U.S. patent number 3,558,053 [Application Number 04/784,541] was granted by the patent office on 1971-01-26 for aerating liquid discharge nozzles.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Rain Jet Corporation. Invention is credited to John O. Hruby, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,558,053 |
Hruby, Jr. |
January 26, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
AERATING LIQUID DISCHARGE NOZZLES
Abstract
A family of aerating liquid discharge nozzles, each of which has
the feature that it contains no moving parts and includes a hollow
body defining a liquid inlet at one end and an outlet opening at
the other end. The body has an internal chamber arranged in
communication with both the inlet and outlet ends of the body. A
plug, having substantial length between opposite end surfaces, is
disposed across the chamber adjacent the body outlet end and
defines constricted liquid outlet means from the body. The body
outlet opening has an area greater than the area of the liquid
outlet means defined by the plug.
Inventors: |
Hruby, Jr.; John O. (Burbank,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Rain Jet Corporation (Burbank,
CA)
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Family
ID: |
25132750 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/784,541 |
Filed: |
December 9, 1968 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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691111 |
Dec 8, 1967 |
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492389 |
Oct 4, 1965 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
239/17;
239/428.5; 239/488 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05B
17/08 (20130101); B05B 1/3421 (20130101); B01F
3/04758 (20130101); B05B 1/02 (20130101); B05B
7/0425 (20130101); B05B 1/3447 (20130101); B01F
3/0473 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05B
1/34 (20060101); B05B 1/02 (20060101); B05B
17/08 (20060101); B01F 3/04 (20060101); B05B
17/00 (20060101); B05B 7/04 (20060101); B05b
017/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;239/17--23,488,552,553,553.3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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669,175 |
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Dec 1938 |
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DD |
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1,436,819 |
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Mar 1966 |
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FR |
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501,371 |
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Feb 1939 |
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GB |
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484,567 |
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Sep 1953 |
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IT |
|
Primary Examiner: King; Lloyd L.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application
Ser. No. 691,111 filed Dec. 8, 1967, now abandoned, as a
continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 492,389 filed Oct. 4, 1965, now
abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A liquid discharge nozzle for discharging a stream of liquid
generally upwardly therefrom comprising an elongate straight body
having opposite open ends defining a duct therethrough between a
liquid inlet opening defined across an open lower end of the body
and a liquid outlet opening defined across the other open upper end
of the body; and a plug having substantial length between opposite
ends thereof relative to the diameter of the duct disposed across
the duct adjacent the upper end of the body and secured from
movement along the length of the body; the plug being engaged
around its periphery with the inner walls of the duct; the plug
having liquid flow passage means therethrough defined by a
plurality of grooves formed in the sidewalls of the plug tapered
between the opposite ends of the plug and communicating between the
opposite ends of the plug; a line between the opposite ends of each
groove being skew to the length of the plug within an angle not
exceeding about 30.degree.; the ends of the grooves at opposite
ends of the plug being arranged in substantially identical
patterns; the grooves and the inner walls of the body cooperating
to define a corresponding plurality of liquid outlet passages which
have an aggregate cross-sectional area, at least adjacent the upper
end of the body, substantially less the than the cross-sectional
area of the duct at the location of the plug in the duct; the
surface of the plug adjacent the upper end of the body being
substantially normal to the elongate extent of the plug
peripherally of the opening of each groove to said surface.
2. A nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the grooves decrease
regularly in cross-sectional area from the ends thereof adjacent to
the lower end of the body to the ends thereof open to the upper end
of the body.
3. A nozzle according to claim 1 wherein the grooves are tapered so
as to have less cross-sectional area toward said upper end of the
body than at the ends of the grooves disposed toward the lower end
of the body.
4. A nozzle according to claim 1 wherein, the grooves are spaced
apart from each other a distance at least equal to the width of the
grooves circumferentially of the plug.
5. A nozzle according to claim 4 wherein the ends of the grooves
open to said plug surface are displaced uniformly about the
circumference of the plug relative to the opposite ends of the
grooves.
6. A nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the grooves constitute
the only liquid flow passages communicating between the opposite
ends of the plug.
7. A fountain nozzle for discharging a stream of water generally
upwardly therefrom comprising an elongate straight body having
opposite open ends defining a duct therethrough between a liquid
inlet opening defined across an open lower end of the body and a
liquid outlet opening defined across the other open upper end of
the body; and a plug having substantial length between opposite
ends thereof relative to the diameter of the duct disposed across
the duct adjacent the upper end of the body and secured from
movement along the length of the body; the plug being engaged
around its periphery with the inner walls of the duct at a location
along the body having an effective cross-sectional area not
substantially greater than that of the liquid inlet opening; the
plug defining liquid flow passage means therethrough comprised of a
plurality of grooves formed in the sidewalls of the plug at spaced
locations around the circumference of the plug, the grooves having
sidewalls which intersect the plug sidewalls at a substantial
angle, the plug sidewalls between adjacent grooves being engaged in
surface-to-surface contact with the duct walls for a distance
circumferentially of the plug at least equal to substantially the
width of one of the adjacent grooves, the grooves being disposed at
skew angles to the elongate extent of the plug and communicating
between the opposite ends of the plug; the passage means having a
total cross-sectional area, at least adjacent the upper end of the
body, substantially less than the cross-sectional area of the duct
at the location of the plug in the duct; the surface of the plug
adjacent the upper end of the body being substantially normal to
the elongate extent of the plug peripherally of the opening of each
groove to said surface and making a sharp corner in cooperation
with the walls of each groove defined by the plug.
