U.S. patent number 3,607,531 [Application Number 04/652,748] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-21 for cryogenic insulation system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Esso Research and Engineering Company. Invention is credited to Paul T. Gorman, Frederick J. McGarry, Augustus B. Small.
United States Patent |
3,607,531 |
Small , et al. |
September 21, 1971 |
CRYOGENIC INSULATION SYSTEM
Abstract
According to the teachings of the instant invention, a
high-strength cellular plastic insulation system comprised of
alternating layers of cellular plastic and thin columns of solid
plastic is formed by heat sealing blocks of the cellular plastic
together. The resulting product, while retaining its high
insulation efficiency, has greatly improved compressive strength
and increased fatigue resistance.
Inventors: |
Small; Augustus B. (Brussels,
BE), Gorman; Paul T. (Arenzano, IT),
McGarry; Frederick J. (Weston, MA) |
Assignee: |
Esso Research and Engineering
Company (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
26772459 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/652,748 |
Filed: |
July 12, 1967 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
156/251 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29K
2827/12 (20130101); B29C 65/20 (20130101); B32B
37/06 (20130101); B32B 37/08 (20130101); B29C
66/8122 (20130101); B32B 7/12 (20130101); B32B
38/0004 (20130101); B29C 66/45 (20130101); E04C
2/20 (20130101); B29C 66/727 (20130101); B29C
67/20 (20130101); B32B 5/18 (20130101); F17C
13/001 (20130101); B32B 37/10 (20130101); B29C
66/8122 (20130101); B29C 66/1122 (20130101); B29C
66/0042 (20130101); B29C 66/83423 (20130101); B32B
5/26 (20130101); B29K 2023/12 (20130101); B29K
2025/06 (20130101); B29K 2075/00 (20130101); B29K
2023/06 (20130101); B29K 2827/18 (20130101); B29K
2027/06 (20130101); B29L 2009/00 (20130101); B29C
66/71 (20130101); Y10T 156/1062 (20150115); B32B
2266/0235 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); Y10T
428/249981 (20150401); Y10T 156/1054 (20150115); B32B
2307/304 (20130101); B29C 66/71 (20130101); B29C
66/71 (20130101); B32B 2266/025 (20130101); B32B
2439/40 (20130101); B29C 66/8122 (20130101); B29C
66/71 (20130101); B32B 2307/31 (20130101); B29C
66/71 (20130101); Y10T 428/24132 (20150115); B32B
2266/0228 (20130101); Y10S 220/902 (20130101); Y10T
428/24174 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B29C
44/00 (20060101); E04C 2/10 (20060101); E04C
2/20 (20060101); F17C 13/00 (20060101); B32b
031/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;156/251,515,518,78,79,254,260,282,306,322 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Pendegrass; Verlin R.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for fabricating a load bearing insulation material
comprising in combination the steps of:
a. heat sealing together, in a laminate-like configuration, a
plurality of foamed thermoplastic planks so as to form by heat
sufficient to cause collapse of the outer cells of said foamed
planks an interfacial layer between adjacent ones of said planks
such that the interfacial layer will be substantially rigidly
supported by said adjacent ones of said planks; and
b. cutting the laminate resulting from step (a) into a plurality of
slabs, said cutting being done in planes perpendicular to the
length of said thermoplastic planks.
2. A method for fabricating load bearing insulation from a
comparatively low density thermoplastic foam insulation material
which comprises the steps of:
a. passing a block of said material through a plurality of parallel
heated cutting wires said wires supplying sufficient heat to cause
collapse of the outer cells of said foam insulation block;
b. forming a laminate by applying sufficient pressure to the
product resulting from step (a) while said product is cooling so as
to form an interfacial layer between adjacent portions of said
block formed by said cutting wires such that the interfacial layer
will be substantially rigidly supported by said adjacent portions
and
c. cutting the laminate resulting from step (b) into a plurality of
slabs, said cutting being done in planes perpendicular to the
laminations formed in step (b).
