U.S. patent number 3,602,003 [Application Number 04/808,765] was granted by the patent office on 1971-08-31 for method of and apparatus for transporting cryogenic liquids.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Lox Equipment Company. Invention is credited to Robert S. Hampton.
United States Patent |
3,602,003 |
Hampton |
August 31, 1971 |
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSPORTING CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS
Abstract
A method of and apparatus for reducing the rate at which the
heat content of a cryogenic liquid such as liquefied oxygen or
nitrogen increases as a consequence of its being necessarily
shipped in a partially filled container. The method includes
dividing a predetermined volume of the liquid which ordinarily
would be loaded into a shipping container therefor into major and
minor fractions, the first of which is significantly larger than
the second. The major fraction is confined within a container
compartment having substantially the same volume as that of the
major fraction, and the minor fraction is confined within a
container compartment having a substantially larger volume than
that of the minor fraction so as to accommodate any enlargement in
the volume of the major fraction as a consequence of increases in
the heat content thereof. Any such increases in the volume of the
major fraction are withdrawn from the container compartment
confining the same and are delivered to the container compartment
confining the minor fraction. The apparatus includes a tank car
having a large container provided with inner and outer wall
structures separated from each other to define a heat-insulated
space therebetween. The container is subdivided by a bulkhead into
major and minor compartments, and means are provided for filling
the container with a cryogenic liquid and for withdrawing such
liquid therefrom. The minor and major compartments are flow
interconnected by valve-equipped conduits that enable any overflow
of liquid from the major compartment resulting from
temperature-induced volumetric increases in the liquid confined
therein to pass into the minor compartment.
Inventors: |
Hampton; Robert S. (Livermore,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Lox Equipment Company
(Livermore, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25199663 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/808,765 |
Filed: |
March 20, 1969 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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756554 |
Aug 30, 1968 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
62/48.2;
220/560.12; 220/901; 220/592.2; 220/918 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F17C
13/005 (20130101); F17C 2201/0166 (20130101); Y10S
220/901 (20130101); F17C 2203/03 (20130101); F17C
2223/0161 (20130101); F17C 2205/0335 (20130101); Y10S
220/918 (20130101); F17C 2201/054 (20130101); F17C
2201/056 (20130101); F17C 2201/0109 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F17C
13/00 (20060101); F17c 013/00 (); B65d
025/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/45,50,51,55,54
;220/9,85 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Davis, Jr.; Albert W.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending
application, Ser. No. 756,554 filed Aug. 30, 1968, now abandoned
for "Method of an Apparatus for Transporting Cryogenic Liquids."
Claims
I claim:
1. A container structure for transporting thermoexpansible liquids
including cryogenic liquids and the like, comprising an inner wall
structure defining a container chamber therewithin, an outer wall
structure spaced from said inner wall structure and defining an
insulating space therebetween, an intermediate bulkhead within said
chamber subdividing the same into major and minor compartments
flow-isolated one from the other, means associated with said major
compartment for filling the same with such liquid and for removing
the same therefrom, means associated with said minor compartment
for introducing liquid thereinto and for removing the same
therefrom, and flow conduit means interconnecting said compartments
to enable overage from said major compartment to flow into said
minor compartment so as to accommodate thermal expansion of such
liquid confined within said major compartment, said flow conduit
means interconnecting said compartments including valve devices
therealong comprising a pressure equalizing check valve permitting
flow of liquid from the major to the minor compartment.
2. A container structure for transporting thermoexpansible liquids
including cryogenic liquids and the like and being elongated
axially in the direction in which it travels during transport
thereof, comprising an inner wall structure defining an axially
elongated container chamber therewithin, an outer wall structure
spaced from said inner wall structure and defining an insulating
space therebetween, an intermediate bulkhead within said chamber in
relatively close proximity to one end thereof subdividing the
chamber into a long major compartment adapted to be filled
substantially to capacity with such liquid to restrict the
permissible freedom of movement thereof relative to said wall
structure and a minor compartment flow isolated from said major
compartment and adapted to be partially filled with such liquid and
being short in the axial direction relative to said major
compartment so as to restrict the axial extent of the uninterrupted
wave motion of any liquid partially filling the same, means
associated with said major compartment for filling the same with
such liquid and for removing the same therefrom, means associated
with said minor compartment for introducing liquid thereinto and
for removing the same therefrom, flow conduit means interconnecting
said compartments to enable overage from said major compartment to
flow automatically into said minor compartment so as to accommodate
thermal expansion of such liquid confined within said major
compartment, and flow-inhibiting means for prohibiting reverse flow
of liquid through said flow conduit means from said minor to said
major compartment.