8. A liquid discharge nozzle for discharging liquid generally
upwardly therefrom comprising an elongate straight body defining a
duct therethrough between a lower liquid inlet opening defined
across an open lower end of the body and an upper liquid outlet
opening defined across an open upper end of the body, a plug having
substantial length between opposite ends thereof relative to the
diameter of the duct disposed across the duct adjacent the duct
outlet opening, the duct inlet opening having an area at least as
great as the effective cross-sectional area of the duct at the
location of the plug along the duct, the plug defining liquid flow
passage means therethrough comprised of a plurality of grooves
formed in the sidewalls of the plug at spaced locations around the
circumference of the plug, each groove communicating between
opposite ends of the plug, the grooves having sidewalls which
intersect the plug sidewalls at a substantial angle, the plug
sidewalls between adjacent grooves being engaged in
surface-to-surface contact with the duct walls for a distance
circumferentially of the plug at least equal to substantially the
width of one of the adjacent grooves, a line between the opposite
ends of each groove being oriented relative to the length of the
plug within an angle of from 0.degree. to about 30.degree., the
ends of the grooves at one end of the plug being spaced apart
relative to each other according to substantially the same pattern
as are the other ends of the grooves at the other end of the plug,
the passage means having a total cross-sectional area at least
adjacent the outlet end of the body substantially less than the
cross-sectional area of the duct at the location of the plug in the
duct, the surface of the plug adjacent the outlet end of the body
around the opening of each of the grooves thereto being
substantially normal to the length of the plug and defining a sharp
corner in cooperation with the walls of each groove defined by the
plug.
9. A nozzle according to claim 8 wherein the nozzle is devoid of
structure spanning the duct between the plug and the outlet end of
the duct.
10. A nozzle according to claim 8 wherein the plug has a length
between the opposite ends thereof greater than about one-half the
mean transverse dimension of the duct at the location of the plug
along the duct.
11. A nozzle according the claim 8 wherein the grooves each have a
length between opposite ends of the plug at least twice the maximum
transverse dimension thereof.
12. A nozzle according to claim 8 wherein the duct has the
configuration of a circular cylinder, and the grooves are spaced
uniformly about the axis of the cylinder.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to liquid
handling and, more particularly, to nozzles for discharging aerated
liquid in a predetermined pattern. Nozzles according to this
invention are characterized by the absence of moving parts in the
liquid stream.
2. Description of the Prior Art In ornamental fountain arrangements
which are to be viewed during the day without illumination by
artificial light, it is desired that the discharged water be
aerated as fully as possible in order that the water discharge
pattern may be readily visible. Aerating fountain heads or nozzles
are known. Present fountain heads, however, produce only a limited
number of water discharge patterns. Many existing aerating fountain
heads do not produce sufficient aeration of the water discharged
from them. Moreover, many existing aerating nozzles contain moving
parts which wear as the nozzle is operated. In other cases,
existing aerating nozzles require critical clearances in the nozzle
openings to produce the desired aeration; these clearances either
become worn by erosion as the nozzle is operated, or clogged by
foreign particles in the liquid passing through the nozzle head,
thus adversely affecting the nozzle aerating efficiency.
For efficiency of operation, an aerating fountain nozzle should
produce the appearance of discharging a massive stream of water
even though the quantity of water actually passed through the
nozzle is relatively moderate. When this desired condition is
obtained, a small pump may be used, thus resulting in a fountain
which is economical to operate. Also, in order that they may be
used in populated areas, aerating fountain nozzles should produce
as little mist or fine spray as possible; mist is readily
transported by slight breeze out of the fountain area to locations
where viewers may be positioned. Mist also tends to mask the basic
fountain discharge pattern and thus detracts from the aesthetic
effect desired in the fountain.
The design of aerating liquid nozzles is often more of an art than
a science, especially where it is desired that the aerated liquid
discharged from the nozzle follow a predetermined path from the
nozzle throughout a relatively wide range of liquid pressures
applied to the nozzle, and where the discharge is to be used to
produce an ornamental effect. The use of techniques and principles
which are effective in gas mixing nozzles, wherein two or more
gases are mixed in the nozzle structure and are discharged as a
mixture, is practical in only random situations in aerating liquid
nozzles because of the widely different physical properties between
gases and liquids.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a simple, rugged, effective and efficient
aerating nozzle which is particularly useful in ornamental fountain
arrangements. The nozzle contains no moving parts which may wear as
the nozzle is operated. Moreover, no critically sized apertures are
provided in the nozzle, and thus water erosion and the presence of
foreign particles in the water passed through the nozzle have
little effect, if any, upon the aerating efficiency of the nozzle.
The nozzle produces the appearance of a massive discharge stream
even though the actual volume of water passed therethrough is
moderate. Moreover, nozzles according to this invention provide
diverse and novel liquid discharge patterns which are essentially
free of objectionable mist or fine spray and which are readily
visible because of the high degree of aeration of the nozzle
discharge and freedom from mist.
Generally speaking, this invention provides an aerating liquid
discharge nozzle which includes an elongate straight body defining
a duct between a liquid inlet and an liquid outlet opening located
across opposite ends of the body. A plug, having substantial length
between its opposite end surfaces relative to the diameter of the
duct, is disposed across the duct adjacent the duct outlet opening.
The duct inlet opening has an area which is at least as great as
the effective cross-sectional area of the duct at the location of
the plug along the duct. The plug defines liquid passage means
through it, such passage means being comprised of a plurality of
grooves formed in the plug sidewalls at spaced locations around the
circumference of the plug. Each groove communicates between the
opposite ends of the plug. The passage means has a cross-sectional
area, at least adjacent the other end of the body, which is
substantially less than the cross-sectional area of the duct
through the portion of the duct in which the plug is disposed. The
grooves are configured so that the boundary surfaces thereof
defined by the plug intersect at a substantial angle, the groove
boundary surfaces defined by the walls of the duct. The plug
sidewalls between adjacent grooves are engaged in
surface-to-surface contract with the duct walls, and preferably,
adjacent extremities of adjacent grooves are spaced
circumferentially of the plug a distance at least equal to the
width of one of the grooves. A line between corresponding locations
of opposite ends of each groove is skew, within an angle of from
0.degree. to about 30.degree., to the length of the plug, and the
ends of the grooves at one end of the plug are spaced apart
relative to each other according to substantially the same pattern
as are the ends of the grooves at the other end of the plug. The
surface of the plug adjacent to the other end of the body around
the opening of each of the grooves to such surface is substantially
normal to the length of the plug.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above-mentioned and other features of the present invention are
more fully set forth in the following detailed description of the
invention, the description being presented in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional elevation view of an aerating liquid
discharge nozzle according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view taken along lines 2-2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional plan view taken along lines 31 3-3 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an elevation view of the water discharge pattern produced
by the nozzle shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional elevation view of another
nozzle similar to the nozzle shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional elevation view of another nozzle
according to this invention;
FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is cross-sectional elevation view taken along lines 8-8 of
FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is an elevation view of the liquid discharge pattern
produced by the nozzle shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 10 is an elevation view of the liquid discharge pattern
produced by a modification of the nozzle shown in FIG. 6;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional elevation view of another nozzle
according to this invention;
FIG. 12 is an elevation view of the liquid discharge pattern
produced by the nozzle shown in FIG. 11:
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional elevation view of another nozzle
according to this invention;
FIG. 14 is an elevation view of the liquid discharge pattern
produced by the nozzle shown in FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional elevation view of another nozzle
according to this invention;
FIG. 16 is an elevation view of the water discharge pattern which
may be produced by the nozzle shown in FIG. 15;
FIG. 17 is an elevation view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 15 mounted
on an angle to the vertical and showing a discharge pattern which
may be produced by the nozzle; and
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional elevation view of another nozzle
according to this invention.