3. The method of increasing the compressive strength of a
comparatively low density plastic foam insulation material on one
orientation axis comprising the step of; forming at least one
substantially flat planar layer of solid plastic from said low
density plastic foam insulation by supplying heat sufficient to
cause collapse of the cells of said plastic foam along a plane,
said solid plastic layer being formed between adjacent layers of
said low density plastic foam insulation material such that said
adjacent layers rigidly support said layer of solid plastic whereby
the compressive strength of the resultant material will be
increased in a plane perpendicular to said flat planar layer
4. A method for fabricating a load bearing insulation material
comprising in combination the steps of:
a. forming a laminated structure from a plurality of boards of
rigid insulation material by sealing with sufficient heat to cause
collapse of the outer cells of said insulation boards;
b. controlling the thickness of the bond-line between each of said
boards so as to form an interfacial layer between adjacent ones of
said boards such that said interfacial layer will be substantially
rigidly supported by said adjacent ones of said boards; and
c. cutting said laminated structure into a plurality of slabs, said
cutting being done in planes which are perpendicular to the length
of said boards.
5. A method for fabricating a load bearing insulation material from
a plurality of cellular thermoplastic insulation planks comprising
the following steps in combination:
a. aligning two of said planks in parallel planes;
b. heating the opposing surfaces of said planks to a temperature
suitable for heat-sealing said thermoplastic, said heating
destroying the cellular nature of said thermoplastic;
c. bringing together under pressure said opposing heated
surfaces;
d. controlling said pressure and said temperature whereby the
thickness of the fused heat-sealed interface may be regulated;
e. continuing the precess by heat-sealing subsequent planks to the
bottom of the structure formed by previous planks whereby a
laminate is formed, said laminate comprised of a plurality of
cellular thermoplastic layers and a plurality of solid
thermoplastic weblike members interposed between and fused with
adjacent ones of said cellular layers; and
f. cutting the laminate resulting from step (e) into a plurality of
slabs, aid cutting being done in planes perpendicular to the length
of said thermoplastic planks.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein said thermoplastic is selected
from the group consisting of polystyrene, polyethylene,
polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride polymers.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally in insulation systems and more
particularly to an insulation material to be useful in systems for
the storage and transportation of various liquids throughout a
broad range of temperatures. The teachings of the instant invention
are specifically applicable to the transportation and storage of
liquefied hydrocarbons at cryogenic temperatures and shall be
discussed for purposes of explanation primarily in this respect. It
will become apparent, however, that the invention, as herein
further described, may find applicability in many areas where there
is a need for a high-strength efficient insulation material.
Liquefaction of hydrocarbon mixtures and their subsequent transfer
by large tankers have greatly increased within the last decade. Of
these hydrocarbon mixtures, natural gas is a prime example. This
material is often found in areas remote to where it will ultimately
be used and when separated from the point of utilization by a large
body of water, economics dictate the bulk transfer of the natural
gas by large tankers. Under these circumstances the natural gas
must be liquefied so as to greatly reduce its volume. At
atmospheric pressure the liquefied gas will be at extreme cryogenic
temperatures (about -258.degree.F.).
The insulation system of the instant invention is particularly
adaptable for use in the tankers and at the temperature indicated
above. It will be appreciated that both thermal as well as actual
physical stress on any insulation system will be quite severe in
this service and it is to meet such stresses that applicants'
invention is directed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the methods of the instant invention, a high-strength
cellular plastic insulation system is formed by alternating
cellular plastic with thin columns of solid plastic. Suitable
plastics include polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinyl chloride and the like. The solid plastic columns are
formed by heat sealing blocks or planks of the cellular plastic
together. While insulation systems employing cellular plastics are
known in the art, per se, the insulation taught herein possesses
distinct advantages over those presently known. As hereinbefore
indicated, one of the requirements placed on the insulation to be
used in cryogenic tankage is that it possess adequate strength to
maintain its integrity under load conditions. In this regard the
loading, such as on the floor of a container carrying liquid
natural gas in a tanker, is about 75pounds per square inch,
including an adequate safety factor. In the past the most direct
method for achieving cellular plastics (alternatively known as
foamed plastics) of sufficient strength has been to use high
density foams. However, as the density of the foamed plastics
increases, the insulation value decreases and cost of the cellular
plastic increases. By using the methods of the instant invention,
it has been found possible to increase the load bearing capacity,
shape retention and resistance to fatigue of low density foams (1to
5-/ft..sup.3) without an appreciable decrease in their inherent
insulation efficiencies.