3. The container structure of claim 2 and further comprising
pressure relief means connected with said major compartment for
limiting the maximum permissible pressure therewithin, the
aforesaid prohibition of reverse flow through said flow conduit
means being effective during and subsequent to operation of said
pressure relief means.
4. The container structure of claim 2 in which said flow conduit
means connects with said minor compartment adjacent the upper end
thereof so as to be above the elevation of liquid partially filling
the same to define at least a part of said flow-inhibiting means
and effect the aforesaid prohibition of reverse flow from said
minor to said major compartment.
5. The container structure of claim 2 in which said flow conduit
means is connected with said major compartment adjacent the upper
extremity thereof so that said major compartment is continuously
maintained in a substantially completely filled condition when
filled with any such liquid.
6. The container structure of claim 5 in which said flow conduit
means connects with said minor compartment adjacent the upper end
thereof so as to be above the elevation of liquid partially filling
the same to define at least a part of said flow-inhibiting means
and effect the aforesaid prohibition of reverse flow from said
minor to said major compartment.
7. The container structure of claim 6 and further comprising
pressure relief means connected with said major compartment for
limiting the maximum permissible pressure therewithin, the
aforesaid prohibition of reverse flow through said flow conduit
means being effective during and subsequent to operation of said
pressure relief means.
8. The container structure of claim 7 in which a pressure
equalizing check valve permitting flow of liquid from the major to
the minor compartment is included in said flow conduit means to
define a further part of said flow-inhibiting means.
9. In a method of minimizing the development of kinetic energy and
conversion thereof into heat during transport of a thermoexpansible
liquid such as a cryogenic liquid or the like, the steps of
confining a predetermined large volume of such liquid within an
axially elongated major chamber having substantially the same
volume as that of the liquid therein so as to restrict the
permissible freedom of movement of the liquid relative thereto,
confining a substantially smaller volume of such liquid within a
minor chamber to partially fill the same and which minor chamber
has a much smaller capacity than that of the major chamber but at
least as great as the normally expected volumetric increase of the
liquid within said major chamber due to any increase in the heat
content thereof, restricting the axial extent of the uninterrupted
wave motion of any liquid within the minor chamber by minimizing
the axial length thereof, withdrawing from the major chamber any
volumetric increases in the liquid therein that tend to exceed the
capacity of the major chamber and delivering such withdrawn
quantities into the minor chamber, and confining liquid within the
minor chamber against flow thereof into the major chamber.
10. The method of claim 9 in which any such volumetric increases in
the liquid within the major chamber are continuously withdrawn
therefrom and delivered into the minor chamber.
11. The method of claim 10 in which the volume of liquid within the
major chamber is initially about nine times greater than the volume
within the minor chamber.
12. The method of claim 11 in which said minor chamber has a
capacity about twice the volume of the liquid initially confined
therein.
Description
DISCLOSURE
This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for reducing
the rate at which the heat content of a liquid increases as a
consequence of its being shipped in a partially filled container,
and it relates more particularly to a method of and apparatus for
transporting relatively large quantities of a cryogenic liquid, as
for example, a railway tank car of liquid oxygen or nitrogen.
Whenever a liquid product confined within a partially filled
container is shipped, whether by highway, rail, sea or air, the
substantially unending disturbances imparted to the liquid as a
consequence of its inertia and of container vibration, changes in
the velocity thereof and in the direction of its movement, etc.,
imparts kinetic energy to the liquid causing it to move about or
slosh within the container. The kinetic energy represented by such
motion of the liquid is at least partially dissipated by conversion
into heat which has the consequence, often undesirable, of
elevating the temperature of the liquid product.
The amount that a liquid sloshes within a container, and the
resultant conversion of kinetic energy to heat, is to a
considerable extent a function of the geometry of the container;
and, in this reference, conversion of the kinetic energy to heat
varies with the square of the length of the uninterrupted wave
motion (i.e., the distance between abutments in the direction of
wave motion or travel). In view of this, a common means for
reducing the kinetic energy and hence, heat imparted to the liquid,
is to install multiple-baffle structure in the container so as to
reduce the free distance the waves can travel in the direction of
the greatest expected changes in velocity of the container (i.e.,
the direction of greatest expected positive and negative
accelerations). However, the hydraulic forces that develop during
the shipment of relatively dense liquids under the accelerations
expected in rail transport is very large, and by way of example, a
typical specification for a dense liquid such as liquid oxygen
requires the structural design of the container and any baffle
structure to accommodate an acceleration of 7 g's. Thus,
installation of multiple baffles within a container for dense
liquids is quite expensive since such structures must be quite
substantial.