The several nozzles shown in the drawings are described with
relation to one another in order that the following description may
be made without unnecessary repetition. Workers skilled in the art
to which this invention pertains will readily recognize that the
features and constructional details encountered in one described
nozzle may be incorporated within a different described nozzle
without departing from the teachings of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An aerating liquid discharge nozzle 10, which is particularly
useful in ornamental fountains and shown in FIG. 1, includes an
elongate, hollow, tubular body 11 defining an elongate, circularly
cylindrical ductlike internal chamber 12. The body has an
internally threaded open lower end 13 to adapt the body to be
securely connected to a suitably sized water discharge pipe or the
like (commonly known as a riser pipe) through which water at
suitable pressure is supplied to the nozzle. The lower end of the
body defines a liquid inlet opening to chamber 12. The cylinder
defined by the inner wall of the body is open across its entire
extent at an open upper end 14 of the body. A plug 15 having
substantial thickness, relative to the inner diameter of the body,
between opposite parallel and preferably planar end surfaces 16 and
17 is disposed across the interior of the body adjacent the upper
end of the body. A water outlet passage 18 is formed through the
plug axially of the body and has a cross-sectional area
substantially less than the cross-sectional area of chamber 12. In
nozzle 10, as in all nozzles according to this invention, the area
of the liquid inlet opening to the nozzle is at least as great, and
preferably greater than, the area of the liquid flow passage
through the plug. The passage has substantially equal areas at all
locations along its length between the end surfaces of the plug. As
with the other nozzles described hereinafter, nozzle 10 is devoid
of any structure spanning the duct downstream of plug 15. That is,
after water passes plug 15, it does not pass through any additional
structure, other than the body itself, in emerging from the
nozzle.
As shown best in FIG. 2, passage 18 is defined by a combination of
a circularly cylindrical opening 19 formed through the plug axially
of the body and by a plurality of substantially identical
semicircular grooves or flutes 20 which open concave to opening 19
along the entire length of the plug; the grooves open to the
opposite end surfaces of the plug. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 2,
the grooves are spaced apart form each other around the
circumference of opening 19 at a distance greater than the diameter
of the grooves. Accordingly, a generally square ended rib 21 is
defined between each adjacent pair of grooves. Thus, the grooves
are distinctly spaced from each other around the central opening
through the plug and the generation of thin sheets of water is
avoided in the discharge pattern of nozzle 10. It has been found
that the presence of thin sheets of water in the discharge pattern
degenerate remote from the head into mist or fine spray which is
objectionable for the reasons set forth above.
A hollow cylindrical tube 23 extends axially into chamber 12 away
from plug 15 toward the inlet opening to chamber 12. The tube is
disposed concentric to the axis of the body and has a closed end 24
spaced away from the plug. The interior of the tube defines a
circularly cylindrical chamber 25. The outer diameter of the tube
is substantially less then than the inner diameter of the body so
that, along the length of the tube, chamber 12 has an annular
configuration. In nozzle 10 the tube has an upper end 26 abutted
against plug lower end surface 17. A plurality of slots 27,
elongated in the direction of the length of the tube and spaced
apart around the circumference of the tube, extend through the
sidewalls of the tube to provide the sole communication between
chambers 12 and 25. The slots, as shown in FIG. 3, extend from the
exterior of the tube into substantial tangency with the circularly
cylindrical inner walls of the tube. All of the slots communicate
with the interior of the chamber in the same angular sense, i.e.,
all the slots are angled either clockwise or counterclockwise to
the tube. The tube is mounted in an axial bore 28 of an annular
ring 29 which is disposed across the interior of the body
immediately below plug 15. An O-ring 30 is engaged between ring 29
and the body to prevent liquid from leaking between the ring and
the body. Accordingly, water flow through the nozzle is solely
along a path through the open lower end of the body into chamber
12, through slots 27 into chamber 25, spirally around and upwardly
along the inner surfaces of tube 23, and through outlet opening 18
to the exterior of the nozzle.
In small nozzles 10, it is preferred that the inner diameter of
tube 23 be greater than the diameter of hole 19, but less than the
diameter of passage 18 as measured across the portions of the
grooves spaced farthest from the axis of the nozzle, for best
aeration of water passed through the nozzle. In larger nozzles 10,
however, it is preferred that the diameter of hole 19 be greater
than the inner diameter of tube 23. For example, in the nominal
21/2 inch nozzle described in detail below, hole 19 is smaller than
the cross-sectional area of tube 23. In a nominal 4 inch nozzle,
however, where the tube may have an inner diameter of 2 5/16
inches, hole 19 preferably has a diameter of 21/2 inches. It is
also preferred that the plug between opposite end surfaces 16 and
17 be substantially equal to the maximum transverse dimension of
the passage through the plug.
FIG. 4 shows nozzle 10 and a water discharge plume or pattern 31
produced by such a nozzle when water is supplied under pressure to
the nozzle. When the nozzle is vertically oriented, the discharge
plume has a symmetrical conical configuration. The nozzle discharge
is readily visible in daylight from a considerable distance since
the water which forms the discharge plume is highly aerated. The
discharge pattern is remarkably free of mist which might mask the
basic pattern or which might, in a breeze, wet nearby observers of
the fountain.
