U.S. patent number 3,579,011 [Application Number 04/789,768] was granted by the patent office on 1971-05-18 for liquid metal cathode with single capillary flow impedance.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company. Invention is credited to Julius Hyman, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,579,011 |
Hyman, Jr. |
May 18, 1971 |
LIQUID METAL CATHODE WITH SINGLE CAPILLARY FLOW IMPEDANCE
Abstract
The liquid metal cathode is employed as a cathodic electron
source in arc discharges. A small liquid metal pool serves as the
arcing material, and when it is kept small, improved
electron-to-atom emission ratios are obtained, as well as gravity
independence. However, when such a small pool is employed, feed to
the pool must be free of feed rate perturbations. Otherwise, an
instability in the level of the mercury in the pool results. The
present invention obtains feed rate stability by providing a feed
passage with a diameter which is everywhere larger than that of the
feed channel which finally discharges to the pool. Feed flow
impedance is provided by an elongated capillary feed channel.
Inventors: |
Hyman, Jr.; Julius (Los
Angeles, CA) |
Assignee: |
Hughes Aircraft Company (Culver
City, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25148626 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/789,768 |
Filed: |
January 8, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/29; 313/328;
313/163; 313/173 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
13/14 (20130101); H01J 13/08 (20130101); H01J
13/06 (20130101); H01J 2893/0083 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
13/00 (20060101); H01J 13/14 (20060101); H01J
13/06 (20060101); H01J 13/08 (20060101); H01j
001/06 (); H01j 001/10 (); H01j 013/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/163,173,63,231,12,29,328 ;60/202,203 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lake; Roy
Assistant Examiner: Demeo; Palmer C.
Claims
I claim:
1. Feed means for a liquid-metal arc cathode, said cathode
comprising:
a cathode body, walls in said cathode body defining a pool-keeping
structure, said feed means comprising:
a feed channel in said cathode body, said feed channel being open
on one end to said pool-keeping structure to feed liquid metal to
said pool-keeping structure;
a tube connected to said feed channel, said tube having its
interior opening in communication with said feed channel so that
liquid metal passing through said tube passes through said feed
channel to said pool-keeping structure, said feed channel having a
small cross-sectional area as compared to the cross-sectional area
of the opening in said feed tube;
said feed tube and said feed channel, together with the connecting
means therebetween, forming a feed passage, the maximum
cross-sectional area of said feed passage being in said feed
tube;
said feed channel having a short length as compared to said feed
tube, said feed tube being mounted in a mounting structure, a nose
on said mounting structure, said feed tube extending beyond said
nose, an opening in said cathode body, said feed channel opening
into said opening in said cathode body, said nose of said feed
structure extending into said opening so that said feed tube seals
in said opening with respect to said feed channel.
2. The feed means of claim 1 wherein said nose of said feed
structure is held spaced from said cathode body by said feed
tube.
3. The feed means of claim 1 wherein clamp means is interengaged
between said mounting structure and said cathode body to retain
said nose in said opening in said cathode body to retain said feed
tube in sealing relationship with respect to said feed channel.
4. The feed means of claim 3 wherein said feed tube is an elongated
tube and the major portion of said feed tube is positioned outside
of said cathode body to protect said feed tube from heat of said
cathode body.
5. The feed means of claim 4 wherein a housing tube encloses the
major portion of said feed tube outside of said cathode body, said
housing tube having a wall of sufficient thinness to protect the
portion of said feed tube exterior of said cathode body from
cathode heat.
6. The feed means of claim 5 wherein a heat shield tube is
positioned around said feed tube, interiorly of said housing tube
to further protect said feed tube from cathode heat.
Description
The invention described herein was made in the performance of work
under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section
305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law
85-568 (72 stat. 435; 42 U.S.C. 2457).
BACKGROUND
This invention is directed to a structure for feeding liquid-metal
arcing material to a liquid-metal cathode which is employed in an
electric arc structure.
