U.S. patent number 3,599,605 [Application Number 04/808,823] was granted by the patent office on 1971-08-17 for self-biasing development electrode for electrophotography.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to James C. Ralston, Robert T. Ritchie, Bernard G. Thompson.
United States Patent |
3,599,605 |
Ralston , et al. |
August 17, 1971 |
SELF-BIASING DEVELOPMENT ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY
Abstract
A self-biasing electrode system for the development of latent
electrostatic images provides low background and good solid area
image fill by positioning a conductive electrode adjacent to the
image surface as the image is being developed by charged making
particles. The electrostatic image induces a charge on the
electrode whose magnitude is controlled by grounding the electrode
through an electrical impedance, for example, either a resistor
along or a resistor and capacitor arranged in parallel.
Inventors: |
Ralston; James C. (Lexington,
KY), Ritchie; Robert T. (Lexington, KY), Thompson;
Bernard G. (Lexington, KY) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
25199844 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/808,823 |
Filed: |
March 20, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/56;
430/103 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/065 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/06 (20060101); G03g 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/637 ;117/17.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Millstein; Leo
Claims
We claim:
1. In an apparatus for developing a latent electrostatic image on a
member employing a development electrode positioned in close
proximity to the surface of the member and means for contacting
said image with electroscopic marking particles, the improvement
which comprises:
circuit means connected to said electrode and to ground and solely
including impedance means of a size selected so that a portion of
the charge induced on the electrode by the charge on the member
biases the potential on the electrode to an average potential which
is somewhat greater in magnitude than the background potential of
the image on the member.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said impedance means comprises
a resistor.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said impedance means comprises
a resistor and a capacitor connected in parallel.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said impedance means comprises
at least one adjustable impedance element.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the impedance means includes an
adjustable resistor.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Electrophotography using photoconductive insulating layers by which
an electrostatic image is formed, for example, as is described in
U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691, has become embodied in a number of high
speed copying processes. The photoconductive insulating layer is
backed by a conductive layer and can be formed in the shape of a
cylinder which is rotated to bring the photoconductive surface to a
number of stations involved in the electrophotographic process. An
electrical potential is first applied across the photoconductive
insulating layer. The charged photoconductive layer is then exposed
imagewise to light and the electrical potential decays in the
surface areas which are struck by light. The dark areas on the
projected image retain their electrostatic charge and the image is
then developed by exposing the surface of the photoconductive layer
to small colored particles known as toner particles which have the
desired charge relative to that of the image. The charged toner
particles are attracted to the charged image areas of the
photoconductor surface and thereby develop the electrostatic image.
The image can then be transferred from the photoconductive surface
to a copy sheet.
A number of ways are conventionally employed to develop the
electrostatic image such as cascade development described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,618,552; powder cloud development
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,221,776; magnetic brush
development described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,874,963 and
liquid development.
One problem associated with the development of latent electrostatic
images, which exist on either a photoconductor or other charged
insulating member, with charged marking particles is that wide
image areas such as those produced in copying photographs or thick
lettering in line copy are not developed in the center portion by
the toner particles. The reason for this is that the electric field
of the charged image is concentrated at the edges but is weak over
the middle of the charged area. One way to obtain good fill in
these areas is to utilize a conductive member or development
electrode which is placed close to the surface which is being
developed. The effect of the electrode is to produce an increased,
uniform field over the whole area being developed so that the toner
particles will be attracted to and develop the center portion of
the wide image areas. One problem associated with the use of a
development electrode is that a corresponding rise in background
development occurs because of the resulting increased field which
is produced by the electrode over the background areas. These
areas, although at a low potential with respect to the image areas,
still carry sufficient residual charge to attract toner particles.
This problem has been reduced in the past by applying an external
power source to the electrode to bias the charge on the electrode
such that it is kept at an electrical potential greater in
magnitude than the background area. This inhibits background
deposition of toner. The potential is sufficiently less than the
potential on the image areas so that development of the image areas
is not suppressed. Various means have also been provided to sense
the charge on the surface which is to be developed so that the
potential can be adjusted according to the particular image. While
these apparatus accomplish the purpose, they require external power
sources and expensive, relatively complex sensing devices and
circuitry.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is now been found that a development electrode can be provided
with a self-biasing feature to suppress background development and
yet still obtain wide area fill which apparatus does not involve
external power supplies nor complex control features.