Relatively large volumes of cryogenic liquids are necessarily
transported in partially filled containers because such liquids
must be maintained at very low temperatures as, for example,
temperatures of the order of -200.degree. F.; and as a consequence,
a great temperature difference exists between such liquids and the
ambient environments. Therefore, it is to be expected that there
will be some increase in the heat content of such liquids when they
are shipped by rail or other transport over relatively long
distances, and this increase will be accompanied by an increase in
the volume of the liquid. As a result, it is customary to maintain
substantial ullage space within a container in which cryogenic
liquids are shipped; and by way of example, in containers having a
capacity in excess of 20,000 gallons, it is customary to fill the
same only to about 90 percent to 95 percent of capacity.
Accordingly, the problem of reducing the rate at which the heat
content of a cryogenic liquid increases as a consequence of its
being shipped in a partially filled container is one to which
considerable attention has been directed for several reasons.
Increases in the heat content result in product loss because of the
operation of pressure relief valves and rupture discs in transit,
which operation permits the escape of the product to protect the
container against excessive pressures, and because of flashoff of
temperature-induced product vapors that accumulate in transit when
the product is unloaded at its destination. So far as is known,
such efforts to reduce the rate of increase in the heat content in
a cryogenic liquid during shipment thereof has resulted in the
inclusion of multiple-baffle structures to reduce the distances of
wave motion, as explained hereinbefore.
An object, among others, of the present invention is to provide an
improved method of and apparatus for transporting large quantities
of liquid products, cryogenic products for example such as liquid
oxygen, nitrogen, etc., and which method and apparatus minimize the
development of kinetic energy within the liquid and conversion of
such energy into heat; and which improved method and apparatus
accomplishes such minimization without the requirement for
multiple-baffle or other structures of high mass, complexity and
strength.
Such object is generally accomplished by confining at least a major
fraction of the liquid which ordinarily would be loaded into a
shipping container therefore, within a first compartment of the
shipping container having a volumetric capacity substantially equal
to that of the major fraction. While ideally, all of the liquid is
confined within the first compartment, a minor fraction of it may
be confined within a second compartment of the shipping container,
but the second compartment therefor has a greater volumetric
capacity than is required by such minor fraction, sufficiently
greater so as to accommodate any increases in the volume of the
major fraction as a consequence of increases in the heat content
thereof. The two compartments are interconnected so that any
increases in the volume of the major fraction are withdrawn from
the compartment therefor and are delivered into the space afforded
in the compartment confining the minor fraction. The increase of
kinetic energy of the liquid as a consequence of motion imparted
thereto is significantly minimized because there is substantially
no ullage space within the compartment confining the major fraction
so that motion thereof is substantially inhibited, and the
compartment containing the minor fraction is constructed so that
the free distance for wave motion is quite small, thereby
materially restricting the wave motion and heat increase developed
therefrom in the minor fraction.
An exemplary structural embodiment of the invention is illustrated
in the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a container and the various flow
connections thereto embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a broken side view in elevation of the inner wall of a
container embodying the invention, the outer wall thereof being
broken away and shown in section; and
FIG. 3 is a transverse sectional view taken along the line 3--3 of
FIG. 2.
As respects the present invention, the constructional features and
characteristics of the relatively large containers in which
cryogenic liquids are stored and transported may be conventional;
and as a consequence, such constructional details are neither
illustrated nor described since containers of this general type are
well known in the art. Accordingly, for purposes hereof the
container illustrated may be taken to be a railway tank car used
for transporting cryogenic liquids and it is essentially
conventional except to the extent that such tank car is
specifically modified as explained herein. The container shown is
denoted in its entirety with the numeral 10, and it comprises an
inner wall structure 11 defining a liquid-receiving compartment 12
therewithin and an outer shell or wall structure 13 surrounding the
wall structure 11 to enclose the same. The wall structures 11 and
13 are separated and define a chamber or space 14 therebetween
which is provided with a vacuum and thermal insulation so as to
retard and minimize the rate of heat migration into the liquid
contents confined within the compartment 12.
As explained hereinbefore, cryogenic products likely to be shipped
within the container 10 are products such as liquified oxygen and
nitrogen and, evidently, these products must be maintained at a
very low temperature, for example, of the order of -200.degree. F.
As a consequence of the temperature differential established
between the low temperature liquid within the compartment 12 and
the ambient air temperatures exteriorly of the outer shell or wall
structure 13, there is always a slow inward migration of heat
through the wall structures and insulated space 14 to the cryogenic
product within the compartment 12. It will be apparent that the
temperature increases of the cryogenic liquid resulting from such
heat migration thereto will cause the liquid to expand and,
therefore, provision for such expansion must be made, usually by
not completely filling the compartment 12 (for example, only
filling the same to about 95.degree. of its volumetric
capacity).
The relatively large ullage space thereby provided within the
compartment 12 has the disadvantages of affording considerable room
for the liquid to slosh or move about within the compartment as the
container is transported; and since the hydrokinetic energy
represented by such moving liquid must be dissipated, a
considerable component of it appears as unwanted heat, thereby
accelerating the temperature rise of the liquid. As explained
heretofore, previous practice has resulted in the construction of
multiple baffles within the compartment in an effort to reduce the
motion of the liquid therewithin and, therefore, the hydrokinetic
energy which is caused and which is dissipated, at least in
substantial part, as heat.
In the container 10 shown in the drawing, the compartment 12 is
subdivided into major and minor compartments or compartment
sections 15 and 16 as by means of a bulkhead 17 mounted within the
compartment 12 intermediate the ends thereof. The major compartment
or compartment section 15 is significantly larger in a volumetric
sense than the minor compartment 16, and in a typical installation
the order-of-magnitude ratio is in the range of about 9to 1. As
will become more apparent hereinafter, the precise ratio may vary
substantially, but ordinarily the greatest advantage is realized
when the minor compartment is made as small as possible without
being so small that it cannot accommodate the ordinarily
anticipated expansion-caused overflow of liquid from the major
compartment.
Any suitable materials may be made to construct the container 10,
and in a usual instance the inner wall structure 1 will be
stainless steel whereupon the bulkhead 17 is advantageously formed
of stainless steel welded or otherwise secured to the wall
structure 11 so as to flow-isolate the major and minor compartments
15 and 16. The bulkhead 17 may be initially provided with a
centrally located access opening so that entrance to the
compartment 16 can be gained through the interior of the
compartment 15 as necessary while the container is being
constructed. This opening is sealed in the late stages of the
construction by a cover 18 which is secured to the bulkhead 17 such
as by welding.
The various connections to and interconnections between the
compartments 15 and 16 are shown in FIG. 1, and the numerous
valves, gauges and conduits, and the manner of connection of the
conduits with the respectively associated compartments may be
largely conventional. Thus, the major compartment 15 is provided
adjacent each end thereof with valve-equipped conduits 19 and 20
that are used selectively to fill the compartment 15 with a
cryogenic liquid and to withdraw such liquid therefrom. Usually,
the conduits 19 and 20 are arranged with the wall structure 11 and
compartment 15 so as to enter the same adjacent the bottom thereof
as shown. The provision of the two valve-equipped conduits 19 and
20 serves as a convenience so that the compartment can be loaded
and unloaded from either of its ends. The compartment 15 is also
provided with a valve-equipped vent conduit 21 having a safety
valve 22 located therealong which, by way of example, may be a
burst disc designed to relieve the pressure within the compartment
15 should it exceed a value of about 45 p.s.i.g.
The compartment 15 has a conduit 23 communicating therewith which
is equipped with a manually manipulatable valve, and the conduit is
so arranged with respect to the compartment that liquid can be
withdrawn through the conduit when the compartment contains a
predetermined volume of liquid. For example, assuming a typical
situation in which the compartment 15 comprises approximately 90
percent of the total capacity of the composite compartment 12,
wherefore the compartment 16 comprises about 10 percent of such
total capacity, the conduit 23 may be arranged to enable liquid to
flow therethrough when the compartment 15 is substantially full.
Therefore, the conduit 23 and the valve therefor might be referred
to as a "90 percent full trycock." A pair of conduits 24 and 25
respectively connected to the bottom and top of the compartment 15
define liquid and vapor lines, respectively, and each is equipped
with a valve and terminates in the respectively associated liquid
level and pressure gauges 26 and 27. The conduits 24 and 25 are
interconnected intermediate the valves and gauges therealong by an
equalizing valve 28, and a bleed valve 29 associated therewith can
be used to withdraw quantities of liquid from the line 24. The
gauges 26 and 27 may be coupled, as shown in FIG. 1.
The compartment 16 is provided with analogous connections thereto,
and in this respect a valve-equipped conduit 30 is used to supply
liquid to the compartment, and to withdraw liquid therefrom. The
compartment 16 has a conduit 31 communicating therewith which is
equipped with a manually manipulatable valve, and the conduit is so
arranged with the compartment that liquid can be withdrawn through
the conduit when the compartment contains a predetermined volume of
liquid. For example, assuming the exemplary ratio of about 9 to 1
heretofore stated, the conduit 31 might be arranged to enable
liquid to be withdrawn when the composite compartment 12 is filled
to about 95 percent of its total capacity, whereupon the
compartment 16 would be about 50 percent filled. It may be observed
that customarily the containers in which cryogenic liquids are
shipped are filled to about 95 percent of capacity to provide
sufficient excess volume or ullage space to accommodate thermal
expansion of the liquid. Accordingly, the conduit 31 and the valve
therefor might be referred to as a "95 percent full trycock."
A pair of conduits 32 and 33 respectively connected to the bottom
and top of the compartment 16 define liquid and vapor lines,
respectively, and each is equipped with a valve and terminates in
the respectively associated liquid level and pressure gauges 34 and
35. The conduits 32 and 33 are interconnected intermediate the
valves and gauges therealong by an equalizing valve 36, and a bleed
valve 37 associated therewith can be used to withdraw quantities of
liquid from the line 32. The gauges 34 and 35 may be coupled, as
shown in FIG. 1.
The compartment 15 is connected with the compartment 16 by an
overflow conduit 38 running generally from the top of the
compartment 15 to a conduit 50 which is connected to the top of
compartment 16. Since conduit 50 is connected to the top of
compartment 16, reverse flow of liquid from the minor compartment
to the major compartment is prevented. This can be important,
especially if the major compartment should happen to be vented to
the atmosphere. For example, if the burst disc or safety valve 22
should fail prematurely, liquid within the minor compartment cannot
flow into the major compartment through the overflow conduit, thus
minimizing the amount of liquid lost through the safety valve.
Disposed along the conduit 38 is a pressure equalizing check valve
39, which is in the nature of a one way relief valve in that it
provides substantially no inhibition of expansion-induced flow of
fluid from the compartment 15 into the compartment 16 but prevents
reverse flow therepast, usually of gaseous fluid, should conditions
within the compartment 16 tend to induce such flow into the conduit
38 via the conduit 50. A differential pressure regulator 40 and a
regulator bypass valve 41 connect the overflow conduit 38 with the
supply conduit 30 to pressure relate the upper and lower portions
of the compartment 16. The compartments 15 and 16 are further
interconnected by a flow network that includes a conduit 42
connected via a pressurizer liquid valve 43 and conduit 44 to the
bottom of the compartment 15. A pressure relief valve 45 associated
with the conduit 42 adjacent the valve 43 is included as a safety
device and, for example, may be selected to relieve pressures in
excess of 100 p.s.i.g.
The conduit 42 is also connnected as shown at 46 to one end of a
pressure building coil 47 which at its other end is connected at 48
through a pressurizer vapor valve 49 to conduit 50 and thereby
serving as an ullage space vent therefor. The conduit 50 has a
manually manipulatable vent valve 51 therein, and a pressure relief
valve 52 is also provided along the line 50 and may be adjusted to
relieve pressures in excess of about 20 p.s.i.g.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, for the most part, the various flow
conduits are disposed within the space 14 defined between the inner
and outer wall structures 11 and 13 except where such conduits
enter the composite compartment 12 or extend through the outer wall
structure 13. The conduits 19 and 20 through which the compartment
15 is filled and evacuated, selectively, may have expansion loops
formed therealong, as shown in FIG. 2; and the conduit 31 through
which the quantity of liquid present within the compartment 16 is
determined may terminate adjacent the center thereof (as shown in
FIGS. 2 and 3) in accordance with the foregoing example in which
such compartment is to be filled to about 50 percent of its
capacity. The lines 38 and 42 are interconnected by an ullage space
pressurizer liquid valve 53.
A typical container 10 of the type being considered might have a
capacity of about 24,000 gallons; and to fill the same with a
liquid cryogenic product, a supply line is first connected to
either of the conduits 19 or 20 and all of the valves in the system
are closed except for the regulator bypass valve 41 and ullage
space vent valve 51. These conditions realized, the control valve
in the conduit 19 (or 20 as the case might be) is opened to
initiate the flow of liquid into the compartment 15, and also the
liquid valve along the conduit 24 and vapor valve along the conduit
25 are both opened. When the liquid level gauge 26 shows that the
volume of liquid within the compartment 15 is beginning to fill the
same, the trycock valve in the conduit 23 is opened to permit some
escape of fluid or vapor therethrough to allow the conduit to cool.