The load carrying capacity of the plastic raw material in solid
form used in the manufacture of cellular foams is very high. The
compressive strength of the solid polymer being on the order of
several thousand pounds per square inch. As hereinbefore mentioned,
the load expected (including a safety factor) on the floor of a
container in a tanker is about 75pounds per square inch. To avoid
or minimize the danger of fatigue failure, a cellular plastic
carrying this load should have a compression strength of the order
of 300pounds per square inch. If the density of the foam were
increased to the point where it had this compressive strength, its
insulation efficiency would drop by a substantial percentage.
Thus, it is a specific object of this invention to provide a
cellular insulation material which achieves high strength without a
corresponding increase in its density or loss in its thermal
insulation efficiency.
A further specific object of the invention is to provide methods
whereby such an insulation material may be made.
Other objects and a fuller understanding of the invention may be
had by referring to the following description and claims taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 represents schematically one process for making the improved
insulation of the instant invention.
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of the insulation as it emerges
from a process as depicted in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 represents schematically an alternative process for making
the improved insulation of the instant invention.
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a panel-type member employing
the improved insulation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 in detail, the initial step of the process
shown therein is shown in step (A). Two planks or boards of the
foamed plastic insulation material 2 and 4 are fed into a conveying
mechanism indicated generally at 7. Mechanism 7 comprises a pair of
moving belt or other conveyor means, 6 and 10, and a center bearing
means 8. Bearing means 8, which is stationary, is heated at its
surfaces 9 and 11 by means of heater 13. Heater 13 may be of any
suitable type such as electrical or steam heater and the surfaces 9
and 11 may be zone heated. That is, the temperature of these
surfaces may be controlled so that they gradually increase to the
point where they are at the heat sealing temperature required by
the foam planks. To facilitate movement through the mechanism 7 and
to prevent sticking, the planks surfaces 9 and 11 of bearing means
8 may be provided with a suitable coating such as a fluorocarbon
polymer, for example, of the type sold under the trademark,
Teflon.
As the foam planks 2 and 4 advance through the mechanism 7, their
interior surfaces make contact with surfaces 9 and 11 of bearing
member 8 and are thus heated to the temperature required for
heat-sealing. Upon exiting from mechanism 7, planks 2 and 4 enter a
pair of converging guide means 12 and 14 from which they are fed
into another conveying mechanism which is indicated generally at 15
in FIG. 1(B). In this mechanism the interior heat surfaces of
planks 2 and 4 are brought together and, as a result, are
heat-sealed to each other at the interface 3. It will be
appreciated by those skilled in the art that the thickness of the
interfacial bond layer 3 may be controlled by suitably adjusting
the temperatures of heated surfaces 9 and 11 in FIG. 1(A), the
speed of the conveyors 6 and 10, and by carefully controlling the
amount of bonding pressure used. The latter factor can be
controlled by suitable adjustment of the angle of convergence of
guide means 12 and 14 and by controlling the spacing between
conveying means 16 and 18 of FIG. 1(B). Thus, upon emerging from
conveyor mechanism 15, as shown by the dotted portion of FIG. 1(B),
the two planks 2 and 4 have been heat-sealed together at their
interface 3. The thickness of the interfacial layer or web being
controlled is indicated above.
Upon exit from mechanism 15 the bonded foam planks 2 and 4 are fed
into another mechanism indicated generally at 17 in FIG. 1(C). This
mechanism functions in a similar fashion to mechanism 7 of FIG.
1(A), the only difference being that the gap between the upper
surface of the bearing means 22 and the lower surface of belt 20 is
enlarged to a width whereby it may engage the two bonded planks 2
and 4. Upon passage through mechanism 17, the bottom surface of
plank 4 and the upper surface of plank 30 are heated to the
requisite temperatures. Upon exit from mechanism 17 combined planks
2 and 4 and plank 30 pass through another set of converging guide
means indicated at 26 and 28 of FIG. 1(D). These planks then enter
another conveying mechanism indicated generally at 37, where they
are bounded together at their common interface in a fashion as
indicated above. Here again, the thickness of the interfacial bond
layer 32 may be controlled as hereinbefore discussed.
