U.S. patent number 3,583,469 [Application Number 04/710,427] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-08 for method of continuously casting solid state cylinders.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Societe civile dite: Societe Civile D'Etudes De Centrifugation. Invention is credited to Louis Babel, Pierre Peytavin.
United States Patent |
3,583,469 |
Peytavin , et al. |
June 8, 1971 |
METHOD OF CONTINUOUSLY CASTING SOLID STATE CYLINDERS
Abstract
Solid round castings suitable for direct drawing into tubes are
continuously cast by pouring metal molten metal into a rotating
bottomless mold at a point eccentric to the axis of the mold, and
continuously withdrawing the casting from the bottom of the mold.
The mold should be rotated at a number of rotations per minute
equal to 6,000--18,000 divided by the diameter of the mold in
millimeters. Improved results are obtained by vertically
reciprocating the mold as it rotates.
Inventors: |
Peytavin; Pierre
(Aulnoye-Aymeries, FR), Babel; Louis
(Sauvigny-Les-Bois, FR) |
Assignee: |
Societe civile dite: Societe Civile
D'Etudes De Centrifugation (Paris, FR)
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Family
ID: |
24853980 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/710,427 |
Filed: |
February 14, 1968 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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483210 |
Aug 27, 1965 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Sep 4, 1964 [FR] |
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PV 987,183 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
164/464; 164/416;
164/442; 164/418; 164/478 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B22D
11/144 (20130101); B22D 11/053 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B22D
11/053 (20060101); B22D 11/14 (20060101); B22d
011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;164/82--85,89,260,281,273 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1,181,997 |
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Jan 1959 |
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FR |
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850,245 |
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Oct 1960 |
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GB |
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984,053 |
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Feb 1965 |
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GB |
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256,645 |
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Jan 1928 |
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IT |
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Primary Examiner: Overholser; J. Spencer
Assistant Examiner: Annear; R. Spencer
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of our prior
application, Ser. No. 483,210 filed Aug. 27, 1965, now abandoned.
Claims
We claim:
1. A process for continuously molding a solid metal casting
comprising the steps of rotating a bottomless cylindrical mold
about its main axis at a speed between 50 and 200 r.p.m. while
maintaining said mold in a vertical position, cooling said rotating
mold, and introducing a jet of molten metal into said cooled
rotating mold at a point eccentric to the axis thereof, while
continuously withdrawing said casting from the lower end of said
mold.
2. Process according to claim 1 wherein the point of introduction
of said jet into said rotating mold is located within the outer
third of the radius of said casting but spaced inwardly from said
mold.
3. Process according to claim 1 wherein said jet of molten metal
has a component of horizontal speed perpendicular to the radius of
the mold passing through the point of impact of said jet of molten
metal on said casting.
4. Process according to claim 1 wherein said jet of molten metal
has a component of horizontal speed different from the speed of
rotation of said casting at the point of impact of said jet with
said casting.
5. Process according to claim 1 wherein said mold is rotated at a
speed ranging from 70 to 100 r.p.m.
6. Process according to claim 1 wherein said casting upon
withdrawal is subjected to a cooling water spray after passing the
point of exit.
7. Process according to claim 1 wherein said casting upon
withdrawal is subjected to a cooling water spray after passing the
point of exit, said spray being directed from spray means rotating
about said casting.
8. A process for continuously molding a solid metal casting
comprising the steps of rotating a bottomless cylindrical mold
about its main axis at a number of revolutions per minute equal to
from 6,000 to 18,000 divided by the number of millimeters in the
mold diameter while maintaining said mold in a vertical position,
cooling said rotating mold, and introducing a jet of molten metal
from which said casting is to be formed into said rotating mold at
a point eccentric to the axis thereof while continuously
withdrawing said casting from the lower end of said mold.
9. The method claimed in claim 8 in which said mold is vertically
reciprocated while being rotated.
10. The method claimed in claim 9 in which said mold, during
reciprocation is moved downwardly more rapidly than said casting is
withdrawn therefrom.
11. The method of manufacturing an article of manufacture which
comprises the steps of producing a casting by the method claimed in
claim 8, and hot drawing said casting.
12. The method claimed in claim 11 in which glass is used as a
lubricant during said drawing.
Description
Most processes which are in current use for manufacturing steel
tubes begin by removing shavings from sections obtained by rolling
ingots cast in a conventional manner.
It will be readily understood that the billets obtained in this
manner are relatively expensive, and that this constitutes an
increasing handicap in selling tubes manufactured according to said
processes.
Processes are also known whereby bars or billets of polygonal
section, and especially square section, are made by continuous
static casting from molten steel.
Methods are also known, even though they involve some additional
difficulties, which permit the production of steel bars by
continuous nonrotating casting. Unfortunately, the round steel bars
or billets heretofore obtained by the well-known process of
continuous casting have not had the necessary qualities to permit
them to be directly transformed into tubes, bars, beams or threads
(filaments) by traditional methods.
In fact, the round bars obtained by continuous static casting have
a tendency to develop two types of flaws which make them unsuitable
for the manufacture of tubes.
On the one hand, their surfaces often have fissures, which in the
case of the more serious ones, are productive of flaws in the outer
surface of the tubes, and on the other hand, it frequently happens
that round bars obtained by continuous casting have cavities in
their central parts which lead to even more serious flaws in the
tubes.
Although attempts have been made to produce round bars having
superior qualities by traditional methods of continuous casting, it
has not been possible heretofore to use them in industry because
the relatively high cost of transforming a round bar into a tube
involves a problem in that even an apparently small increase in the
percentage of tubes rejected is enough to absorb and even exceed
the savings realized by the manufacture of round bars by continuous
casting, if these round bars are less perfect than the bars
produced according to the traditional process.
The present application relates to a new process permitting the
continuous casting of round bars, particularly of steel, from which
it is possible to form tubes, bars, beams or filaments having
characteristics as good as those obtained from the round bars
produced by processes now in use.
The present invention has for an object a new process for
continuously casting round metal bars, this process being
essentially characterized by the fact that the continuous casting
is accomplished in a cooled mold turning at a speed within a
predetermined range about a practically vertical axis, shaping
being effected by a jet of molten metal entering at a point
eccentric with respect to the axis of the mold.
According to the invention, the jet of molten metal may strike the
mold at a point located in the outer third of the radius of the
casting.
In addition, it may be advantageous to impart to the jet of molten
metal supplied to the mold a component of horizontal speed
perpendicular to the radius of the mold passing through the impact
point.
According to one preferred method of carrying out the invention
there may be imparted to the jet of liquid metal a horizontal
component of speed different from the tangential speed of the mold,
at the point of impact of the jet, so as to mold the part of the
metal that is still liquid to rotate relative to the mold.
In accordance with the invention, the casting is preferably cooled
after leaving the mold by a spray of water from fixed jets, which
has the advantage of an excellent distribution of the cooling
action about the periphery of the rough casting.
Cooling of the rough casting at its departure from the mold may
also be effected by means of jets turning, with respect to the axis
of the casting, at a speed different from that of the casting.
The mold may advantageously be made from a good heat conducting
metal such as copper, and may be cooled by a strong circulation of
water.
According to the invention, the mold may have a slightly tapered
shape, the smaller end of the frustoconical mold being situated at
the bottom.
The mold should be rotated at a speed high enough to produce the
desired rounding and smoothing effect on the casting surface, but
low enough to avoid the creation of excessive centrifugal forces.
In practice this speed depends in part on the diameter of the
casting and it has been found that the minimum speed of rotation,
in revolutions per minute, is equal to 6,000, divided by the
diameter of the casting in millimeters, and that the maximum speed
for any casting is 3 times the minimum. Thus in the case of casting
having a diameter of 120 mm. the minimum speed of rotation is
6,000/120=50 r.p.m. and the maximum is 150 r.p.m.
The speed of extraction from the mold is naturally a function of
its diameter. By way of example, the applicant has obtained
excellent results with extraction speeds of 60 to 80 centimeters
per minute for castings having a diameter of 140 mm. However,
extraction speeds above this may be utilized in carrying out the
invention.
An examination of round bars produced in accordance with the
process of the present invention reveals scarcely any flaws on the
surface, and inspection of macrographic sections thereof fails to
show the existence of any significant defect or appreciable
porosity in the axial portion of the casting.
