U.S. patent number 3,558,083 [Application Number 04/823,645] was granted by the patent office on 1971-01-26 for method and apparatus for operating a tethered natural shape balloon to, at, and from high altitude.
This patent grant is currently assigned to N/A. Invention is credited to William F. Conley, James A. Menke, Jerome J. Vorachek.
United States Patent |
3,558,083 |
Conley , et al. |
January 26, 1971 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OPERATING A TETHERED NATURAL SHAPE BALLOON
TO, AT, AND FROM HIGH ALTITUDE
Abstract
A tethered natural shape balloon is operated to, at and from a
high altitude, i.e. 100,000 feet, by top-loading, rather than by
conventional bottom-loading. A loading cable is attached at one end
to a fitting at the inner top surface of the balloon and is
attached at the other end to a remotely actuable motorized
reel-and-brake assembly mounted on the top surface of a base plate.
Other cables connect the bottom of the balloon to remotely actuable
motorized reel-and-brake assemblies also mounted on the top surface
of the base plate. The tether line is attached at one end by a
fitting to the bottom surface of the base plate and is attached at
the other end to a winch, which also serves as an anchoring means.
As altitude and corresponding external pressure change, the
configuration, i.e. volume and shape, is changed and controlled by
paying out or reeling in the cables to prevent high and unequal
stress of the balloon envelope material.
Inventors: |
Conley; William F. (Tallmadge,
OH), Vorachek; Jerome J. (Barberton, OH), Menke; James
A. (Prior Lake, MN) |
Assignee: |
N/A (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
25239319 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/823,645 |
Filed: |
May 12, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
244/33 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B64B
1/40 (20130101); B64B 1/60 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B64B
1/60 (20060101); B64B 1/40 (20060101); B64B
1/00 (20060101); B64b 001/50 () |
Field of
Search: |
;244/31,33,98 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Buchler; Milton
Assistant Examiner: Weinrieb; Steven W.
Claims
We claim:
1. An apparatus for operating a tethered natural shape balloon of
the inverted type to, at, and from high altitude, comprising a
combination:
a. a natural shape balloon envelope of a thin, lightweight,
flexible and gas-impervious material, with said balloon envelope
having an opening at its bottom, and containing a predetermined
quantity of lifting gas;
b. open ended hollow member, disposed vertically and substantially
greater in length than in width, of a thin, lightweight, flexible
and gas-impervious material, with the upper of the open ends of
said hollow member mating and forming a gastight seal with the
periphery of the opening at the bottom of said balloon
envelope;
c. a loading cable attached, at one end, to the geometric center of
the inner top surface of said balloon envelope, with said loading
cable extending internal of said balloon envelope and passing
through the bottom opening of said balloon envelope and into and
through said open end hollow member and extending below the lower
open end of said hollow member;
d. a tether line attached at one end to the other end of said
loading cable; and
e. means for paying out and reeling in said tether line, the other
end of which is attached to said means, with said means also
serving to act as the anchoring for said balloon envelope.
2. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said tether line
is of glass fiber, stranded and tapered.
3. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein a base plate
having a top surface and a bottom surface is interposed between
said loading cable and said tether line at their point of
attachment, with said base plate having:
a. a fitting at its bottom surface to which one end of said tether
line is attached;
b. a plurality of remotely actuable motorized reel-and-brake
assemblies mounted on its top surface, with one end of said loading
cable attached to one said remotely actuable motorized
reel-and-brake assemblies which is located below and external of
the lower open end of said hollow member, with that said remotely
actuable reel-and-brake assembly being capable of paying out and
reeling in said loading cable upon command signal from a remote
location; and
c. cables attached at one end to said other remotely actuable
motorized reel-and-brake assemblies mounted on the top surface of
said base plate, with the other end of each said cable attached to
the external surface of said balloon envelope near the mating
periphery of the bottom opening of said balloon envelope and the
upper of the open ends of said hollow member, with other said
reel-and-brake assemblies being capable of paying out and reeling
in said cables upon command signal from a remote location.