In accordance with this invention, in an apparatus for developing a
latent electrostatic image on a charged member employing a
development electrode in close proximity to the surface of the
member being developed and having means for contacting the image
with electroscopic-marking particles an improvement which comprises
impedance means connected to the electrode to absorb a portion of
the charge induced on the electrode by the image to thereby bias
the electrode to an average potential which is somewhat greater in
magnitude than the background potential of the image on the
member.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an embodiment of an apparatus of
the invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of another embodiment of the
apparatus of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The foregoing and other objects, features and other advantages will
be apparent from the following more particular description of
preferred embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the
accompanying drawings.
Turning now to FIG. 1, 11 represents a drum mounted for rotation
which has on its surface a photoconductive insulating layer 13 such
as, for example, vitreous selenium or a mixture of a polyvinyl
carbazole and a Lewis acid beneath which is an electrically
conductive layer 15. A latent electrostatic image is formed on the
photoconductor, for example by charging the photoconductor with a
corona discharge unit and then discharging portions of the
photoconductor, for example, by exposing the photoconductor
imagewise to electromagnetic radiation. The photoconductor surface
is then rotated to developer station 17 where the surface is
contacted by charged, electroscopic, finely divided marking
particles which usually comprise, as is well known in the art, a
heat softenable resin binder material, for example, a natural, or a
synthetic organic polymer such as styrene polymers and copolymers,
epoxy resins, rosin, rosin esters, and various combinations thereof
mixed with coloring matter, for example carbon black so that a
colored image can be easily fused onto a copy sheet.
The developer station 17 can be any convenient developer means such
as, for example, a cascade developer unit, powder cloud developer
unit or a magnetic brush developer unit. The station illustrated at
17 is a magnetic brush developer unit in which a steel cylinder 19
is mounted for rotation on shaft 21 and adapted to be driven by a
drive means (not shown). Inside the steel cylinder are a series of
permanent magnets 18 which are arranged along the axis of the
cylinder.
The developer mix utilized in magnetic brush development contains,
in addition to the toner particles, carrier particles which are
ferromagnetic and probably conductive, for example, iron or steel
shot. The particles can be coated with a resin to give the carrier
the correct triboelectric properties such as is described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,618,551 so that the toner particles
will assume the desired charge relative to that of the image areas
and adhere to the carrier particles by electrostatic forces. The
carrier particles are held by magnetic attraction to the surface of
the cylinder 19 in the form of brushlike tendrils 23 of carrier and
toner. These brushlike tendrils are then brought into contact with
the latent image by rotating the cylinder 19 with the gap 27
between the surface of the photoconductive layer 13 and the
cylinder 19 being adjusted so that the tendrils 23 contact the
surface of the photoconductor. The charged image attracts the toner
particles away from the carrier so that the marking particles
adhere to and develop the latent electrostatic image on
photoconductive layer 13. A doctor blade 25 is mounted adjacent to
cylinder 19 to control the length of the magnetic brush tendrils
and therefore, the contact area or "footprint" of the magnetic
brush which contact the surface of the photoconductive layer 13.
The gap 27 between the surface of cylinder 19 and conductor blade
25 is made slightly wider than the gap 29 between the surface of
the cylinder 19 and the photoconductive layer 13. Usually, the gaps
will be from about a few thousandths of an inch to about one-fourth
of an inch. Bucket conveyor 31 carries a fresh supply of toner and
carrier to cylinder 19 so that the tendrils which have contacted
the surface of the photoconductor and has become depleted in toner
are continuously replenished with toner particles.
