U.S. patent number 3,581,038 [Application Number 04/821,176] was granted by the patent office on 1971-05-25 for microwave applicator employing a broadside radiator in a conductive enclosure.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Varian Associates. Invention is credited to Norman H. Williams.
United States Patent |
3,581,038 |
Williams |
May 25, 1971 |
MICROWAVE APPLICATOR EMPLOYING A BROADSIDE RADIATOR IN A CONDUCTIVE
ENCLOSURE
Abstract
A microwave applicator for treating material with microwave
energy is disclosed. The applicator includes a relatively large
conductive enclosure containing a large broadside microwave
radiating antenna disposed for directing the radiated microwave
energy onto the load of lossy material for treating same. The
applicator is particularly useful for treating relatively large
amounts of lossy material.
Inventors: |
Williams; Norman H. (San
Francisco, CA) |
Assignee: |
Varian Associates (Palo Alto,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25232714 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/821,176 |
Filed: |
May 2, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/695; 219/691;
219/748 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
6/80 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
6/80 (20060101); H05b 009/06 (); H05b 005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/771 ;219/10.55 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
RADIATION LAB SERIES Vol. 12, pps. 322 & 323, McGraw-Hill
1949.
|
Primary Examiner: Truhe; J. V.
Assistant Examiner: Bender; L. H.
Claims
I claim:
1. In an electromagnetic energy applicator apparatus, means forming
an electromagnetic energy shield for confining the energy and for
containing lossy material to be treated with such energy, an
electromagnetic radiative structure disposed for radiating
electromagnetic energy directly onto the material to be treated
within said shield, said structure comprising a pair of
transversely spaced generally parallel elongated hollow waveguides,
each of which is provided along its length with a generally
resonant array of spaced radiative elements arranged to be excited
by electromagnetic energy substantially in phase with each other at
the operating frequency of the applicator to radiate a uniform
pattern of radiation from each of said waveguides for uniform
treatment of the lossy material, a source of electromagnetic
energy, and means for feeding approximately equal amounts of
electromagnetic energy from said source to each of said
waveguides.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said radiative elements for
each of said waveguides comprise an array of slots communicating
through a wall of said waveguide.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said slots are spaced apart
along the length of said waveguide by approximately an integral
number of half guide wavelengths within said waveguide at the
operating frequency of the applicator.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein each of said waveguides is of
rectangular cross section having a pair of broad and a pair of
narrow walls, and adjacent slots are oppositely inclined relative
to the transverse plane of said waveguide to obtain in-phase
excitation of adjacent slots.
5. The apparatus of claim 2 including means for short circuiting
both ends of each of said hollow waveguide and said means for
feeding electromagnetic energy into said hollow waveguides does so
at a point generally midway along the length of each.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said centrally disposed
microwave feed includes a short slot hybrid coupler having one
input port to be connected to said source of electromagnetic energy
and having a pair of output ports, a pair of waveguides
transversely directed of said slotted parallel waveguides for
interconnecting each of said output ports of said hybrid coupler
and the central feed point of each of said slotted waveguides for
feeding approximately equal amounts energy to each of said parallel
slotted waveguides from said common source of electromagnetic
energy.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 including a movable wave reflective
element coupled to a fourth port of said hybrid coupler for
balancing the power flow to said parallel slotted waveguide
radiators.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said pair of transversely
directed waveguides are coupled through the broad walls of said
slotted waveguides to form series T connections to each of said
parallel waveguides, and wherein the impedance of each of said slot
radiative elements is approximately nZ.sub.o /4, wherein n is the
number of radiative slots in each parallel slotted waveguide and
Z.sub.o is the characteristic impedance of each of said parallel
waveguides.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Heretofore, it has been proposed to employ a broadside antenna for
directing microwave energy onto material to be treated as carried
on a conveyor belt immediately adjacent the array of radiating
elements of the antenna. Such a microwave applicator is disclosed
in the Journal of Microwave Power, Vol. 2 (1967) No. 2, Apr. p. 32.