As water enters into chamber 25 from chamber 12 through angularly
oriented slots 27, this water is caused to flow spirally around and
upwardly along the surfaces of tube 23 and is believed to form a
vortex into which is drawn air from the exterior of the nozzle. As
the spirally flowing water emerges from tube 23, it encounters ribs
21 which abruptly turn the water emerging from the tube into
grooves 20 and cause the water to be thoroughly mixed with air dawn
into the vortex. As the water emerges from the upper end of passage
18, it passes over the substantially right-angled shoulder defined
by the intersection of plug upper surface 16 with the vertical
walls of the outlet opening. Accordingly, the water emerging from
the plug separates cleanly from the plug and does not tend to flow
along the upper surface of the plug as might be the case were the
walls of passage 18 faired into the upper surface of the plug. The
is that discharge plume 31 contains a minimum amount of mist or fog
over a wide range of applied water pressures and flow rates.
FIG. 5 illustrates a nozzle 35 which is similar to nozzle 10,
except that nozzle 35 includes a plug 26 spaced above the upper end
of tube 23 adjacent the open upper end of body 11. Accordingly, a
circularly cylindrical chamber 37 is provided between plug 35 and
ring 29. Chambers 12 and 37 have equal diameters. Also, plug 36 has
a circularly cylindrical passage 38 formed axially through it
between opposite parallel plug end surfaces 39 and 40; no grooves,
such as grooves 20 of nozzle 10, open to passage 38. Passage 38
defines the liquid outlet opening from nozzle 35. As noted above,
for best aeration the diameter of passage 38 can be slightly less
than, equal to, or greater than the inner diameter of tube 23.
Preferably, the distance between the end surfaces of the plug is
substantially equal to at least the diameter of the hole defining
passage 38. Nozzle 35 produces a liquid discharge plume
substantially identical to plume 31 produced by nozzle 10 and is
characterized by the same absence of mist or fog as is encountered
in nozzle 10.
It is preferred that the upper end surface of plugs 15 and 36 be
coextensive with the upper end of the tubular body within which the
plug is mounted. In the event, however, that either one of plugs 15
or 36 is spaced below the open upper end of the body, as shown in
FIGS. 1 and 5, care should be taken to locate the plug sufficiently
close to the upper end of the body that the water emerging from the
plug outlet passage does not interact with the rim of the body at
its extreme upper end. Such interaction of the water emerging from
the plug outlet passage with the upper end of the body produces a
mist or fog and degrades the clean profile of the nozzle discharge
plume.
A nozzle 10 having a diameter of chamber 12 of 2 5/16 inches, a
diameter of chamber 25 of 11/4 inches, a plug length of 2 inches
defining an outlet passage consisting of a circular hole of 11/8
inches diameter in combination with 6 grooves having a radius of
1/4 inch formed in the walls of the 11/8 inch hole has been
successfully operated over a wide range of applied water pressures
to produce a water discharge plume 31 as shown in FIG. 4. When 80
gallons of water per minute are passed through the nozzle, the
discharge pattern produced by the nozzle is 11 feet high and 14
feet in diameter; the nozzle head loss or back pressure is only 10
pounds per square inch.
In nozzles 10 and 35, it is preferred that body 11, tube 23 and
plugs 15 and 36 be fabricated of polyvinyl chloride. Such a
material is resistant to erosion by water flowing through the
nozzle at high pressures.
A nozzle 45, as shown in FIG. 6, includes a body 46 which defines a
circularly cylindrical interior chamber 47. Chamber 47 opens across
its entire diameter to the exterior of the nozzle at an upper end
48 of the body. The body also has a lower end which is not shown
but is threaded internally for connection to a water pipe or the
like (in this respect, see FIG. 1). The lower end of the body
defines a liquid inlet opening to chamber 47. Preferably, body 46
is fabricated of a length of polyvinyl chloride pipe, although it
is within the scope of this invention that other materials may be
used, or that the body may be fabricated of something other than a
length of pipe. In any event, chamber 47 extends without
restriction from the open upper end of the body for a substantial
distance along the length of the body towards and preferably to the
liquid inlet opening to the duct which extends through the
body.
A plug 49 having opposite parallel end surfaces 50 and 51 is
disposed transversely across the interior of the body at a location
on the body spaced below the open upper end of the body. The plug
is engaged around its periphery in surface-to-surface contact with
the inner walls of the body. The sole communication between chamber
47 below the plug and the exterior of nozzle 45 is provided by a
plurality of grooves 52 which are formed in the circumference of
the plug. The grooves extend along the entire length of the plug
generally parallel to the length of the plug; that is, the grooves,
if not precisely parallel to the length of the plug, are more
nearly parallel than normal to the length of the plug. The grooves
cooperate to define water flow passage means through the plug.
FIG. 6 shows that in nozzle 45 the grooves formed in the sidewalls
of plug 49 are skew to the length of the plug, the extent of the
angle of skew being represented by .alpha. in FIG. 6. The angle of
skew of the grooves relative to the length of the plug may be as
much as about 30.degree. or so, but not more than 45.degree., above
which value the grooves are more normal to the length of the plug
rather than generally parallel to the length of the plug. It is
within the scope of this invention, however, that a nozzle having
the basic structure of nozzle 45 (hollow, open ended by body and a
peripherally grooved plug disposed within the body) may have plug
grooves aligned truly or precisely parallel to the length of the
plug, as in nozzle 55 shown in FIG. 10. Thus, the invention,
relative to nozzles having the basic structure of nozzle 45,
comprehends a value of angle .alpha. lying in the range of from
0.degree. to about 30.degree. or so.
As shown in FIG. 7, grooves 52 are of semicircular configuration
and are closed substantially across their diameters by the inner
walls of the body so that the walls of the grooves as defined by
plug 49 make a substantial angle (approximately 90.degree. in the
case of the structure shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, notwithstanding that
the grooves are skew to the length of the plug) with the inner
walls of the body. That is, the open cross-sectional configuration
of grooves 52 is slightly greater than an exact half circle and the
diameter of the grooves is substantially less than the diameter of
body 46 with the result that the walls of the grooves at the point
of intersection thereof with the inner walls of body 46 lie at
approximately 90.degree. to the inner walls of the body. Because
the value of angle .alpha. is within a range of from zero to
30.degree. or so, this nearly right angle relationship between the
inner walls of the body and the walls of grooves 52 at the
periphery of plug 59 is not significantly modified by virtue of the
deviation of the length of the grooves out of exact parallelism to
the length of the body. The existence of a substantial angle
between the plug-defined groove walls and the body-defined groove
walls prevents the generation of mist producing thin sheets of
water in the discharge pattern of the nozzle.