Prior to the compartment 15 being completely filled, the ullage
space vent valve 51 is throttled so as to permit a slight pressure
to build up within the compartment 16. When operation of the
trycock valve in the conduit 31 results in the flow of liquid
therethrough, the container is filled to the desired capacity,
whereupon the filling operation is terminated, and all of the
valves in the system are closed. The tank is then ready for
shipment.
When it is desired to withdraw liquid from such typical container
10, a check is first made to determine that all of the valves in
the system are closed and a withdrawal line is then coupled to
either of the lines 19 or 20. The pressurizer liquid valve 43 and
pressurizer vapor valve 49 are then opened, as is the regulator
bypass valve 41. When the pressure within the compartment 15
approximates 15 p.s.i.g., as indicated by the pressure gauge 27,
the valve within the line 19 (or 20 depending upon which conduit is
used) is opened to enable the liquid to be withdrawn and the
pressure is regulated by suitable adjustment of either the
pressurizer liquid valve 43 or pressurizer vapor valve 49 to
maintain the pressure at about 15 p.s.i.g. When withdrawal is
complete, the pressurizer liquid valve 43 and valve in the line 19
are closed; and upon the rise in pressure terminating, the
pressurizer vapor valve 49 is closed. The withdrawal line is then
disconnected and all of the valves are closed, whereupon the car is
ready for shipment or other use.
Once the container 10 has been filled as desired, expansion of the
liquid within the compartment 15 results in a flow of liquid
through the conduit 38 into the compartment 16 which has sufficient
excess volume or ullage space therein to accommodate the overage of
liquid resulting from thermal expansion thereof in the compartment
15. Evidently, the compartment 15 is maintained in a substantially
full condition at all times, wherefore there is no significant
motion-accommodating ullage space and hydrokinetic energy otherwise
invested within the liquid as a consequence of sloshing thereof
within the compartment 15 is significantly minimized.
Correspondingly, then, there is a material reduction in the rate at
which the heat content of such liquid within the compartment 15
increases.
The liquid within the compartment 16 is permitted to slosh since
this compartment is filled initially only to about 50 percent of
its capacity. Although sloshing of the liquid within the
compartment is tolerated, the rate at which the heat content of
this liquid fraction increases is relatively low because the length
of the uninterrupted wave motion is quite minimal (i.e., the
distance between the bulkhead 17 and facing end of the wall
structure 11 which together define the compartment 16).
Accordingly, the advantages of providing baffle structure within
the compartment 16 is realized without the requirement for such
baffle structure. Further, the amount of liquid within the
compartment 16 is small relative to the total quantity of liquid
being shipped within the container 10, and which total quantity has
a major fraction thereof within the compartment 15 which is not
associated with a large motion-accommodating ullage space.
Evidently then, the compartments 15 and 16 respectively represent
major and minor compartments, and the quantities of liquid therein
respectively represent major and minor fractions of the total
volume being shipped within the container. The major fraction of
liquid is confined within the compartment 15 which has
substantially the same volume as that of the major fraction; and
the minor fraction of liquid is confined within the minor
compartment 16 which has a significantly greater volume than that
of the minor fraction. As the major fraction increases
volumetrically as a consequence of temperature increases therein,
the excessive volume resulting from such expansion is withdrawn
from the major compartment 15 and is delivered to the minor
compartment 16.
In certain instances, a slight modification or variation in the
described arrangement might be provided especially where it is
desired to reduce the effects of large-valued impact forces
delivered to the container by the liquid therewithin, which impact
forces often result from the type of rapid accelerations and
decelerations of railway cars caused by coupling cars travelling at
appreciably different velocities. In such instances, the overflow
line 38 can be arranged with the compartment 15 so that the line
terminates a spaced distance downwardly from the top of the inner
wall structure 11, thereby leaving a small vapor or ullage space in
the compartment 15. Such space should be a very small percentage of
the total ullage space which otherwise would be provided
substantially entirely within the compartment 16. By way of
example, a space only 1 percent as large as the ullage space within
the compartment 16 has been found satisfactory.
While in the foregoing specification embodiments of the invention
both as to the method and apparatus have been set forth in
considerable detail for purposes of making a complete disclosure
thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from
the spirit and principles of the invention.
* * * * *