U.S. patent number 3,609,448 [Application Number 05/002,709] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-28 for high-power plasma generator employed as a source of light flux at atmospheric pressure.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Varian Associates. Invention is credited to Norman H. Williams.
United States Patent |
3,609,448 |
Williams |
September 28, 1971 |
HIGH-POWER PLASMA GENERATOR EMPLOYED AS A SOURCE OF LIGHT FLUX AT
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Abstract
A multimode cavity resonator includes a duct system for
directing a gas stream through the resonator. Electromagnetic power
is supplied to the resonator for establishing a plasma discharge in
the air stream within the resonator. Light flux generated by the
plasma at atmospheric pressure is transmitted through an optically
transparent wall portion of the cavity to a utilization region
outside of the cavity. The gas ducts and the optically transparent
wall of the cavity include a cluster of conductive tubes
dimensioned to be cut off at the operating frequency of the
cavity.
Inventors: |
Williams; Norman H. (San
Francisco, CA) |
Assignee: |
Varian Associates (Palo Alto,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
21702093 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/002,709 |
Filed: |
January 14, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/39;
315/111.21; 333/99PL |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01J
19/122 (20130101); H05H 1/46 (20130101); B01J
2219/0894 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01J
19/12 (20060101); H05H 1/46 (20060101); H01j
007/46 (); H01j 019/80 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/39,111
;333/99PL |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Saalbach; Herman Karl
Assistant Examiner: Chatmon, Jr.; Saxfield
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A high-power source of light flux comprising an envelope forming
an electromagnetic multimode cavity resonator, means for
introducing electromagnetic power into said resonator, gas inlet
port means opening directly to the interior of said envelope for
passing gas into said resonator, gas outlet port means opening
directly to the interior of said envelope for passing gas out of
said resonator, means for causing gas flow through said inlet and
outlet port means and through the interior of said resonator to
form within said resonator a gas flow stream which supports and
confines a continuous stable plasma discharge in the resonator,
said gas in the resonator being at substantially atmospheric
pressure, and said envelope having a substantially optically
transparent wall portion facing the plasma discharge to a
utilization region located outside of said cavity.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said optically transparent wall
portion of said cavity includes a cluster of parallel conductive
tubes dimensioned to be cut off at the operating frequency of said
cavity, said tubes being directed at the plasma discharge region in
said cavity resonator, said tubes terminating within said cavity
such that their inner ends define the inside optically transparent
wall portion of said cavity, and the outer ends of said tubes
opening to the atmosphere.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the inside of said cavity
resonator envelope is rectangular with its three dimensions each
being in excess of five free-space wavelengths at the operating
frequency of said cavity.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 in which said means for introducing
electromagnetic power comprises a plurality of waveguides opening
into said cavity resonator, said waveguides having their axes
defined by the direction of power flow into said cavity and being
directed orthogonally to each other.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one of said gas port means is
disposed above the elevation of the other such that the direction
of air flow of the gas stream within said cavity includes a
substantial component in the vertical direction.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 in which the power delivered by said
means for introducing electromagnetic power is substantially 90
kilowatts average power, and the gas flow delivered by said
gas-flow means is substantially 2,000 cubic feet per minute.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said gas is air.
8. The method of operating an electromagnetic cavity resonator as a
high power source of light flux in which said resonator includes an
optically transparent wall portion, comprising the steps of
introducing electromagnetic power into said resonator, creating a
gas stream flow directly into, through and out of the interior of
said resonator and thus creating solely by said electromagnetic
power and gas flow a continuous stable plasma discharge in said gas
stream, and utilizing the output from said transparent wall as a
source of high power light flux.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Heretofore, multimode cavity resonators have been excited with
electromagnetic energy at atmospheric pressure and such multimode
cavities have experienced a plasma discharge therein, giving off
light. However, such plasma discharges have been unstable resulting
in the plasma discharge operating in an intermittent fashion on an
unpredictable basis. Moreover, the plasma discharge was a
phenomenon to be avoided in use and no utilization was made
thereof. A typical example of such a multimode cavity is disclosed
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,188, issued Nov. 11, 1969 and assigned to
the same assignee as the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is the provision of
an improved high power plasma generator useful as a source of light
flux at atmospheric pressure.
One feature of the present invention is the provision of a
multimode cavity resonator dimensioned to have a volume of many
cubic wavelengths at the operating frequency of the cavity for
establishing a plasma discharge therein at atmospheric pressure. A
ducting system is provided for directing a gas stream through the
cavity to support the plasma discharge therein and to stabilize and
confine the plasma to the gas stream. The cavity includes an
optically transparent wall portion facing the plasma discharge for
passage of light flux from the plasma to a utilization region
located outside of the cavity.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as the
preceding feature wherein the optically transparent wall portion of
the cavity includes a cluster of parallel conductive tubes
dimensioned to be cut off at the operating frequency of the cavity,
such tubes being directed at the plasma discharge with the inner
ends of the tubes defining the inside optically transparent wall of
the cavity.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as the first
feature wherein the ducts for directing the gas stream through the
cavity include a pair of ducts having end portions defining
gas-permeable wall portions of the cavity with the gas-permeable
wall portions each including a cluster of parallel conductive tubes
dimensioned to be cut off at the operating frequency of the cavity,
and such tubes being aligned in the direction of gas flow in the
ducts.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as any one or
more of the preceding features wherein the cavity resonator is
dimensioned to have transverse inside dimensions in excess of five
free-space wavelengths at the operating frequency of the cavity,
whereby substantial mode overlap is obtained to facilitate
excitation of the cavity by an electromagnetic power generator.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent upon a perusal of the following specification taken in
connection with the accompanying drawing wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a schematic perspective line diagram, partially
broken away, depicting a plasma generator employed as a source of
light flux at atmospheric pressure and incorporating features of
the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawing, there is shown a plasma generator 1
employed as a high-power source of light flux at atmospheric
pressure. The plasma generator 1 includes a relatively large
multimode cavity resonator 2, as of aluminum. The cavity 2 is
preferably of rectangular, including cubic, dimensions dimensioned
for l, m, and n wavelengths on a side where l, m, and n are each
greater than 5. In a typical example at S-band, the cavity was 4
feet deep, 4 feet wide, and 10 feet long.