Grooves 52 are uniformly spaced apart from each other around the
circumference of the plug. Preferably grooves 52 are arranged so
that corresponding locations of adjacent grooves, as shown in FIG.
7, are spaced circumferentially of the plug, of one of the grooves.
As shown in FIG. 7, each groove 52 has a greater cross-sectional
area at plug end surface 51 than at plug end surface 50. In other
words, the cross-sectional areas of each of grooves 52 decrease
uniformly proceeding upwardly along the length of the plug. It is
thus seen that the grooves are tapered, the amount of the taper
being indicated in FIG. 8 by dimension T.
As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 where angle .alpha. has a finite value,
the upper ends of the grooves are displaced uniformly angularly in
the same direction about the axis of the nozzle relative to the
lower ends of the groove. Thus, the upper ends of grooves 52 define
essentially the same pattern in the upper surface of the plug as
the lower ends of the grooves define in the lower surface of the
plug. Stated in another way, if the peripheral surface of the plug
were developed i onto a planar surface, it would be found that
grooves 52 lie parallel to each other.
Still with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, the combined cross-sectional
areas of the grooves at plug end surface 50 is no greater than and
preferably is substantially less than the cross-sectional area of
chamber 47 below the plug and at the liquid inlet opening to the
nozzle. Preferably, the plug has a thickness equal to at least
about one-half the mean transverse dimension of chamber 47 at the
location of the plug across the chamber. Also, each groove 52
should have a length at least twice as long as the mean depth of
the groove. As in nozzles 10 and 35, the upper surface of the plug
peripherally of the opening of each groove to such surface is
substantially normal to the elongate extent of the plug so that the
water stream emerging from each groove separates cleanly, without
the generation of mist, fog or fine spray, from the plug. Also, the
upper end of body 46 should form a sharply defined shoulder with
the inner walls of the body so that the generation of mist or fog
in the discharge of the nozzle is avoided at this location of the
nozzle structure.
FIG. 9 shows a water discharge plume 53 provided by nozzle 45 when
the nozzle is connected to a source of water under pressure and
water is passed through the nozzle. Plume 53 has an inverted
conical configuration similar to plume 31 provided by nozzle 10.
Plume 53, however, is defined by a series of distinct and readily
identifiable jets 54 of aerated water, there being the same number
of jets as there are tapered and angled grooves in plug 49. The
ratio of cone height to cone diameter is determined principally by
the value of angle .alpha..
To produce discharge plume 53, it is preferred that plug 49 have a
length along the axis of the nozzle equal to at least one half the
diameter of chamber 47. Also, it is critical that the plug be
spaced below the open upper end of the body if good aeration is
desired in plume 53. It is desirable that grooves 52 be tapered so
as to decrease in cross-sectional area proceeding upwardly through
the plug.
It has been found that an ornamental water discharge pattern or
plume 53 may be provided with consistency over a wide range of
inlet water pressures in a nozzle fabricated of polyvinyl chloride
pie having an internal diameter of 2 5/16 inches. In this nozzle, a
plug having a thickness of 2 inches along the length of the body is
positioned three-quarter inch below the open upper end of the body.
Eight grooves, each having a radius of five-sixteenth inch at the
lower end of the plug and a radius of one-quarter inch at the upper
end of the plug, are formed in the plug. The taper T of these
grooves is one-sixteenth inch. The value of angle .alpha.for this
nozzle is 30.degree.. When 85 gallons of water per minute are
passed through the nozzle, the discharge pattern produced by the
nozzle is 14 feet high and 20 feet in diameter; the back pressure
of the nozzle at this flowrate is 10 pounds per square inch.
FIG. 10 shows a nozzle 55 which produces a column of aerated water
56. Nozzle 55 is in accord with the foregoing description of nozzle
45 except that grooves 52 are not tapered and angle .alpha. has a
value of 0.degree.. It is to be noted that the column of aerated
water produced by such a nozzle is of substantially uniform
thickness along its entire length above the nozzle to the point
where water begins to fall back toward the ground. Plume 56 has
been provided in a nozzle constructed of polyvinyl chloride pipe
having an internal diameter of 2 5/16 inches. Such a nozzle
includes a plug 2 inches thick disposed 1 5/16 inches below the
open upper end of the nozzle. Eight grooves each five-sixteenth
inch deep and having a radius of one-quarter inch are provided
along the length of the plug. When this nozzle is operated to pass
water at a rate of 227 gallons per minute, the column of aerated
water discharged from the nozzle reaches a height of 86 feet. The
water from this column falls to earth or to a fountain pool within
a circle 20 feet in diameter. The back pressure of the nozzle at
this flowrate is 46 pounds per square inch. The efficiency of this
nozzle is considered to be exceptionally high.
FIGS. 11 and 12 show a nozzle 60 producing a two-tier water
discharge plume or pattern 61. Nozzle 60 is comprised of the basic
structure of nozzle 45 (body and peripherally grooved plug) to
which a central tube 70 has been added. The foregoing description
of nozzle 45 is to be kept in mind relative to the following
description of nozzle 60.
Nozzle 60 includes an elongate tubular body 62 having an open upper
end 63 and a lower end defining a liquid inlet opening to an
elongate, circularly cylindrical duct chamber 64 defined by the
body. The duct chamber, at a location spaced along the body from
the open upper end of the body, is spanned and divided by a plug 65
which has its periphery engaged in surface-to-surface contact with
the inner walls of the body. Around the circumference of the plug
are formed a plurality of generally semicircular grooves 66. The
grooves extend between upper and lower surfaces 67 and 68 of the
plug generally parallel to the axis of the body within the meaning
of the term "generally parallel" as developed and explained in the
foregoing description of the structure shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. That
is, the lengths of grooves 66 are up to about 30 .degree. or so
skew to the length of the plug. As noted above, nozzle 60 has the
feature that it produces a two-tier discharge pattern, and thus
angle .alpha. in nozzle 60 has a finite value, rather than a value
of 0.degree., to cause the water flowing through the grooves to
flare outwardly of body 62 after passing over the sharp corner
defined by upper end 63 of the body.