The oldest and most widely used cathode device used to date is the
thermionic cathode. This type of cathode is probably best known for
its use as the electron emitter in electron vacuum tubes. However,
it has now been incorporated as a source of electrons in electron
bombardment ion sources for space propulsion devices. In this
regard, reference may be made to an article entitled "An Ion Rocket
with Electron Bombardment Ion Source" by H. R. Kaufman in NASA
Technical Note D-585, Jan. 1960, and to H. R. Kaufman U.S. Pat. No.
3,156,090. Another application of this type of cathode is as a
neutralizer for ion beams in space propulsion engines
(thrustors).
Although they have been used extensively in recent years, cathodes
of the type described in the above-referenced article have been
found to have the disadvantage of experiencing deleterious effects
from considerable ion bombardment. The result of this bombardment
is that even the best thermionic emitters developed to date for
thrustor applications, for example, have a useful life time which
is shorter than desired for presently contemplated
electric-propulsion missions. The problem arises from the
difficulty in keeping the discharge voltage below the sputtering
threshold of the materials used for the cathodes. Another
disadvantage characteristic of many thermionic cathodes is that
they are either destroyed or deactivated on being exposed to the
normal atmosphere while in operation or even just after
operation.
Thermionic, as well as various other types of cathodes, in
conjunction with anodes and gas feed systems, are also used in
plasma arc devices serving as high intensity light and heat
sources. As one example of this application, reference may be made
to U.S. Pat. No. 3,136,915 for a High Energy Plasma Source, to W.
Jaatinen, et al. The devices described utilize solid cathodes and
have the disadvantage of very limited life of the cathode or
associated anode or both, depending on the particular
configuration.
Liquid-metal arc cathodes have also been either used or proposed
for applications in the foregoing described devices and other
applications such as in rectifiers and switches. In the use of this
type cathode in very-high-voltage high-power-level rectifier and
switching devices, the fact that the amounts of metal evaporated
from the cathode is not controllable is a distinct disadvantage
because it may lead to an excessively high mercury vapor pressure
which can result in frequent high-voltage breakdown. For a more
complete description of liquid-metal arc cathodes reference may be
made to an article entitled "Kraftuebertragung hochgespannten
hockgespannten Gleichstrom," in De Ingenieur 67/2 nr. 44 dd. (Apr.
11, 1955) by Erich Uhlmann, and to a book entitled "The Arc
Discharge" by H. de B. Knight, published by Chapman and Hall Ltd.,
London, 1960.
Another disadvantage that may be present in the use of conventional
liquid-metal arc cathodes is that they are gravity dependent for
their operation in order to keep the liquid metal in a confined
cathode area. Furthermore, these devices are not self-protecting in
their operation and in the event of a high current surge from a
short circuit, for example, these devices may be permanently
damaged.
These problems are solved by the use of a small pool cathode.
However, as pool size decreases, the amount of liquid metal in the
pool becomes more important. If the pool is exhausted of liquid
metal, the arc is starved. If the pool is too large, the
electron-to-atom emission ratio goes down. Therefore, the amount of
liquid metal delivered to the pool by the liquid-metal feed
structure must remain proportional to the amount of metal lost from
the pool due to arc current and evaporation. Perturbations in feed
become objectionable and result in unsteady arc conditions.
SUMMARY
In order to aid in the understanding of this invention, it can be
stated in essentially summary form that it is directed to a
liquid-metal arc cathode with a single capillary flow impedance.
The cathode includes a pool-keeping structure, for retaining a
liquid-metal pool and employs a single channel flow impedance
passage which has a diameter which is sufficiently large that at
any point, the pressure due to surface tension at that point is
less than the hydraulic pressure at that point due to the sum of
the pressure caused by surface tension at the downstream end of the
tube and the pressure drop due to flow between that point and the
downstream end of the tube. This prevents separation of the liquid
metal in the feed channel, to prevent nonuniformity of liquid-metal
feed due to liquid-metal separation in the channel.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an
impedance to control the flow of liquid metal to a liquid-metal
cathode. It is a further object to provide such an impedance which
is especially arranged for uniformity of liquid-metal flow to the
liquid-metal cathode. It is another object to provide a
liquid-metal feed passage which delivers liquid metal to a feed
channel which immediately discharges to the liquid-metal pool,
wherein the passage is larger than the feed channel. It is still
another object to provide a feed passage which does not increase in
diameter from the source to the delivery feed channel. It is a
further object to provide a feed passage from a source to a
liquid-metal pool, which passage has a diameter which is everywhere
sufficiently large that at any point the pressure due to surface
tension is less than the hydraulic pressure at that point due to
the sum of the pressure caused by surface tension at the downstream
end of the tube and the pressure drop due to flow between that
point and the downstream end of the passageway in order to minimize
flow fluctuations. Other objects and advantages of this invention
will become apparent from a study of the following portion of the
specification, the claims and the attached drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the liquid-metal cathode with a
single capillary flow impedance in accordance with this
invention.