One of the problems with this type of microwave applicator, as
pointed out in the aforementioned article, is that wave energy is
reflected from the material to be treated back to the antenna. This
reflection of the wave energy produces an unequal distribution of
the energy in front of the large aperture of the antenna.
Accordingly, the broadside antenna, which was found to be useful
for heating material on the conveyor, comprised a relatively
complex structure in that each of the radiative apertures of the
broadside array was defined by a short section of rectangular
waveguide directed at the material to be treated to fix the linear
polarization of the wave energy emerging from each of the radiative
elements. The individual rectangular waveguide radiators were
excited by loop coupling from a coaxial line with the loops
reversed in adjacent waveguide radiators. This resulted in a
relatively complex and expensive broadside antenna. Furthermore the
use of a coaxial line limited the maximum power capability to that
of the coaxial line. In addition, there was no disclosure of means
confining the radiated energy which was not absorbed by the
material being treated. This stray radiation can constitute a
substantial hazard and produce difficult problems of radio
frequency interference if the radiative structure is not enclosed.
However, if the radiator is enclosed by a conductive structure, a
reflection of wave energy from the interior walls of the structure
can destroy the uniformity of the energy distribution adjacent the
antenna and produce a sufficient impedance mismatch to prevent
efficient energy transfer to the product
Others have proposed to treat materials with microwave energy by
placing the material to be treated in a relatively large conductive
enclosure, such as a multimode cavity resonator, and exciting the
resonator by feeding energy into the resonator at a number of
spatially separated feedpoints in order to obtain a more even
distribution of the energy into the material within the resonator.
The problem with this arrangement is that, when relatively lossy
materials are to be treated, the energy distribution within the
resonator becomes very nonuniform resulting in nonuniform treatment
of the material within the resonator.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The principle object of the present invention is the provision of
an improved microwave applicator for treating materials with
microwave energy.
One feature of the present invention is the provision of a
microwave applicator employing a broadside microwave radiator
contained in a conductive enclosure for radiating microwave energy
into a lossy material to be treated contained within the
enclosure.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as the
preceding feature wherein the broadside antenna includes a hollow
waveguide having an array of coupling slots communicating through
the wall of the waveguide to define an array of radiative elements
of the antenna.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as any one or
more of the preceding features wherein the conductive enclosure is
elongated and the broadside antenna is elongated in the direction
of the elongation of the enclosure and wherein the broadside
antenna is fed with microwave energy at a point centrally disposed
of the antenna.
Another feature of the present invention is the same as any one or
more of the preceding features wherein the broadside antenna
includes a pair of elongated parallel broadside radiators centrally
fed with microwave energy from a common source via the intermediary
of a power splitter connecting the pair of broadside antenna in
parallel.
Other features and advantages of the present invention become
apparent upon a perusal of the following specification taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a transverse line diagram, partly in schematic form, of a
microwave applicator employing features of the present
invention,
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the structure of FIG. 1
taken along line 2-2 in the direction of the arrows,
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of the structure of FIG. 1
taken along line 3-3 in the direction of the arrows, and
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the microwave broadside radiator
incorporating features of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIGS. 1--3 there is shown the microwave applicator
1 incorporating features of the present invention. Microwave
applicator 1 includes a relatively large rectangular microwave
energy shield in the form of a conductive enclosure 2 as of
aluminum. A typical size for the enclosure 2 is a height of 8 feet,
a width of 8 feet, and a length of 20 feet. Material to be treated
with microwave energy such as 3.5-inch diameter and 3-foot billets
of green hardwood are placed on racks 4 within the enclosure 2.
A broadside antenna array 5 is disposed over the load 3 for
radiating microwave energy onto the billets 3 for treating same.