The plug is axially bored at 69 to receive an elongate tube 70
which extends axially of the body from an open lower end,
communicating with the chamber below the plug, to an open upper end
disposed above the open upper end of the body. As with nozzles 45
and 55, it is preferred that plug 65 have a length axially of the
body at least about one half the mean transverse dimension of
chamber 64 at the location of the plug in the body. Also, the
grooves should have lengths at least twice as long as their mean
depths. Also, as with the structure shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the
walls of grooves 66 which are defined by plug 65 make a substantial
angle with the inner walls of the body so that the generation of
fine sheets of water, which later degenerate into mist or fog, is
avoided in nozzle 60. Further, as in nozzles 45 and 55, the upper
surface 67 of plug 65, peripherally of the opening of each groove
to the surface, is substantially normal to the length of the plug
and to the grooves, notwithstanding that the grooves preferably are
skew to the length of the plug, and makes sharp corners with the
walls of the grooves. As with the structure shown in FIGS. 6 and 7,
the grooves present in nozzle 60 may be tapered between their
opposite ends. The spacing between corresponding locations of
adjacent grooves circumferentially of the plug is at least as great
as one of the grooves, as is the case with the structure shown in
FIGS. 6, 7, 13, 15 and 18.
Preferably there are eight grooves 66 formed in the plug about its
circumference, The upper ends of the grooves are displaced
angularly in the same direction about the axis of the nozzle
relative to the lower ends of the grooves. This displacement in the
angular relation of the grooves relative to the axis of the nozzle
is represented in FIG. 6 by skew angle .alpha.. In a development of
the peripheral surface of plug 65, grooves 66 are parallel to each
other.
The total effective water flow area through plug 65 via grooves 66
and tube 70 is no greater than and preferably is substantially less
than the area of chamber 64 below the plug to and including the
area of the liquid inlet opening to the nozzle. Accordingly, the
extent to which water is aerated by nozzle 60 is determined by the
structure of the nozzle itself rather than by structure and a
varying aeration characteristic in water presented to the nozzle
and to the lower end of the plug within the nozzle.
As shown in FIG. 12, discharge pattern 61 is comprised of a central
vertical aerated column of water 71 and an inverted symmetrical
cone 72 of aerated water immediately above the nozzle. The central
column of water is provided by water emerging from the nozzle
through axial tube 70 and, as noted, the conical portion of the
water discharge pattern is provided by water emerging through the
grooves in plug 65. The nature of cone 72 is to be compared with
water discharge plume 53 of nozzle 45 in that cone 72 is of uniform
composition, whereas plume 53 is comprised of distinct and readily
identifiable separate jets of water.
Water discharge pattern 61 has been produced, over a wide range of
applied water pressures, by a nozzle having a body fabricated of
polyvinyl chloride pipe, the body having an inner diameter of 3.80
inches. A plug having an axial length of 3 .alpha. is located 61/2
inches below the open upper end of the body. Tube 70 is fabricated
of 1-inch nominal diameter thin-walled brass tubing and has its
upper end located 83/4 inches above the upper surface of the plug.
Eight grooves are formed in the circumference of the plug. Each
groove has a radius of three-eighth inch; the depth of each groove
increases from 0.300 inch at the bottom of the plug to 0.450 inch
at the top of the plug. The value of skew angle .alpha. for this
nozzle is 30 .degree. . When passing 328 gallons of water per
minute at a nozzle back pressure of 17 pounds per square inch, the
discharge pattern produced by the nozzle is 211/2 feet high and 25
feet in diameter.
An aerating nozzle 75, shown in FIG. 13, includes an elongate
hollow body 76 defining a circularly cylindrical inner chamber 77.
Like the bodies of nozzles 10, 35, 45, 55 and 60, the lower end of
body 76 is open and is internally threaded to define a liquid inlet
opening to chamber 77 and to adapt the body for connection to a
water supply riser pipe. The chamber opens to the exterior of the
nozzle across its entire diameter at an upper end 78 of the body. A
plug 79, having a length between parallel opposite end surfaces 80
and 81 at least equal to one-half the diameter of the chamber, is
disposed across the chamber between the inner walls of the body at
a location spaced below the open upper end of the body. Preferably,
the plug is spaced below the upper end of the body a distance at
least equal to one-half the maximum transverse dimension of the
chamber, i.e., a distance at least equal to one-half the diameter
of the chamber. The circumferential walls of the plug are engaged
in surface-to-surface contact with the inner walls of the body. A
plurality of grooves 82 are formed in the sidewalls of the plug and
extend between, and open to the opposite ends of the plug. The
grooves form water outlet passages from the portion of the chamber
between the plug and the liquid inlet opening to the chamber. The
passages are bounded in part by the inner walls of the body. The
length-to-depth ratios of the grooves should have a value of at
least about 2.
Grooves 82 are spaced apart from each other at regular intervals
around the circumference of the plug. In Nozzle 75, the grooves are
aligned truly, i.e., precisely, parallel to the axis of the chamber
and have equal cross-sectional areas at all points along their
lengths. Also, the grooves have semicircular cross-sectional
configurations. The total cross-sectional area provided by the
grooves is not greater than and preferably is substantially less
than the cross-sectional area of the chamber between the plug and
the open upper end of the body.
Nozzle 75 is in accord with the foregoing description of nozzles
45, 55 and 60 in that the walls of grooves 82 which are defined by
plug 79 make substantial angles with the walls of the body rather
than small acute angles within which fine sheets of water may be
generated during operation of the nozzle. The upper surface of the
plug is substantially normal to the lengths of the plug and the
grooves about the upper end of each groove and makes a sharp corner
with the groove walls as defined by the plug.
As shown in FIG. 13, the inner walls of the body between the plug
and the open upper end of the body are straight.