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section therethrough.
DESCRIPTION
Referring to the drawings, the cathode with a single capillary flow
impedance is generally indicated therein at 10. Cathode 10
comprises cathode body 12 which has a pool-keeping structure 14
therein. In the present embodiment, pool-keeping structure 14 is
comprised of conical walls 16 which define the lateral bounds of
the liquid-metal pool therein. The walls 16 are open to face 18
which is directed toward the anode which is associated with cathode
10. The liquid metal within the pool-keeping structure is the
material which is active with respect to the arc to supply
electrons thereto. The size of the pool in pool-keeping structure
14 is minimized in order to maximize the electron-to-atom emission
ratio of the liquid metal into the arc chamber, by reducing
evaporation, and to permit the cathode to be gravity independent.
Cathode body 12 is preferably made of a high arc voltage material,
such as molybdenum, and it is suitably treated so that walls 16 are
wet by the liquid metal. In the present description, mercury is the
preferred liquid metal.
In order to maintain the size of the liquid-metal pool in
pool-keeping structure 14, additional liquid metal must be fed to
the pool as the pool is consumed by arc activity and
evaporation.
Cathode body 12 has bore 20 therein into which is inserted
capillary structure 22. Bore 20 has a conical bottom which
communicates with the pool-keeping structure 14 through feed
channel 24. Capillary structure 22 comprises capillary body 26
which carries capillary nose 28 thereon. Capillary nose 28 is
conical in shape to fit into the conical bottom of bore 20.
Capillary nose 28 has an opening in the front thereof through which
capillary tube 30 extends. Capillary tube 30 is secured with
respect to nose 28 by any suitable means, such as electron-beam
welding, and extends slightly beyond the nose.
The end of capillary tube 30, beyond nose 28, is formed as a
truncated cone so that the capillary tube directly engages with the
conical walls of the bottom of bore 20 to seal with respect
thereto. The arrangement is such that the truncated nose of
capillary tube 30 engages in the conical bottom of bore 20 without
any increase in diameter, but instead the diameter of the flow
channel from the interior diameter of capillary tube 30
continuously decreases from the diameter of the capillary tube to
the diameter of feed channel 24 by means of the conical bottom of
hole 20. The end of capillary tube 30 is held in sealing
relationship to the bottom of bore 20 by means of clamp ring 32 and
clamp bolts 34.
The downstream end of the capillary feed tube 30 is shielded from
contact with the capillary structure 22 by means of a guide tube 36
which extends from nose 28 to spacer washer 38. Avoidance of such
contact prevents transmission of heat from the cathode body 12
through the capillary structure 22 to the capillary tube 30. Such
heat transmission would effect the flow characteristics of the
capillary tube. Heat transmission to the bulk of the capillary 40
is diminished by utilization of thin wall construction in the
fabrication of the downstream end of the capillary structure
22.
The upstream end of capillary tube 30 is conveniently coiled, as at
40 to provide the proper capillary length within a reasonable
space. The coil 40 is protected by tube 42 which forms part of
capillary structure 22. The inlet end 44 of capillary tube 40 is
arranged to be connected to a source of liquid metal under pressure
from any conventional source by any conventional means. A gravity
head of liquid metal can be connected to inlet end 44 by a tube
fitting, or the like.
In the embodiment illustrated, feed channel 24 has a diameter of
0.0015 inch and is 0.005 inch long. When capillary tube 30 has an
interior bore of 0.005 inch and is in the order of 34 feet long,
the cathode structure of this invention is capable of providing
liquid mercury to the pool-keeping surface from a mercury supply in
the order of 15 p.s.i. differential pressure from the inlet end 44
to the arc chamber to provide sufficient liquid mercury to supply
an arc of from 5 to 30 amperes. Any other arc current can similarly
be accommodated by adjusting the drive pressure with this
configuration. Arc currents of very different magnitude may better
be accommodated by capillaries of different size.
The capillary tube 30 is normally made of material which is not wet
by mercury, and the molybdenum of cathode body 12 is not wet by
mercury, unless it is specially treated. Thus, the entire interior
of the feed passage, including the capillary passage in the feed
channel is unwet by the mercury being fed. On the other hand, walls
16 are wettable by the mercury. This presents a feed fluctuation
problem. During mercury feed there is a continuous pressure drop
along the length of the feed passage, from the supply pressure to
the opening of feed channel 24 into the pool-holding structure.
Assuming that there is a steady-state mercury flow at the entrance
to feed channel 24 from the capillary tube, the mercury passes
through the feed channel into the pool-keeping structure.
The liquid in the pool-keeping structure is at a very low pressure
which is determined by surface tension forces, by the momentum
change imparted by surface evaporation of mercury atoms and by arc
pressure (the pressure in the arc chamber is taken to be zero).
Since the pressure exerted by the surface tension is inversely
proportional to the radius of curvature of the liquid surface, the
magnitude of the pressure due to the surface tension rises to a
maximum value within the feed channel where the radius of curvature
is at a minimum. In the upstream direction the pressure due to
surface tension in the feed channel 24 is balanced by the driving
pressure of the flow system.
In the downstream direction, however, the pressure due to surface
tension may not be balanced and thus the downstream segment of the
minimum diameter mercury column is unstable. It tends to be
expelled into the pool-keeping structure. Such expulsion leaves a
void, and no further mercury flow enters the pool-keeping structure
until the void is filled by flow from the source. When it is again
filled, the system is again unstable and the mercury contained in
the feed channel may again be expelled into the pool-keeping
structure.
It should be noted that the point of separation of the column of
mercury cannot be further upstream from the pool-keeping structure
than the upstream terminus of the minimum diameter feed channel 24.
Thus, the magnitude of the flow of fluctuations is limited to the
volume of the minimum diameter feed channel. The effect of these
flow fluctuations is made to be practically negligible by the very
small volume of the feed channel, as is illustrated by the
exemplary dimensions given above, as compared to the volume of the
mercury contained in the pool-keeping structure, when the mercury
in the pool-keeping structure is of the desired value.
Thus, it can be generalized for viscous flow that the fluctuation
amplitude due to surface tension can be reduced to a minimum value,
which is imposed by the feed channel itself, by feeding the mercury
to the cathode through a passage which has a diameter which is
sufficiently large such that at any point the pressure due to
surface tension is less than the sum of the pressure due to surface
tension in the minimum diameter feed channel plus the pressure drop
due to flow between that point and the minimum diameter feed
channel at the downstream end of the feed passage. By keeping the
feed channel volume as small as possible, the fluctuations are
minimal.
Another desirable end which minimizes the fluctuation into the
liquid-metal pool is accomplished by this construction. Where a
plenum chamber filled with mercury exists between the flow
impedance and the feed channel to the liquid-metal pool, the
mercury in the plenum has a volume which fluctuates with changes in
temperature in the plenum. Thus, increases in cathode temperature
cause expansion of the mercury in the plenum to expel a portion of
the mercury into the liquid-metal pool. This undesirable effect is
eliminated in the present construction by eliminating any plenum
chamber. Thus, in no location downstream from inlet end 44 is the
feed passage diameter larger than that of capillary tube 30.
Accordingly, there is no plenum chamber in the present
construction.
This invention having been described in its preferred embodiment,
it is clear that it is susceptible to numerous modifications and
embodiments within the ability of those skilled in the art and
without the exercise of the inventive faculty. Accordingly, the
scope of this invention is defined by the scope of the following
claims.
* * * * *