4. The method of operating and controlling the configuration, from
sea level to, at, and from high altitude, of an inflated, tethered,
inverted natural shape balloon having an envelope of thin,
lightweight, flexible, gas-impervious material, a bottom opening in
said envelope, and an open ended vertically disposed hollow member,
of the same material as the balloon envelope, the upper end of
which attached in gas-impervious manner to the bottom opening,
comprising the steps of:
a. attaching one end of a loading cable to the inner top surface of
the balloon envelope, with the cable extending from its point of
attachment through the bottom opening of the balloon and into,
through and out of said hollow member;
b. attaching the other end of the loading cable to a motorized
remotely actuable reel-and-brake assembly which is capable, upon
receipt of a command signal from a remote location, of paying out
and reeling in the loading cable;
c. mounting the reel-and-brake assembly on the top surface of a
base plate having a top surface and a bottom surface;
d. attaching one end of a tether line to the bottom surface of said
base plate;
e. attaching the other end of the tether line to a powered ground
winch;
f. paying out and reeling in the tether line from the ground winch
to attain ascent, equilibrium float altitude, and descent of the
balloon; and
g. paying out and reeling in the loading cable to obtain and to
maintain the desired configuration of the balloon.
5. The method as set forth in claim 4 comprising the additional
steps of:
a. attaching one end of each of plurality of cables, external of
the balloon envelope and of the hollow member, to the external
surface of the balloon envelope near the mating periphery of the
bottom opening of the balloon envelope and the upper of the open
ends of the hollow member;
b. attaching the other end of each cable to a separate one of a
plurality of motorized remotely actuable reel-and-brake assemblies
which are capable upon receipt of a command signal from a remote
location of paying out and reeling in each cable;
c. mounting the plurality of motorized remotely actuable
reel-and-brake assemblies on the top surface of the base plate at
positions where each cable will be essentially parallel to each
other and to the loading cable; and
d. paying out and reeling in at least one such cable to assist in
obtaining and to assist in maintaining the desired configuration of
the balloon.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the control of the volume and shape of a
natural shape balloon, and more particularly to a high altitude
tethered natural shape balloon of the inverted type which is
ideally suited for ascent to, float at, and descent from, an
altitude of 100,000 feet above sea level.
The term "natural," as used herein in connection with the shape of
a balloon, is intended to mean the shape of a balloon which is
formed when the load of the tether line, i.e. of the payload is
transferred to the buoyant lifting gas by means of a meridional
(i.e. lateral) stress only. In other words, no circumferential
stress exists.
The term "configuration," as used herein in connection with the
shape of a balloon, is intended to include volume of the balloon.
It is to be understood that the shape may change without a change
in volume does not necessarily result in a change in shape.
Conventional methods and apparatuses for controlling the
configuration of high altitude tethered balloons are of the
bottom-loading type. That is, the load of the tether line, i.e. of
the payload, is attached to the bottom of the balloon, and more
accurately to the lower portion of the balloon structure. These
methods and apparatuses include, among others, the use of elastic
bands of a ballonet and of reefing bands. Elastic bands, i.e. bands
of stretchable material, are integral to the balloon envelope and
are not detachable from the balloon. A ballonet is in essence a
balloon or an air cell within, i.e. internal of, the balloon
envelope and the inflated volume of the ballonet is constant.
Reefing bands are bands which are positioned on the external
periphery of the balloon and are detachable or separable from the
balloon by various means, such as a barometric switch. However, it
is to be noted that as applied to the balloon art the term
"reefing" is not limited to describing a type of configuration
control band, but includes, in a broader sense, the reducing of the
external surface of the balloon envelope such as by gathering,
draping, grouping, folding and the like, of the excess balloon
envelope material.
Regardless of the type or shape of the high altitude balloon,
configuration control methods and apparatuses are of the utmost
importance. This can be more readily appreciated if one realizes,
for example, that in ascending from sea level to 100,000 feet, the
volume of a balloon changes from approximately 8 times to 75 times
the original volume at sea level and that, without configuration
control, large deformations of the balloon envelope are very apt to
occur, with resultant high and unequal stress of the balloon
envelope material and possible balloon envelope tear or rupture and
balloon failure.
It is fair and accurate to state that bottom-loading has not been
sufficiently effective and has not been reliable enough to
consistently effectuate configuration control of the balloon and to
prevent balloon failure. This is particularly true when the balloon
is descending and deflating and the loose excess balloon material
is increasing in quantity external of the still inflated portion of
the balloon envelope.
Our invention, by using top-loading, departs radically from
conventional methods and apparatuses for controlling the
configuration of high altitude tethered balloons during ascent, at
float level, and during descent, and eliminates the disadvantages
of bottom-loading. It thus constitutes a significant advancement
over the present state-of-the-art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Our invention pertains to a novel method of and a balloon apparatus
for carrying aloft to a high altitude a load-bearing natural shape
tethered, i.e. captive, balloon of the inverted type.