A bore 83 is formed axially through the plug. A hollow tube 84 is
fitted into the lower end of the bore sufficiently tightly that
water supplied under pressure to the chamber below the plug cannot
pass through the bore between the plug and the tube; this same
condition of snugness also exists between tube 70 and plug 65 in
nozzle 60. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 13, the tube has an open
upper end lying in the plane of the upper end of the plug. The tube
extends downwardly from the plug into the chamber to a T-joint
where the tube branches into oppositely extending lateral
extensions 86. The lateral extensions of the tube pass through
diametrically opposed apertures 87 in the body below the plug. The
extensions terminate in open outer ends 88 exteriorly of the body.
The apertures form a liquidtight seal with the outer surfaces of
the tube extensions.
When water is supplied under pressure to a vertically oriented
nozzle 75 through the lower end of the nozzle, the nozzle operates
to produce an aerated column or plume 89 of water as shown in FIG.
14. Column 89 is similar to water column 56 produced by nozzle 55,
but differs from column 56 in that column 89 has a converging
rising portion 90. In other words, the several jets of water which
issue from grooves 82 converge upon each other above the open upper
end of the nozzle; in nozzle 55, however, the several jets which
issue from the plug grooves of the nozzle show substantially no
convergence above the open upper end of the nozzle body. Nozzle 75,
because of the convergence or tapering of the rising column of
aerated water which issues from it, is especially useful in
fountains which must be operated in wind because the discharge
column produced by this nozzle retains its character better than
the discharge column produced by nozzle 55. Column 89, however, is
not as highly aerated, and thus not as discernible in daylight as
column 56.
Tube 84 may be extended above the surface of plug 79, if desired,
without adversely affecting the performance of the nozzle and
without departing from the scope of this invention.
An aerating nozzle like that shown in FIG. 13 has been operated
successfully over a wide range of supply water pressures to produce
the water discharge pattern shown in FIG. 14. This nozzle has a
body fabricated of polyvinyl chloride pipe having an inner diameter
of 2 5/16 inches. A polyvinyl chloride plug 2 inches thick is
mounted in the body 11/4 inches below the upper end of the body.
Eight semicircular vertical grooves each having a radius of
one-fourth inch and a uniform depth of one-fourth inch, are
provided at regular intervals around the circumference of the plug.
A length of three-fourth inch thin-walled brass tubing extends from
the top of the plug axially through the plug of lateral extensions
communicating to the exterior of the body below the plug; the tube
extensions are also fabricated of three-fourth inch thin-walled
brass tube. The nozzle has a back pressure of 30 pounds per square
inch when passing 110 gallons of water per minute. The column
defined by the discharge from the nozzle reaches a height of 321/2
feet and falls back to earth within a circle 10 feet in
diameter.
Another aerating nozzle 95 according to this invention, shown in
FIG. 15, includes an elongate hollow body 96 defining a circularly
cylindrical inner chamber 97. The body has an open, internally
threaded lower end (not shown, but see the lower end of nozzle 10)
which defines a liquid inlet opening to the chamber and which
adapts the body for connection to a water supply duct. The chamber
opens to the exterior of the nozzle across its entire aerial extent
at an open upper end 98 of the body. A plug 99, having a length
between parallel opposite end surfaces 100 and 101 at least equal
to one half the mean transverse dimension (the diameter) of the
chamber, is disposed across the chamber between the inner walls of
the body at a location spaced below the open upper end of the body.
Preferably, the plug is spaced below the upper end of the body a
distance at least equal to one-half the maximum transverse
dimension of the chamber. A plurality of substantially identical
grooves 102 are formed in the sidewalls of the plug and extend
between, and open to the opposite ends of the plug. The grooves are
spaced apart uniformly around the circumference of the plug and are
truly parallel to the axis of the nozzle. The grooves open to the
inner walls of the body and form water outlet passages through the
plug.
Preferably the grooves have equal cross-sectional areas at all
locations along their lengths. Also, it is preferred that the
grooves be at least twice as long as they are deep. The grooves of
nozzle 95 have semicircular cross-sectional configurations. As with
nozzle 75, the total cross-sectional area of the grooves is not
greater than and preferably is substantially less than the area of
the chamber below the plug to and including the nozzle inlet
opening. Nozzle 95 includes eight grooves 102 each of which has
plug-defined walls which make substantial intersecting walls with
the inner walls of the body. Also, the upper surface of the plug,
around each groove, is substantially normal to the lengths of the
grooves and makes a sharp angle, preferably a right angle, with the
groove walls.
As shown in FIG. 15, the inner walls of the body above the plug are
straight, i.e., parallel to the axis of the body.
A cavity 103 is formed in plug 99 centrally of the body. The cavity
has a closed upper end, but communicates with plug lower surface
101. The upper end of the hollow tube 104 is received in the plug
adjacent the lower surface of the plug so that the cavity and the
interior of the tube are in communication with each other. The
connection between the upper end of the tube and the plug provides
an air-and liquidtight seal around the tube. The tube has a lower
closed end 105 spaced below the plug.
A compressed air duct 106 extends from communication with tube 104
adjacent the lower end of the tube through body 96 below the plug
into connection with a compressed air conduit 107 outside the
nozzle. It is preferred that conduit 107 be provided by rigid metal
or plastic tubing rather than by a flexible hose. Duct 106 is
sealed around its exterior to the nozzle body. The compressed air
conduit is connected to the outlet of an air compressor 108 via a
valve 109 having an actuating or control lever 110. The valve is of
the quick-open, quick-close type so that sharply defined pulses of
compressed air may be applied to cavity 103 upon cyclic operation
of the valve.
Cavity 103 is connected to each groove 102 via a plurality of
compressed air passages 111. Each passage connects with its
respective groove at about or above the midlength of the groove
through the plug. Each passage extends upwardly from the cavity to
its respective groove, and preferably makes an angle of about
45.degree. with the axis of the body.
When nozzle 95 is vertically oriented above a water supply duct to
which the nozzle is connected, the nozzle produces a vertical
column of aerated water similar to column 56 produced by nozzle 55
(see FIG. 10). When no compressed air is supplied to cavity 103 via
duct 107, nozzle 95 is functionally similar nozzle 55 and produces
a plume of water similar to the plume produced by a similarly sized
nozzle 55 operated at the same water flowrate. When compressed air
is supplied to nozzle 95, however, by operation of valve 109 to
operatively connect the compressor to the nozzle, the height of the
column of water above the nozzle increases significantly. The
introduction of the compressed air into the water outlet passages
defined by grooves 102 substantially increases the exit velocity of
the water from the passages. The introduction of the air into the
water outlet passages also increases the aeration of the water
emerging from the nozzle. The height change of the water column
produced by nozzle 95 follows substantially immediately the opening
or closing of valve 109; the more rapidly the valve is opened or
closed, the more sharply defined the change in water column
height.