The broadside radiator 5 will be described in greater detail below
with regard to FIG. 4. Briefly, radiator 5 includes a pair of
parallel connected elongated broadside antennas 6 extending
lengthwise of the enclosure 2. The antennas 6 are centrally fed
with microwave energy via a pair of waveguides 7 coupled to the two
output ports of a short slot hybrid coupler 8, having its input
port connected to a source 9 of microwave energy, such as a 30
kilowatt CW magnetron or klystron oscillator, operating at 2,450
megahertz. The other port 11 of the short slot hybrid coupler 8
includes an adjustable short 12 for balancing the flow of power to
the two parallel broadside antennas 6.
Referring now to FIG. 4, the broadside radiator 5 is shown in
greater detail. The broadside radiator 5 includes a pair of
elongated parallel broadside antenna arrays 6. Each broadside
antenna array 6 comprises a length of rectangular waveguide having
a pair of opposed broad walls 13 and a pair of opposed narrow
sidewalls 14. The narrow sidewall 14, facing the material 3 to be
treated includes an array of slots 15 communicating through the
narrow wall 14 at the interior face of the guide to define an array
of radiative shunt slot elements 15. In order to obtain a uniform
pattern of radiation from the broadside antenna 6, adjacent slots
15 of the array are excited in phase with each other. Moreover, the
axial spacing of the slots 15 along guide should be less than one
freespace wavelength. A convenient way to achieve the aforecited
broadside conditions is to place the radiating slots 15 a half a
guide wavelength apart along the axis of the guide, i.e., provide a
resonant array of slots, and to oppositely incline adjacent slots
15 relative to the transverse plane of the guide such that they are
excited in phase with a half wavelength spacing therebetween. More
particularly, the opposite inclination of the slots 15 relative to
each other introduces 180.degree. of structural phase reversal in
the excitation of the slots 15. The opposite ends of the
rectangular waveguides are provided with short-circuiting plates
17, such plates 17 being spaced by one-quarter guide wavelength
from the terminal slots 15.
Each of the slots 15 is dimensioned to present an impedance to the
waveguide which is substantially equal to nZ.sub.o /2 where Z.sub.0
is the characteristic impedance of the rectangular waveguide and n
is one-half the number of slots 15 taken along the waveguide
between the end shorting plates 17.
The two short sections of rectangular waveguide 7 feed microwave
energy from the short slot hybrid coupler 8 through the broad walls
of the broadside antennas 6 via series T connectors 18 disposed
substantially midway along the length of the rectangular
waveguides. Each T sums the two impedances Z.sub.o /2 seen at its
arms and thus presents a match to the short section of waveguide 7.
An adjustable, i.e., movable, waveguide short 12 is affixed to port
11 of the hybrid coupler 8 for adjusting the flow of power to the
two parallel broadside radiators 6. In order for the adjustable
short 12 to provide an adjustment in the splitting of the power
between the two parallel radiators 6 the output ports of the hybrid
coupler 8 need to look into approximately equal and small impedance
mismatches. This provides a reflection of power to port 11 which
can be reflected into either output port of the coupler 8 by
suitable adjustment of short 12.
In a typical example of the broadside radiators 6, they have an
overall length of approximately 30 wavelengths. Broadside slotted
radiators of the general type shown in FIG. 4 are described in Vol.
12 of the Radiation Lab. Series, pp. 322 and 323, published by
McGraw-Hill in 1949. The microwave applicator 1, as disclosed
herein, has been employed for drying green tan oak billets of 3.5
inches in diameter and 3 feet long utilizing the method disclosed
and claimed in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 758,097 filed
Sept. 6, 1968, and assigned to the same assignee as the present
invention. When the broadside array is driven with 30 kilowatts CW
at 2,450 megahertz, it successfully dried 80 of such tan oak
billets by removing between 20 and 25 percent of their weight in 4
hours of operation.
Since many changes could be made in the above construction and many
apparently widely different embodiments of this invention could be
made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that
all matter contained in the above description or shown in the
accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not
in a limiting sense.
* * * * *