As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the
process is continued in an identical fashion through a series of
similar conveyor and bonding mechanisms C, not shown until a
plurality of planks have been heat-sealed together. The final
product of this bonding operation is illustrated by the schematic
of FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 2 in detail, it is seen that the product of the
bonding operation is a laminate construction comprising a plurality
of foam planks 2 and 30, for example, bound together by a plurality
of webs 3 and 32, for example. The final step of the process
involves a cutting operation (not shown) wherein the laminate of
FIG. 2 is cut along lines A--A, B--B and C--C, for example, into a
series of slabs of thickness "t", for example. These slabs are then
made up into panels or the like as indicated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 3 depicts an alternative to the process of FIG. 1. In this
embodiment the starting material is a much thicker block of
thermoplastic cellular material 40. Block 40 is supported on a
suitable supporting surface 43. A downward force is applied on the
top of block 40 by a suitable loading indicated schematically by
the weight 46. A plurality of heated cutting wires 44 extending in
a plane substantially perpendicular to the drawing are supported by
support means (not shown) above surface 43 and to the right of
block 40.
An advancing means 48, defining a plurality of slots 50 designed to
clear the wires 44, is used to advance block 40 along the surface
43 and through the plane defined by the wires 44 whereby the block
40 is cut into a series of slabs 52. These slabs are subsequently
reunited at their interfaces 51, under the influence of the weight
46, as the material which has been melted by the wires 44 fuses
upon cooling. Here again it will be appreciated by those skilled in
the art that the thickness of the interfacial layers may be readily
controlled by suitably adjusting the temperature of the cutting
wires 44, the loading represented by the weight 46, and the speed
at which block 40 is advanced through the wires 44. While, for the
sake of discussion, only two wires have been illustrated, it is to
be understood that the process is not limited as to the number of
wires used. Thus, the product 54 of the process of FIG. 3 will be
substantially similar to the laminate shown in FIG. 2 and like that
product may be made into panels as indicated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 shows a panel which incorporates the insulation made
according the the teachings hereinbefore detailed. The core 42 of
the panel comprises a slab of the laminate hereinbefore described,
which is made of a series of foamed plastic sections bound together
by a series of weblike columns 3 and 32, for example. If desired,
protective skins to distribute loadings may be adhered to the core
42 at 41 and 45 by a suitable adhesive. Thus, as a load P (parallel
to the webs) is applied, it is for the most part uniformly carried
in compression by the weblike columns. It will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art that to achieve the optimum performance
from a thin column, it is imperative that the columns be prevented
from buckling. As may readily be seen, the methods of the instant
invention result in a system wherein the thin columns are
maintained in substantially perfect alignment and are laterally
supported by the foam sections immediately adjacent thereto Of
further significance is the fact that the use of a separate
adhesive between the various foam sections and the weblike columns
is completely avoided in the embodiments herein before detailed. At
cryogenic temperatures the thermal behavior of an adhesive might be
different than that of the plastic composing the foam. This might
cause difficulty in the way of separation and subsequent buckling
of the columns. The instant insulation avoids any such difficulty
because its weblike columns are composed of the same plastic as is
the foam insulation. This is to say, the heat-sealing operation
melts the foam surface, destroying its cellular characteristics
while forming the webs which are then, of course, composed of the
solid plastic.
Although a prime objective of the instant disclosure has been to
provide a new and improved thermal insulation material and a method
of making the same, it is to be appreciated that the teachings
hereinbefore discussed could find use in other areas; for example,
the apparatus of the instant invention could be employed to
excellent advantage in the packaging field.
Although the above embodiments of the instant invention have been
described with a certain degree of particularity, it is to be
understood that the present disclosure has been made by way of
example and that obviously changes in the methods of construction
and arrangement of various components may be resorted to without
departing form the spirit of the disclosed teachings.
Thus, for example, while the invention has been described with
reference to materials which may be readily heat-sealed,
polystyrene or polyethylene foams, for example, other materials may
also be fabricated into an insulation material of the type
described. In this regard thermosetting polymer such as foamed
polyurethane, for example, may be made up into an insulation slab
as taught herein by use of a suitable adhesive. This adhesive
should be selected so as to possess the same or very similar
thermal coefficients of expansion, as does the foam plastic
employed. Thus, for polyurethane foams, a polyurethane adhesive
would be indicated. It will also be apparent that the material
composing the webs and foam need not necessarily be the same. Thus,
where temperature ranges and/or loadings are less severe, other
material may be used of the weblike columns. For example, webs of
paper or the like may be suitably employed under less severe
conditions.
Accordingly, for the full scope of the instant invention, reference
should be made to the following appended claims.
* * * * *