The surface of the cylinder 19 in closest proximity to the surface
of photoconductive layer 13, (i.e. the surface adjacent to the
"footprint" of the brush) acts as a conductive development
electrode. The charge on the photoconductor passing by the
development station 17 induces a charge on the cylinder 19. The
magnitude of this induced charge is sufficient so that if cylinder
19 is allowed to "float," i.e. electrically insulated from its
surroundings, then the charge will build up to the point where
sufficient toner particles will not be attracted away from the
carrier and cylinder 19 to the electrostatic image on the surface
of the photoconductor and the image will be underdeveloped. On the
other hand, if the cylinder 19 is grounded, the development
electrode effect will not only enhance development of the image
areas but will also increase the field over the background areas so
that these areas attract toner away from the carrier and develop
the background areas of the image.
The apparatus described to this point is known in the art and in
the past, these difficulties have been offset by providing an
external power supply and complicated control means to adjust the
potential on the electrode to a predetermined value in order to
obtain satisfactory development of the image.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1, cylinder
19 is grounded through an electrical impedance circuit in this
instance comprising wire 34 and resistor 35. A movable wiper 36
enables adjustment of the impedance where desired to obtain
development of various types of image information. This circuit
retards the flow of charge from cylinder 19 and has the effect of
maintaining the cylinder at a potential above ground during the
time that an electrostatic image is being developed but allows a
portion of the charge to bleed off so that cylinder 19 is at a
potential less than the potential that would accumulate on cylinder
19 if it was allowed to float. The resistance is chosen to provide
the potential necessary to give the desired background suppression.
The size of the resistance used depends upon the potential on the
photoconductor and can be easily determined empirically by those
skilled in the art.
In operation, the apparatus was utilized to produce and develop
latent electrostatic images on the surface of photoconductor layer
13 which comprised both line copy and continuous tones and mixtures
thereof with the resistance being varied from infinity to ground.
When the resistance was at infinity (electrode floating), a
negative potential of about 700-- 750 volts was measured on the
development electrode and almost no image could be developed on the
photoconductor by the toner particles. When the electrode was
grounded by removing the resistance, the image was fully developed
but the background area was very dark. With resistances varying
from about 1.times.10.sup. 8 -10.times. 10.sup.8 ohms, the induced
voltages measured on the development electrode are shown in table
I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE I
Induced Voltage Resistance Ohms on Cylinder 19 (-volts)
__________________________________________________________________________
Ground 0 1.times. 10.sup.8 100--300 2.0.times. 10.sup.8 125--425
3.33.times. 10.sup.8 350--550 10.0 .times. 10.sup.8 450--600
.infin. 600--750
__________________________________________________________________________
It can be seen from the results recorded in table I that as the
resistance was increased, the voltage on the cylinder 19 increased.
The voltage varied about 200 volts because the total charge on the
area of surface 13 passing cylinder 19 varied with the ratio of the
amount of charged image areas versus the discharged areas. As the
electrode voltages increased, the images showed a progressive drop
in background until at 3.33.times. 10.sup.8 ohms a loss in fill was
observed to take place which became even more marked at the
10.times. 10.sup.8 ohms level. The 2.0.times. 10.sup.8 ohm
resistance gave the best combination of wide area fill and
background suppression.
The variation in voltage of about 200 volts which was observed at
each resistance level apparently did not effect overall image
quality except when solid images and line copy were being developed
side-by-side. When this occurred, a sudden surge in voltage caused
by the passage of the large charged areas past the electrode
sometimes resulted in a tendency to underdevelop the line copy.
This effect is offset by dampening the variation in the voltage in
accordance with the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG.
2. Magnetic brush unit 41 is grounded through a resistor 43.
Capacitor 45 is mounted in parallel with resistor 43. The values of
the resistor and capacitor can be easily determined empirically by
one skilled in the art depending upon the type of images which are
to be developed. In operation, the variation in voltage due to the
variation in the amount of charged image passing by cylinder 41 was
reduced by the capacitor which dampened the sharp peaks observed
when the resistor was used alone. The overall variation in the
voltage was reduced to about 100 volts for the same master image
which produced about a 200 volt variation using a resistor alone.
For example, a capacitor 45 of 0.01 microfarad in parallel with a
resistor 43 of 6.0.times. 10.sup.8 ohms developed an image, which
was a combination of line and half tone copy, having excellent fill
with no background being observable.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood
by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in
form and details may be made therein without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *