U.S. patent number 3,619,343 [Application Number 04/818,778] was granted by the patent office on 1971-11-09 for roofing material.
Invention is credited to Clarence S. Freeman.
United States Patent |
3,619,343 |
Freeman |
November 9, 1971 |
ROOFING MATERIAL
Abstract
An expanded plastic roof product having a first layer of open
cell expanded material, the material being preferably a polyolefin
on density from about 1 to about 25 pounds per cubic foot and there
being additional layers thereon for weather protection, coloration,
styling and appearance preferably like that of current roofing
materials.
Inventors: |
Freeman; Clarence S. (Beaumont,
TX) |
Family
ID: |
25226388 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/818,778 |
Filed: |
April 23, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/142;
52/309.8; 428/317.7; 428/321.1; 428/489; 521/79; 521/143; 52/309.6;
428/215; 428/318.4; 428/921; 521/92 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B32B
5/18 (20130101); B32B 5/30 (20130101); B32B
7/12 (20130101); B32B 5/16 (20130101); C08J
9/0066 (20130101); E04D 3/351 (20130101); Y10T
428/249987 (20150401); B32B 2419/06 (20130101); Y10T
428/24364 (20150115); B32B 2266/08 (20130101); C08J
2323/02 (20130101); B32B 2266/025 (20130101); Y10T
428/249985 (20150401); B32B 2307/712 (20130101); Y10S
428/921 (20130101); Y10T 428/24967 (20150115); Y10T
428/249995 (20150401); B32B 2309/105 (20130101); B32B
2307/41 (20130101); Y10T 428/31815 (20150401) |
Current International
Class: |
E04D
3/35 (20060101); C08J 9/00 (20060101); B32b
005/02 (); B32b 005/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;260/2.5FP
;161/403,160,161,162,168,165 ;52/309 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Van Balen; William J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A roofing material having the appearance of a typical roofing
material and being adapted to be exposed to the weather,
comprising:
a. a first layer of about one-fourth to three-fourths inch
thickness of a flexible, bendable foamed aliphatic polymono-olefin
having a closed cell structure with a density in the range of about
1 pound to about 25 pounds per cubic foot;
b. an outer layer of opaque chips spread generally evenly over the
exposed surface of said first layer; and,
c. an adhesive material extending over said first layer for joining
by embediment and adhesion said opaque chips to said first
layer.
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said first layer includes an
ultraviolet inhibitor dispersed therein.
3. The invention of claim 2 wherein said ultraviolet inhibitor is
finely divided carbon black.
4. The invention of claim 3 wherein said carbon black ranges from
about 11/2 to 51/2 percent by weight of said fist layer.
5. The invention of claim 1 in which said adhesive material is a
thin layer of neoprene which is applied coextensive with the
surface of said first layer and extends fully thereover and serves
as a secondary sealant.
6. The invention of claim 3 wherein said first, outer, and adhesive
layers have a weight approximating 20 to 50 pounds per roofing
square.
7. The invention of claim 1 wherein:
a. said first layer is formed of foamed polyethylene and has
therein a flame retardant additive ranging up to about 20 percent
by weight;
b. said adhesive layer is neoprene in a thickness of up to about
0.050 inches thick; and,
c. said opaque chips are sufficient in quantity to prevent the
sun's ultraviolet rays from reaching said first layer.
8. The invention of claim 1 including from approximately 0 to
approximately 20 percent by weight of flame retardant material.
9. The invention of claim 8 wherein said flame retardant material
at least includes a portion of antimony trioxide.
10. The invention of claim 9 wherein said antimony trioxide is in
the presence of a chlorine liberating material.
11. The invention of claim 5 wherein said Neoprene is approximately
0.001" to 0.050" thick.
12. The invention of claim 1 wherein said first layer is formed of
polyethylene.
13. The invention of claim 2 wherein said first layer is comprised
substantially of polyethylene.
14. The invention of claim 5 wherein said thin layer of neoprene is
joined to said first layer which is formed of polyethylene.
15. The invention of claim 5 wherein said thin layer of neoprene
has a thickness of up to about 0.05 inches.
Description
SUMMARY OF PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
Roofing products currently available for residences, commercial
buildings, apartments, factories and the like, may be generally
classed in the following groups. A number of buildings are covered
with metal surfaces, tiles, stone, slate, and the like. Such
materials are so very expensive as to be excluded from the greater
bulk of the market of roofing material. Additionally, built-up
roofs typically formed of asphalt and gravel require custom
installation, and hence, are likewise quite expensive. The greater
bulk of roofing material used today includes either wood shingles
or asphalt shingles. Wood shingles typically are formed of cedar or
other untreated naturally occurring wood products, and, as a
generalization, serve as a prestige home roofing material. However,
problems exist with regard to availability, price, flammability,
limitations in color and shape, and difficulties of piece-meal
installation.
The greater portion of the home roofing market is served by various
grades and qualities of asphalt shingles. By asphalt shingles,
reference is had to the shingle which is formed of a typically
fibrous base of felt or similar matter which is impregnated with
low grade asphalts and which is imbedded with colored granules to
give a surface texture and color. Briefly, asphalt shingles have
been found wanting in numerous regards in that they are brittle and
have very low mechanical strength. They must be applied in a
piecemeal fashion utilizing expensive hand labor. They are as
flammable as cedar shingles, and provide negligable insulation to
the building. Particularly damaging, asphalt shingles have been
found wanting in life in that, dependent on the sun load and
weather in a particular climate, aging effects color, tendency to
break or fracture and form openings in the roof which initiate
leaks into the building proper.
Moreover, the installed asphalt roof is particularly susceptable to
weather damage. Hail stones of any size tend to at least dent the
asphalt shingle, and the dents become fractures or breaks which
seriously accelerate leakage of the roof. Even though individual
shingles are quite heavy, and even though they are nailed to the
roof in an overlapping fashion, nevertheless, surface winds of
moderate velocities have little difficulty in getting beneath a
single shingle and peeling it back from the rest of the roof. Once
this happens during a storm or other inclement weather, an entire
portion of the roof may be peeled back and blown away. Once a
shingle is bent to any extent, the portion which is bent upwardly
breaks free of that portion which is nailed to the roof, and also
tends to bend upwardly and away from the roof the nearby shingle.
Hence, a wind storm may begin peeling shingles from a portion of
the roof and the entire area of the roof to the crown or peak of
the roof will be denuded. Because of these factors, asphalt shingle
roofs have a limited life, perhaps in the range of 10 years, in
most climates.
With the foregoing in view, it will be observed that the roofing
products which predominate in the home market, and in a great
number of the smaller commercial buildings, have been measurably
found wanting in numerous regards. Further, in the event of a fire
at a nearby location, burning embers and even larger and heavier
fire brands are lifted by the updraft at the point of the fire and
are typically wind borne to fall out on nearby or surrounding
buildings. It is not uncommon for a spark to fall on the roof of a
house located several hundred feet or a fraction of a mile away and
initiate a fire on that roof. Typically the ember or fire brand
will fall on the roof and start a fire at the spot of contact,
which will spread on the roof and penetrate into the upper portions
of the structure.
The apparatus of the present invention overcomes these and other
deficiencies, and further provides a roof which has an essentially
indefinite life. That is to say, the life of the roof of the
present invention is approximately equal to that of the structure
itself, and more specifically, appears to be in excess of 30 years,
ranging upwards to 45 or 50 years.
The present invention is summarized as providing a roof formed of a
base material in the range of preferably 1/4 to about 3/4 inch
thickness, formed of an expanded plastic sheeting which provides
insulative thermal properties and which is flame resistant. More
specifically, one embodiment of the present invention envisions the
use of a foamed polyolefin base in the range of about 1 to 25
pounds per cubic foot, after foaming, with the preferred weight
being approximately 4 pounds per cubic foot. The base is utilized,
as will be described in several species of the present invention,
to receive a pigmentation for stability, weatherability, and
coloration. Moreover, one embodiment of the present invention
envisions the use of a secondary sealant placed on the exposed or
outer surface of the expanded plastic sheeting to serve as a
sealant, adhesive, surface appearance means, and for other purposes
as will be denoted. In further particular, a third layer can be
added to totally simulate roofing products to which the public has
grown accustomed, namely the use of small colored granules of
numerous sizes and weights with which to simulate asphalt shingles,
all embodiments of the present invention being adapted to be shaped
in various sizes and widths and to take on surface imprints,
surface variations, to either simulate products currently known in
the market place and well recognized by the purchasing public, or
to implement new or unknown surface appearances.
Briefly, many objects and advantages of the present invention will
become more readily apparent from a consideration of the following
specification which describes the present invention, and its
preferred embodiment, numerous species thereof, all without
drawings.
Considering the present invention first generally, the present
invention envisions the use of an expanded plastic sheeting to be
placed on the roof of the structure. The expanded plastic sheeting
preferably covers the entirety of the roof, and at this juncture,
it is sufficient to note that it may take on any surface
appearance, may be installed in any acceptable manner, may have
variations in cross section such as needed to simulate other
products, and may be adapted or varied from the preferred
embodiments set forth herein in numerous ways. For ease of
discussion, the preferred embodiment will be described as an
essentially rectangular sheet of generally uniform cross section
although the variations and alterations generally referred to above
may be introduced without departing from the scope of the present
invention.
The expanded plastic of the present invention preferably utilizes a
polyolefin foam. The foam preferably has a weight of approximately
1 to 25 pounds per cubic foot of the completed product. The 1 pound
limitation noted above is governed primarily by the need to provide
some mechanical strength, and foams lighter than one pound per
cubic foot are also essentially commercially unavailable. The
limitation of approximately 25 pounds per cubic foot is governed by
economics, and, as the density increases, the thermal conductivity
of the completed product likewise increases. To obtain the good
insulation characteristics of the present invention, the foam is
preferably maintained materially lighter than the 25 pound
limitation noted above. Also, the economics of the base material
are materially improved through the use of a lighter foam.
Suitable polyolefins found acceptable for the present invention
include polyethylene, polypropylene, and numerous copolymers which
include ethylene as a principal or major component. Numerous
manufacturers commercially market these polyolefins either in bulk
or in the completed foam sheeting in several thicknesses. Further,
the commercially available materials for the present invention may
be obtained with or without the additives described hereinafter
added so that the point in time and procedure of mixing the various
additives is immaterial to the present invention.
Utilizing the principal polymer or copolymer, as the case may be,
denoted above, the polymer is foamed to the approximate range of
finished densities noted above. The foaming agent selected for the
present invention is not considered critical for the present
invention and may be any of commercially available foaming agents.
For instance, the freon series may be readily used to form the
closed cell bubbles in the finished product to achieve the range of
densities noted above for the preferred version. The foaming agent
may include those materials which at least partially or totally
evolve gas under controlled conditions such as an elevated
temperature. Numerous inorganic compounds break down and evolve gas
under elevated temperatures, and one example is sodium bicarbonate.
Also, organic chemicals such as the above mentioned freon series
simply vaporize to form substantial volumes of gas in comparison
with the volume of material in the liquid or solid state. It is
immaterial whether or not the foaming agent leaves a residue as in
the case of sodium bicarbonate, or whether the entirety of the
foaming agent evolves into a gaseous material. Typically available
foaming agents include commercially available products sold under
the names "Uni-cell," "Celogen," and "Freon 12 " or "Freon 114
."
The expanded plastic sheeting of the present invention preferably
includes an ultraviolet absorber to enhance and improve its
weatherability. The ultraviolet radiation from the sun tends to
embrittle unprotected polyolefin products. The present invention
preferably incorporates an ultraviolet inhibitor or a covering
which, in and of itself, reflects, absorbs, or otherwise prevents
the ultraviolet radiation from reaching the foamed or expanded
plastic sheeting of the present invention. When the polyolefin per
se is exposed to sunlight, a small quantity or measure of the
inhibitor is preferably dispersed throughout the completed product
to protect it from the cracking and crazing noted above. One
suitable ultraviolet inhibitor is finely divided carbon black.
While other inhibitors are known, carbon black is materially less
expensive and has been found perfectly satisfactory for this
purpose. The range of carbon black to be added to the present
invention as an ultraviolet inhibitor is from a low of perhaps 11/2
percent for a very finely divided carbon black such as channel
black, to a high of perhaps 5 to 10 percent by weight for a coarse
but cheaper thermal carbon black. As will be seen, the fineness of
the carbon black particles reduces the percentage by weight
required to achieve the desired inhibition of ultraviolet
penetration. This materially is related to the weatherability and
long life of the present invention.
Untreated foamed polyolefins will be recognized as being "slow
burners" by those skilled in the art. If total fire retardancy is
desired, numerous additives may be added to the foamed plastic
sheeting of the present invention to render it self-extinguishing.
By way of example and not limitation, suitable flame retardants
include antimony trioxide with a chlorine source. Such flame
retardants are readily available commercially from numerous
manufacturers. The flame retardant ranges from 0 percent upward to
perhaps 20 percent or more by weight of the finished product
dependent on degree of flame retardancy desired. As will be
recognized, if no flame retardant is added, the foam base is "slow
burning" as noted above. The degree of retardancy desired at least
partially controls the amount of retardant added, although in a
construction which includes a nonflammable but intimate second
layer, there is little incentive to load the base with fire
retardants.
The preferred flame retardant noted above tends only to slightly
affect the color or appearance of the finished product. A small
percentage of carbon black renders the completed product, whether
fire retarded or not, totally black. Coloring pigments may be added
to the product although one species of the generic invention to be
described hereinafter will obviate the need of adding a pigment to
the foamed base of the present invention.
Summarizing the material and the various aspects only to this
juncture, it will be noted that a foamed material having a closed
cell structure which is ultraviolet inhibited and which may be made
flame retardant, as taught previously, is provided. The thickness
and other dimensions of the product may vary widely, although
suitable insulation and mechanical qualities as a roofing material
are achieved with thicknesses in the range of about 1/4 to about
3/4 inches thickness.
To this juncture, little has been said of the manufacture of the
present invention. The preferred embodiment of the present
invention is preferably extruded to a desired shape, width and
thickness. Locking devices, step shingles, and other cross
sectional devices may be incorporated in the completed product in
the extrusion process. Preferably, the extruding and foaming
process occurs simultaneously, and as the product is derived from
the extrusion equipment, it may be processed by other machinery,
such as print rolls, embossing rolls, and other apparatus which
will further alter the size, shape, contour, surface finish, and
other factors of the completed product. Of significance is the fact
that the extrusion process maintains the individual discrete cells
in the flowable product a small size and prevents their
congregating into larger bubbles which materially effect the
mechanical characteristics of the completed product. In brief, a
small cell size is desirable for the mechanical characteristics of
the completed product, proper thermal characteristics, and
appearance factors. In brief, large bubbles in the completed
product are not desirable and are readily eliminated by proper
manufacturing techniques.
To this juncture, a product has been described which is totally and
completely functional and operative as a roof which has the many
features set forth in the present disclosure. The material
described may be used by itself inasmuch as it fulfills the
function of a roof. However, additional flexibility is achieved and
certain improvements are obtained as will be noted. For instance,
an outer coating may be applied to the base material. Many coatings
which impart either visual or sealing characteristics to the base
material, that term being applied hereinafter to the expanded
plastic sheeting described briefly and in detail hereinabove, may
be added. By way of example, the appearance of the base material
may be enhanced through the application of a colored coating to
achieve a desired or simulated result. A sealant may be applied
such as various rubber based materials including, by way of example
and not limitation, a coating of neoprene. It serves as a secondary
sealant inasmuch as the base material, described above, is also a
weather proofing layer which is one of the primary functions of a
roofing material. The preferred embodiment of the present invention
best utilizes a neoprene layer which serves as the secondary
sealant, as an adhesive for purposes to be described, and as a
further covering which enhances all the characteristics of the
present invention. The neoprene layer is of nominal thickness, in
the range of perhaps 2 to 10 mils. It is not necessary to make it
any thicker for the purposes described above, and, in view of the
cost, the thickness is preferably limited.
The neoprene coating is applied to the base material either
dissolved in a suitable solvent or by applying a sheet with a
suitable adhesive to the material. In either case, the neoprene is
allowed to dry on the base material and form the uniform, leakproof
layer.
The use of a neoprene layer serving as a secondary sealant is
particularly advantageous when the exterior appearance of the
roofing material is modified to simulate a particular roofing
material presently in common use. Solvents for maintaining the
neoprene in a tacky state on the upper surface are readily known,
and, in conjunction with such solvents, colored rock granules may
be applied to the roofing material and pressed into the neoprene.
Thus, a three layer roof is formed comprising the base material
defined above with all the features noted thereat, a secondary
sealant which is also used as an adhesive, and a granular layer of
material which simulates roofing products as presently on the
market. The granules are typically rock or other ceramic materials,
and are of suitable fineness to comprise several thousand particles
to the pound. As a matter of fact, the rocks, chips, or granules
currently in use with asphalt shingling are quite acceptable for
this purpose. The present invention is also material improvement
over asphalt roofing in the fact of the degree of attachment of the
rocks or granules to the roofing. In asphalt shingles, the granules
are merely pressed into the soft or tacky asphalt and are easily
detached. However, the present invention actually bonds the
granules to the roofing material and the tendency of the granules
to flake or otherwise fall from the roof is considerably
reduced.
The granules and neoprene coating which comprise portions of the
preferred embodiment are applied in the following manner. The sheet
of base material is coated on its upper surface with a layer of
neoprene in the tacky state. The mode of application may be
sprayed, brushed, rolled, etc., by any suitable process for this
purpose. The rocks, granules, chips, or the like, are then
sprinkled generously on the neoprene layer while tacky. Preferably,
a roller under moderate pressure passes over the surface after
sprinkling with granules and the granules are pressed into the
tacky neoprene. At this juncture the granules are totally and
completely joined to the neoprene and are bonded into the roof. Of
course, there may be a surplus of chips which may be brushed,
blown, or otherwise mechanically removed from the surface. At this
juncture, the outer surface has then been so modified to simulate
the appearance of products currently on the market, and the size
and shape may be obtained through the use of a scoring wheel or
other cutting apparatus.
The foregoing describes the method of modifying the present
invention to simulate conventional asphalt shingles. It is likewise
possible to simulate cedar shingles. Of course, a different texture
material having different colors and striation marks is required.
Again, this is a matter of artistic detail and the particular
coloration ingredients selected may likewise be varied. In any
event, the present invention provides a means whereby cedar
shingles or other wooden shingles may be simulated through the
application of a coloring agent on the outer surface, passing the
roofing material beneath a suitable embossing wheel or the like,
cutting the roof to shape, and conforming the thickness with that
of the roofing material to be simulated. Without going into the
details thereof, it is believed that the present apparatus provides
a roofing material whereby the foregoing may be accomplished.
The roofing material of the present invention is preferably formed
in sheets of arbitrary dimensions. Should the roofing material be
applied to a house of 50 foot width, clearly the sheets can be 50
feet in length. The width is variable also. It may be formed in
strips of relatively narrow widths with a view of simulating
products currently used as roofing materials, or the sheeting
material may be formed quite wide so that only two or three strips
are required on a roof. The roofing material is particularly
lightweight and moreover, is inexpensive to transport, is easy to
lift from the ground onto a roof at a building site location, and
does not require excessive labor to actually lay and install. The
roof of the present invention as described hereinbefore is
particularly long lived. The base material as noted above has an
essentially indefinite life which approximates that of the basic
structure itself. When a secondary sealant layer is used, either
for this purpose singly or as an adhesive, the preferred material
noted above does not in any way or manner decrease the life of the
roofing material. The insulation properties are particularly to be
noted. Presently, asphalt shingles provide essentially no
insulation properties. The same is also true of cedar shingles. In
view of the fact that the two most common residential roofing
materials provide little, if any, insulation, most houses now built
incorporate a substantial thermal barrier in the attic or ceiling
to at least protect the living quarters of the house. It is legend
that the attics of most houses in the summer time will rise to
temperatures in the range of perhaps 150.degree. F. or greater,
dependent upon the shade available, the color of the roof, the
outside temperature, and other factors. The roof of the present
invention provides a considerable improvement over the insulation
qualities of asphalt shingles as customarily installed heretofore.
In fact, the heat transfer rate through the foam base is about
one-twentieth of that for asphalt shingles.
While many other advantages and virtues of the present invention
may be noted, it is sufficient to define the foregoing preferred
embodiment, several variations thereof, and to note the various
forms and shapes which the present invention may assume. Numerous
variations and expansions on the preferred embodiment may be
adopted by one skilled in the art. However, the definitions
included herein in the specification extend to the claims which are
appended hereto.
* * * * *