These remarkably good results are due to the combination of the
rotation of the mold and the feeding of molten metal through a
spout so positioned that the impact point of the molten metal is
eccentric with respect to the axis of the mold.
In fact, the elimination of one or the other of these two features
leads to results quite markedly inferior in quality as compared
with the castings produced according to the present invention.
It is believed that the improved quality of the results obtained
over and above that of the round bars produced in accordance with
prior methods of continuous casting, can be explained by a very
great uniformity in the formation of the solidified wall of the
casting which thickens during cooling.
This great regularity in the formation of the wall of the casting
seems to be due, in the process according to the invention, to the
fact that the jet of liquid metal flowing from the spout falls on a
constantly changing point on the casting, at which point its
temperature decreases rapidly, which avoids the abrasive effects of
the jet of liquid metal on already solidified parts of the
shape.
In fact, it is known that one of the prevailing problems in
conventional processes of nonrotating continuous casting, is that
of irregularities in the formation of the walls of the casting,
which irregularities result in large part from the fact that the
jet of metal entering the mold flows along a very unstable path
which leads it to irregularly lap the walls of the casting and to
cause at certain spots a refusion of the metal which is just
beginning to solidify.
It has also been shown that during the process according to the
present invention the slag and other impurities carried along by
the jet of molten metal collect spontaneously in the central cavity
of the paraboloid of revolution formed by the free surface of the
metal. The impurities consequently cannot cause defects on the
external surface of the casting as is the case in those of
continuous castings in which the mold is not rotated. Moreover,
these impurities can easily be withdrawn by reason of the fact that
they are concentrated at a very accessible point.
The feature of imparting to the jet of molten metal supplied to the
casting, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the
invention, a horizontal speed component which is different from the
tangential speed of the mold at the impact point, makes it possible
to impart to the liquid metal contained in the casting during
solidification, a differential rotating movement with respect to
the solidified portion of the casting which is, of course, carried
along by the speed of rotation of the mold. This rotational
movement of the solidified part of the casting with respect to the
liquid metal which it supports also contributes very efficiently to
an extremely regular formation of the walls of the casting.
The difference in speed of rotation between the solid and liquid
parts of the casting is significant inasmuch as it is found that
the dendrites of the casting are not radially disposed, but are
disposed at a certain angle with respect to the radial direction of
the casting. This angular alignment has a very favorable influence
on the structure at the center of the latter.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new article
of manufacture consisting of a casting produced by the continuous
casting process just described, one of the advantageous
characteristics of which is that its dentrites are inclined with
respect to the radii of its sections.
By way of example, the applicant has produced by continuous
casting, round steel rods or sections directly utilizable for the
manufacture of tubes by a process having the following
characteristics: The round rods were manufactured in a mold having
a diameter of 140 mm. The speed of rotation of the mold was 70
r.p.m. The jet of liquid metal struck the casting at a point
located about 10 mm. from the wall of the mold. The speed of
extraction of the casting was about 70/80 centimeters per
minute.
In another example of operation of the invention, a mold having a
diameter of 90 mm. and a height of 220 mm. turning at a speed of
100 r.p.m. was utilized. The casting was made of grade B steel.
The casting was extracted at a speed of 110 centimeters per minute,
and cooled on leaving the mold by being sprinkled from stationary
jets at a rate of flow of 6 to 8 cubic meters of water per
hour.
The impact point of the jet of molten metal was centered at about
15 mm. from the wall of the mold.
In another example of the process according to the invention, grade
C steel was run through the same ingot mold having a 90 mm.
diameter and 220 mm. in height, rotating at 90 r.p.m. The speed of
extraction was about 1 meter per minute. The casting was not cooled
on leaving the mold and the impact point of the jet of molten metal
was at about 5 mm. from the edge of the mold.
The castings of circular section obtained according to the
invention, by reason of their particular structure resulting from
their process of formation, have marked advantages when they are
utilized for certain applications other than the conventional
manufacture of tubes, in which they permit finished products of
particularly good quality to be obtained.
A first application of these castings consists in cutting them in
order to obtain lengths directly utilizable in the manufacture of
any profiles whatever by hot drawing, and especially by hot drawing
processes utilizing glass as a lubricant.
Another application of the castings of circular section according
to the invention consists in utilizing them to obtain for example,
through forging or rolling, rods or filaments of reduced
diameter.
The invention also includes suitable apparatus for carrying out the
above-described process, characterized by the fact that it
comprises in combination: a cooled mold section rotating about a
substantially vertical axis, means for directing a jet of liquid
metal to an eccentric point located at the upper part of the mold,
and means to extract vertically toward the bottom the castings
which is thereby formed.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a process
of the foregoing type in which the mold is vertically reciprocated
during the casting process.
The amplitude of the reciprocation may be of the order of from 5 to
30 mm. During this reciprocation the downward speed of the mold may
be equal to or greater than the speed at which the casting is
extracted, for example about 1.15 times that speed.
The upward speed of the mold may differ from its downward speed,
and may be, for example from 1 to 3 times as great.
The amplitude and speed of reciprocation of the mold are dependent
on other casting conditions and particularly on the speed at which
the casting passes through the mold.
The combination of rotation and vertical reciprocation of the mold
causes the solidified skin of the casting to be more easily and
surely formed, because the vertical movement of the casting
relative to the surface of the mold cooperates with the centrifugal
force resulting from rotation of the mold to prevent the adhesion
of areas of the skin to the mold in a manner which would cause
tearing of the skin.
As a consequence of the combination of these two characteristics,
any point of adhesion which may develop are immediately separated
by the relative vertical displacement between the mold and casting,
while the liquid which is urged toward the mold wall by centrifugal
force immediately reforms the skin covering the very small area
over which it has been torn loose or ruptured by such adhesion.
This leads to better quality control and permits higher casting
speeds.
The present invention also comprises a new device for carrying out
the process which has just been described, which device is
essentially characterized by the fact that the rotating mold is
mounted so that it may be vertically reciprocated along the casting
axis and is provided with means for causing such reciprocation.
It will of course be understood that the particular methods of
using the round rods indicated above in no way limit the scope of
the invention, which relates a particular means and method of
manufacture of round rods by continuous casting and the round rods
produced by said method, whatever use is later made thereof.
Likewise, it is equally true that the invention is not limited to
castings made of steel, but that it concerns all cylindrical
casting which may be manufactured by the process involved, from
steel or from alloys whose fusion temperatures are on the order of
those of conventional or special steels.
In order that the invention may be better understood, two preferred
embodiments of the apparatus comprised by the invention will now be
described, purely by way of illustration and example, with
reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing schematically a first
apparatus for carrying out the process according to the
invention;
FIG. 2 is a vertical cross section through the device shown in FIG.
1 taken along line II-II of FIG. 3;
FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view corresponding to FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic top view showing the position of the impact
point of the jet of molten metal with respect to the mold;
FIG. 5 is a schematic vertical elevation showing a second apparatus
for carrying out the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic vertical section taken through the axis of
the mold shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing the control system for the
hydraulic cylinders used in connection with the apparatus of FIG.
5.
Like reference numerals denote like parts throughout the several
views.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a mold 1 which is mounted on means not
shown so as to be able to turn about its vertical axis.
This mold 1 is driven by pinion 2 which meshes with ring gear 3
fixed on the mold.
As can be seen in FIG. 2, mold 1 is cooled by water circulating in
cavities 4 appropriately positioned inside the mold walls.
A small spout 5 delivers a jet of liquid metal 6 which is cooled by
the mold and forms a casting 7 the central part 8 of which is still
liquid, as can be seen in FIG. 2.
It will be noted that by reason of the rotation of the mold, the
free surface 9 of the liquid metal 8 has the shape of a paraboloid,
at the center of which slag 10 collects and from which it can be
easily eliminated.
The drawing also shows jets 11 which spray water into cooling
contact with that portion of the casting 7 which has left the lower
part of the mold.
It is noteworthy that because of the rotation of the casting
according to the invention, it is possible to spray a very large
quantity of cooling water which may, for example, be from 2 to 3
cubic meters of water per ton of cast metal.
