood pack B
whose contents is to be identified is manually placed upon support
3 and its tab or tag T manually inserted into slot 2. These
operations cannot involve human error.
In FIG. 5 the means for energizing the proper operating magnet 26
have not been shown since such means are well known in the art.
It is essential to identify blood samples by decimal numbers, and
to identify blood types by the standardized symbols O, A, B and AB,
and to identify the Rh factor by the usual symbols therefor. For
this reason the input and the output of the system ought to be
alphanumeric. It may, however, be desirable to use a general
purpose digital computer as information storage and information
retrieval center. This calls for conversion equipment as generally
used in such instances, and well known in the computer art. Since
it is easier to add conversion equipment to a general purpose
digital computer which is often, or generally, available in
hospitals rather than to change the computer, or provide a separate
center for storage of information and retrieval thereof, the use of
conversion equipment is indicated in many instances.
In some instances it may be desirable to identify the blood stored
in bags B at the blood-taking area on the recording tabs T of bags
B by punching holes into said tabs rather than by other means. This
then calls for a substitution of a punched card reading head for
magnetic reading head 13, 13a of FIG. 5. Since punched card reading
heads are well known in the art it is not deemed necessary to
describe the structural details of such apparatus. For a disclosure
of such details reference may be had, for instance, to U.S. Pat.
No. 3,382,347 to Wilbur C. Ahrns, issued May 7, 1968 for TABULATING
CARD READER.
Referring now to FIG. 6 showing diagrammatically the essential
parts of an automatic laboratory station for blood analysis, a
sample of blood to be analyzed--the cells--is aspirated by an
aspirator (not shown) from a pilot tube and supplied to duct 100.
Duct 101 is supplied with serum, duct 102 with an enhancing agent
(e.g. bromelin), duct 103 with air, duct 104 with a saline
solution, and duct 105 with distilled water. Reference characters
100a to 105a have been applied to diagrammatically indicate pumps
for moving the right quantities of the media contained in ducts
100-105, and reference characters 100b, 101b, and 102b have been
applied to indicate three "add" T-connectors. The media added by
the aforementioned connectors are supplied to a mixing coil 106.
Incubation coil 107 is connected in series with mixing coil 106.
The incubation coil 107 is the point of the laboratory station
where agglutination occurs if at all. It is optional to arrange a
delay coil (not shown) in series with the incubation coil 107. The
substance derived from incubation coil 107 is supplied jointly with
saline solution to the decanting T-connector 108, where heavier
agglutinates sink to the bottom of the conduit, i.e. to mixing coil
109 and a first settling coil 110. A further separation of
agglutinates is effected in decanting T-connector 111 from where
some agglutinates go to waste, and in recant settling coil 112 and
in decanting T-connector 113. The outflow of decanting T-connector
113 is mixed at 114 with distilled water which destroys the red
cells, releasing the red oxyhemoglobin. As a result, the medium
turns red. The calorimeter 115 measures the density of the red
medium which is supplied to it. The higher the density of the
medium supplied to the colorimeter 115 the fewer agglutinates, the
more negative the reaction. The colorimeter 115 is of the
photoelectric type including a first photocell for measuring the
optical density of samples and a second photocell that serves a
comparison standard. Both photocells are illuminated by different
light beams derived from the same light source, i.e. an
incandescent lamp.
The arrangements of parts diagrammatically shown in FIG. 6 is
referred to as an analysis channel. A fully automated laboratory
station includes a plurality of such channels. Assuming it is
intended to automatically determine "ABO" typing and Rh factor,
this calls for three channels of which each is identical to that of
FIG. 6. In each of the three channels "cells" are supplied to the
respective duct 100. Duct 101 of the first channel is supplied with
"Anti-A" serum, duct 101 of the second channel with "Anti-B" serum,
and duct 101 of the third channel with "Anti-O" serum. The
colorimeter in each of the three channels measures the density or
absorbency of the medium supplied to its tubular flowcell. The
higher the red density, the more negative is the reaction, and the
smaller the red density, the more positive the reaction. The
following table is based on the concept that any density value in
excess of a predetermined density is deemed negative and any
smaller density value deemed positive.
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Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Blood Type
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neg. neg. O pos. neg. A neg. pos. B pos. pos. AB pos. Rh pos. neg.
Rh neg.
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It is thus apparent that the output of the three colorimeters 115
of the three channels is in suitable form to be fed to the
information storage and retrieval center. The typing of blood
samples by means of the signals emitted from the three colorimeters
115 of the three analyzer channels may be effected by simple logic
circuitry. For instance, if channels 1 and 2 are connected to an
AND gate and the latter to an inverter gate and there is no input
at the AND gate when channels 1 and 2 are negative, then there will
be an output at the inverter gate when there is no output at the
AND gate and an output at the inverter gate means blood type O.
It will be apparent from the above that my invention may take
various forms. What I have illustrated and described is a preferred
embodiment of the invention which may be varied without departing
from the spirit of the invention as defined by the appended
claims.
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