An object of this invention is to provide a method reliably
carrying to an altitude of approximately 100,000 feet above sea
level a natural shape tethered balloon of the inverted type, with
attached tether line and other payload.
Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus for
carrying a load-bearing natural shape tethered balloon of the
inverted type to a high altitude.
Obviously, still another object of this invention is to accomplish
effective configuration (i.e. volume and shape) control of the
balloon from sea level to high altitude, at high altitude, and from
high altitude to sea level.
A related object of this invention is to maintain symmetry of the
balloon envelope, while the balloon structure is in operation, so
as to minimize excess balloon envelope material that could pocket
winds, cause overstressing of the material, and tear or rupture the
balloon.
Another related object of this invention is to maintain excess
balloon envelope material which is needed for expansion in a
compact manner to eliminate unnecessary drag.
A further object of this invention is to achieve all of the
foregoing objects, and others related thereto, by using
top-loading, rather than the conventional bottom-loading, of the
balloon envelope.
These and still other objects of this invention will become readily
apparent after a consideration of the description of the invention
and reference to the drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side elevation view, in simplified schematic form, of a
preferred embodiment of the invention, with the balloon envelope at
sea level and prior to ascent; and
FIG. 2 shows a side elevation view, in simplified schematic form,
of the preferred embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, but at float
altitude of 100,000 feet.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown in simple schematic form a
preferred embodiment of our invention at different altitudes but
with the same reference characters in each FIG. denoting the same
components.
More specifically, and with reference to FIG. 1, therein is shown
at sea level and prior to descent a balloon envelope 11, which may
be of the gored spherical type but is, in this instance, of the
cylindrical or slightly tailored cylindrical type with skin
thickness being constant, although it could be of variable, stepped
or tapered thickness with bottom opening 12, preferably circular in
cross section. Balloon envelope 11 material is thin, lightweight
flexible and gas-impervious, such as polyethelene film or " Mylar,"
a trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc. for
polyethelene terephthalate resin film. Attached to opening 12 of
balloon envelope 11 is a large diameter lightweight ring 13, such
as of aluminum, with the mating periphery being gas-impervious.
Attached to ring 13 and disposed vertically is one open end of
cylindrical hollow member, membrane or sleeve 14, which is made of
the same or similar, thin, lightweight, flexible and gas-impervious
material as balloon envelope 11 and, although shown as cylindrical
in form, sleeve 14 could be tapered downwardly. Clamping band or
collar 15 of suitable material, such as aluminum, holds sleeve 14
in place and forms a gastight seal with ring 13.
Again with reference to FIG. 1, the top of balloon envelope 11 is
shown as having been pulled or the like through opening 12 and
bottom ring 13. A suitable fitting 16 is attached to the inner top
surface of inverted balloon envelope 11 at the geometric, i.e.,
symmetrical, center thereof. A loading cable 17 is attached at one
end to top-loading fitting 16 and is attached at the other end to a
remotely actuable motorized reel-and-brake assembly 18 which is
affixed or otherwise mounted on the top surface of base plate 19.
Outer cables, such as 20 and 21, disposed to either side of and
essentially parallel to top-loading cable 17 and preferably
totaling two on each side, are attached to individually fittings,
such as 22 and 23, which in turn are attached to collar 15. The
other end of each outer cable, such as 20 and 21, is attached to
individual remotely actuable motorized reel-and-brake assemblies,
such as 24 and 25, which also are affixed or otherwise mounted on
the top surface of base plate 19. Each of the reel-and-brake
assemblies, such as 18, 24 and 25, have an amount of cable coiled
and stored on the reel portion and a brake which can be applied to
hold the reel in position. A tether line 26, preferably of stranded
and tapered glass fiber, although it may be of steel or of nylon,
is attached at one end to the bottom surface of base plate 19 by
fitting 27 and is anchored at and coiled on ground winch 30, which
is preferably powered and mobile and which pays out and reels in
tether line 26 and, additionally, acts as an anchoring means. Also
shown is buoyant gas supply unit 40.