FIG. 2 also shows how the casting is extracted toward the bottom by
means of a device consisting, for example, of two pairs of power
actuated rollers 12, resiliently urged against the casting and
mounted on a toothed support 13 which is driven by a pinion 14 with
the same speed of rotation as that which is communicated to the
casting by mold 1.
FIG. 2 also shows how pinions 2 and 14, which are mounted on a
single shaft, can be driven by motor 15.
In order to illustrate the eccentric position of the stream 6 of
liquid metal with respect to the mold, there is shown schematically
in FIG. 4 the inner surface 1a of the walls of the mold, and the
supply conduit 5, as well as the liquid metal jet or stream 6.
FIG. 4 also shows the radius R of the mold as well as distances D
and d which are the distances of the impact point of the jet 6 on
the casting from the center of the mold on the one hand, and from
its wall 1a on the other hand.
As has been previously indicated, the axis of the spout 6 can be
advantageously located in the outer third of the radius of the
mold, which signifies that d is not more than R/3.
Turning now to the second embodiment of the invention, FIG. 5 shows
the upper part of a continuous casting machine in which the mold is
vertically reciprocated.
Reference numeral 21 indicates the frame which carries the first
cooling means and the first guide rolls to contact the workpiece.
These are enclosed in the housings 22 and 23 and are not
illustrated since they are of a conventional type and the details
thereof form no part of the invention.
The support for the rotary mold, which support carries reference
numeral 24, swings about a pivot 25 so as to clear the top 22a of
the housing 22, which gives access to the line along which the
casting formed by the mold 26 is extracted. The axis 27 of the mold
is, when in operating position, aligned with this line of
extraction.
FIG. 6 shows how the rotating mold 26 is supported by two thrust
bearings 28 and 29, (which are schematically illustrated) and
driven through a beveled ring gear 30 by a bevel gear 31 fixed to
the shaft 32 driven from the motor 33 through gears 34.
For the sake of simplicity the rotary joints which make it possible
to cool the mold 32 have not been illustrated, since these joints
are not in themselves novel.
FIG. 7 shows the ring gear 30 as well as the pinion 31, driven by
the motor 33.
FIG. 7 also shows the two hydraulic cylinders 35 positioned on
opposite sides of the rotating mold, as well as the hydraulic
cylinder 36 positioned.
The movable pistons 35a of the hydraulic cylinders 35 act on the
brackets 37 fixed to the frame of the support 24 of the rotating
mold, which brackets are reinforced by the vertical webs 38 welded
thereto.
The movable piston 36a of the hydraulic cylinder 36 rests directly
on the supporting frame 24.
As has been schematically shown, the upper ends of the movable
pistons 35a and 36a of the hydraulic cylinders have a slightly
conical shape so as to insure the exact positioning of the mold 26,
when they engage in correspondingly shaped recesses in the brackets
37, in the case of the cylinders 35 and the support 24, in the case
of the cylinder 36.
The pivot 25, which has been schematically shown, has the
characteristic of permitting the vertical displacement of the mold
support 24 when the latter is acted upon by the cylinders 35 and
36.
On the other hand, when the movable pistons of the cylinders 35 and
36 are completely lowered, the pivot 25 carries stops which keep
the lower part of the mold 26 a certain distance above the surface
22a, so that the mold 26 can be swung to uncover the upper of the
housing 22.
FIGS. 5 and 7 also, schematically show the shoe 39 from which the
jet of molten metal 40 is ejected to strike the casting at the
eccentrically positioned point 41.
FIG. 8 schematically shows how the hydraulic cylinders 35 and 36
are controlled from a single pump having three cylinders 43, the
pistons 44 of which are simultaneously displaced by a shaft 45
provided with three identical cams 46, said shaft being driven by a
motor 47 through suitable reduction gearing 48.
Conventional means are provided to compensate for any leaks which
may occur in any of the circuits.
It will thus be seen that rotation of the motor 47 causes the
periodic raising and lowering of the mold support 24, by means of
the hydraulic cylinders 35 and 36.
Of course, the mold support 24 might be reciprocated by other
means, such for example as mechanically controlled cams. However,
the hydraulic device which has just been described affords great
flexibility in adjusting the speed and amplitude of reciprocation
of the mold 26.
* * * * *