Electromagnetic energy at the operating frequency of the cavity 2
is supplied to the cavity 2 via 3 input waveguides 3, 4 and 5,
respectively, preferably located at 3 different corners of the
cavity 2 and being directed with their longitudinal axes in the
direction of power flow therethrough along mutually orthogonal axes
in three dimensional space. Three sources of power 6, 7 and 8, such
as high-power klystrons or magnetrons, are connected to the
waveguides 3, 4 and 5, respectively, for supplying relatively large
amounts of power to the cavity 2. In a typical example, each of the
power sources 6, 7 and 8 delivers 30 kilowatts at S-band to the
cavity 2 such that a total of 90 kilowatts average power is
supplied to the cavity 2.
Three input ducts 9, 11 and 12, located near the bottom of the
cavity 2 are arranged for directing an air stream into the cavity 2
as supplied via air blower 13, ducting 14, and a manifold 15 to the
ducts 9, 11 and 12. Three output gas ducts 16, 17 and 18 are
disposed vertically over the respective input ducts 9, 11 and 12
for directing the gas stream out of the cavity 2. In a typical
example, 2,000 cubic feet per minute of gas is directed via the
ducts through the cavity 2. Each of the ducts 9-12 and 16-18
includes a section adjacent the cavity 2 which is formed by a
cluster of conductive tubes 19. Each of the conductive tubes in the
cluster has transverse cross-sectional dimensions to be cut off at
the operating frequency of the cavity 2, and are made to be greater
than 3 diameters long such that energy is not lost from the cavity
2 via the ducts 9-12 and 16-18. The inner ends of the tubes 19 are
preferably flush with the inside wall of the cavity to form a
gas-permeable wall portion of the cavity.
High-intensity standing-wave electric fields are established within
the cavity by electromagnetic power fed to the cavity 2. These
high-intensity electric fields produce a breakdown in the air
streams passing through the cavity 2 to establish plasma discharge
regions in the gas streams. In a cavity 2 dimensioned as
aforedescribed, the plasma discharge regions are approximately 1
foot in cross section and 2 feet long extending in the gas streams
between the input and output ducts. With vertical gas streams, gas
heated by the plasma rises within the gas stream rather than rising
out of the gas stream, which latter effect would tend to make the
plasma discharge unstable.
Large amounts of visible and ultraviolet light flux are generated
in the plasma discharge regions. These discharge regions are
operating at atmospheric pressure and the total light flux emitted
from these discharge regions is proportional to the volume of the
plasma discharge regions. Thus, by employing a relatively large
cavity 2 with a relatively large ducting system, a large amount of
light flux is obtained from the plasma discharge.
The light flux is extracted from the cavity 2 via an optically
transparent wall portion 21 of the cavity 2, formed by a relatively
large cluster of electrically conductive tubes 22, such tubes 22,
being dimensioned in cross section to be cut off at the operating
frequency of the cavity. The tubes 22 are parallel to each other
and directed at the plasma discharge regions. In this manner, the
transparency of the transparent wall 21 can be relatively high,
such as greater than 90 percent, without introducing any
substantial loss into the cavity, whereby the Q of the cavity can
be maintained at a relatively high value. The inner ends of the
tubes 22 define the inside wall of the cavity and form the
optically transparent wall portion of the cavity 2.
The source of high-power light flux may be employed to advantage
for stimulating chemical reactions in a utilization region disposed
externally of the cavity 2. By dimensioning the total volume of the
cavity to have a relatively high number of cubic wavelengths, a
relatively high mode density is obtained inside the cavity to
facilitate excitation of the cavity over a band of frequencies. A
degree of mode density is preferably which will have mode overlap
at 3 db. points for each of the modes. This requires that the
cavity 2 have dimensions that are several wavelengths on a side.
Moreover, the Q of the cavity should remain relatively high such
that the standing-wave electric fields build up to a sufficiently
high value to break down the air and to initiate the plasma
discharge. A relatively high volume of gas should flow through the
cavity for stabilizing the plasma discharge in the air streams. The
exhaust gas may be recirculated, however, it becomes hot due to the
plasma discharge. In order to prevent overheating of certain of the
gas ducts and the blower, fresh gas may be passed through the
cavity resonator rather than recirculating the exhaust air.
Since many changes could be made in the above construction and many
apparently widely different embodiments of this invention can be
made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that
all matter contained in the above description or shown in the
accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not
in a limiting sense.
* * * * *