With reference to FIG. 2, therein is shown the preferred embodiment
depicted in FIG. 1, but at a float altitude of 100,000 feet. From
an examination of FIG. 2, and a comparison with FIG. 1, it can be
seen that balloon envelope 11 has expanded; that top-loading
fitting 16 is in fact at the top of the inner surface of balloon
envelope 11; and that top-loading cable 17 has been payed out
through sleeve 14 and into balloon envelope 11. Cables, such as 17,
20 and 21, are taut with one end attached to the appropriate
respective fitting, such as 16, 22 and 23, and with the other end
coiled and stored on the appropriate respective reel-and-brake
assembly, such as 18, 24 and 25 which in turn are mounted on base
plate 19. Tether line 26 is in an extended mode, with fitting 27
attaching it at one end to base plate 19 and with ground winch 30
anchoring it at the other end.
With reference to both FIGS. 1 and 2, the primary purpose of sleeve
14 is to permit control and development of super pressure within
balloon envelope 11.
Also with reference to both FIGS. 1 and 2, and the preferred
embodiment shown therein, it is to be noted that we have reference
in describing the embodiment of a top-loaded balloon envelope 11
which when at float altitude of 100,000 feet will have a cubic foot
volume of approximately 30,000,000; and the tether line of which
will be approximately 135,000 feet long and where the ground winch
30 will have a pay out rate of approximately 2,000 feet per minute
and a reel in or pay in rate of approximately 200 feet per
minute.
However, not shown in the drawings, in order not to unnecessarily
encumber them are suitable means for sending desired command
signals to motorized reel-and-brake assemblies, such as 18, 24 and
25.
MODE OF OPERATION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Balloon envelope 11 is inflated by suitable means 40, FIG. 1, with
a bubble of predetermined quantity of helium, the lifting gas.
After inflation with the helium bubble, and before launch, the
embodiment is as shown in FIG. 1 with the excess balloon envelope
11 material being disposed essentially between top-loading fitting
16 and bottom ring 13, internal of sleeve 14.
After launch, and during ascent, as altitude increases and external
pressure decreases, the helium expands filling balloon envelope 11
and pulls top-loading cable 17 which in turn is payed out from
reel-and-brake assembly 18.
As a result, the top of balloon envelope 11, FIG. 1, which is in a
downwardly position and top-loading fitting 16, FIG. 1, and a
portion of top-loading cable 17, FIG. 1, are pulled up or the like
through sleeve 14 and bottom ring 13.
Concurrently, tether line 26 is payed out from ground winch 30,
FIG. 1, until balloon envelope 11 attains the desired altitude
which in this instance is 100,000 feet. Deployed balloon envelope
11, at equilibrium float altitude, is as shown in FIG. 2.
In the event either that a particular change is desired in
configuration, such as to obtain a more nearly symmetrical shape or
to make a change in volume, or that a change is desired from
top-loading to bottom-loading for some reason such as to reduce
drag, then outer cables, such as 20 and 21, FIG. 2 and if need be
pay loading cable 17, FIG. 2, are payed out or reeled in, as
applicable, by remote control such as a command signal from a
ground based station.
It is to be noted that a minor super pressure may develop within
balloon envelope 11, FIG. 2, at any altitude, as a result of the
top-loading configuration. Super pressure may also develop near
float altitude as a result of volumetric limitations of the balloon
envelope 11 material. Therefore, sleeve 14 is furnished to control
the effects of the super pressure by permitting the helium to be
displaced or "pushed," so to speak, by the super pressure into
sleeve 14, until the ambient pressure external of the balloon
equals or is less than the pressure within balloon envelope 11,
FIG. 2, and the helium may rise and return back into balloon
envelope 11.
Retrieval, i.e. reeling in, is accomplished essentially by
reversing the procedure of launching the balloon.
While there has been shown and described the fundamental features
of our invention, as applied to a preferred and particular
embodiment, it is to be understood that this is by way of
illustration only and is not intended as a limitation, and that
various substitutions and omissions may be made by those skilled in
the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For
example: rollers, or the like, may be disposed at the inner
perimeter of and be made integral to bottom ring 13, FIGS. 1 and 2,
to allow excess balloon envelope 11 material, FIG. 1, to pass
through ring 13 easier and quicker; means may be provided, so that
during retrieval a portion of the lifting gas may be valved by a
remote control command signal to facilitate deflation of the
balloon and to facilitate recovery; and, if desired, an over
simplified but effective embodiment of the invention could be made
by eliminating the outer cables, such as 20 and 21, and fittings,
such as 22 and 23, and reel-and-brake assemblies, such as 18, 24
and 25, and having a top-loading cable 17 of predetermined length
extend from fitting 16 through base plate 19 and connect to tether
cable 26.
* * * * *