Nozzle 95 may be operated to produce a novel shell burst or
skyrocket water discharge pattern shown in FIG. 16. The shell burst
pattern is produced by passing water through the nozzle and
simultaneously injecting air into the nozzle water outlet passages
by opening valve 109 to establish the higher column of water
producible by the nozzle. Thereafter, when desired, the valve is
closed sharply, either manually or by some suitable mechanism (not
shown) which forms no part of the present invention, to
substantially instantaneously terminate the injection of compressed
air into the water outlet passages. The water which has emerged
from the water outlet passages has sufficient kinetic energy that
it moves, or at least tends to move, to the height of the higher
air-augmented column of water. The water passing through the
passage as and after air injection is terminated has a kinetic
energy attributable only to the nozzle geometry and the pressure of
the water in the main or duct to which the nozzle is connected.
Accordingly, the height of the water column above the nozzle is
substantially instantaneously reduced to the height of the lower
column producible by the nozzle. If the water column height is
reduced sufficiently rapidly, the rising water which lies between
the plug and the top of the air-augmented column continues to rise
and defines a quantity of water in midair over the decreased
column. This quantity of water tends to coalesce and fall back
toward the nozzle as a single body of water. The production of this
body of water is critical to the ultimate production of a sharply
defined shell burst pattern, and, thus, it is important that valve
109 be closed as quickly as possible.
Before the coalesced body of water, left in midair over the nozzle
when the air injection to the water outlet passages is terminated,
has fallen below the top of the lower column of water, valve 109 is
opened as rapidly as possible to cause the column of water emerging
from the nozzle to rise substantially instantaneously to its former
height. The top of the rapidly rising column of water forcefully
meets the falling coalesced body of water and shatters the body of
water. Water drops produced by this impact radiate in all
directions from the point of impact to produce shell burst water
discharge pattern 115. The faster the column of water rises to meet
the falling body of water, the more sharply defined is the shell
burst effect. It is therefore important that the valve 109 be
opened as rapidly as possible when air-injection is resumed.
The shellburst pattern may be reproduced at any time desired merely
by rapidly closing and reopening valve 109 after a delay lasting
less than but approaching the time required for water to fall a
distance equal to the difference between the higher and lower water
column heights.
The shellburst effect could be provided by rapidly closing and
opening a valve in the water pipe to which nozzle 95 is connected.
Such a practice, however, is extremely undesirable because of the
hammer effect produced by a rapidly started or rapidly stopped
quantity of water. Such a practice would rapidly cause the water
pipe or the valve, or both, to rupture, and would also damage the
nozzle. Air, on the other hand, is compressible and does not
produce such hammering effects. The compressibility of the air,
however, works against the generation of sharply defined pulses of
compressed air in the water outlet passages of the nozzle; for this
reason, it is preferred that duct 107 be essentially rigid between
the valve and the nozzle, and the that the valve be located as
close to the nozzle as is practicable.
Shell burst discharge patterns have been produced at will in a
nozzle in accord with the foregoing description. The nozzle body
has an inner diameter of 3.800 inches. Plug 99 in this nozzle is 2
inches thick and is disposed 1.950 inches below the upper end of
the body. The plug defines around its circumference eight vertical
semicircular grooves three-eighth inch deep and three-eighth inch
in radius. The air passages from cavity 103 to the grooves are
one-fourth inch in diameter. This nozzle has a back pressure of 12
pounds per square inch when passing water at a rate of 195 gallons
per minute. The nozzle, when valve 109 is closed, produces a column
of water 20 feet high. When valve 109 is opened to supply
compressed air at 60 pounds per square inch gage pressure to the
nozzles, the height of the column of water increases to 321/2
feet.
Shellburst patterns have also been produced at will in a nozzle
wherein the body has an inner diameter of 2 5/16 inches, the plug
is 2 inches thick and is disposed 1.950 inches below the top of the
body, the plug defines around its circumference eight vertical
grooves one-fourth inch deep and one-fourth inch in radius, and the
air passages to the grooves are three-sixteenth inch in diameter.
This nozzle shows a back pressure of 20 pounds per square inch when
water flow through the nozzle is 110 gallons per minute. The height
of the lower column of water produced by this water flowrate is
251/2 feet. When air at a pressure of 60 p.s.i.g. is supplied to
the nozzle, the height of the discharged water column increases to
481/2 feet.
As shown in FIG. 17, nozzle 95 may be disposed at a desired angle
to a plumb line and operated in a manner similar to the operation
which produces shellburst pattern 115 to produce a serpentine
discharge pattern 116.
Nozzle 120, shown in FIG. 18, is similar to nozzle 95 in all
respects except that the upper end portion of body 121 above plug
99 defines a reducing bell portion 122. At the same height above
the plug as body end 98 of nozzle 95, the inner surfaces of the
body of nozzle 120 are curved concave inwardly toward the nozzle
axis, as at 123, and then recurved convexly, as at 124, away from
the nozzle axis to an open upper end 125 of the body defining a
nozzle outlet opening 126. Immediately adjacent to the top end of
the body, the inner surfaces of the body define a circular
cylinder. Preferably, if water aeration is to be maintained, the
area of opening 126 is no less than the total cross-sectional area
of grooves 102. Nozzle 120 has the feature that the difference
between the heights of air-augmented and nonaugmented water
discharge columns produced by it is greater than in nozzle 95. For
example, in a nozzle 120 wherein the body has a nominal diameter of
21/2 inches at plug 99 and the nominal diameter of opening 126 is 2
inches, the height of the air-augmented water column is
approximately 10 times the height of the water column when no air
is applied to the nozzle.
From the foregoing it is apparent that this invention provides a
number of novel, highly useful water discharge nozzles. These
nozzles are particularly useful in ornamental fountain
arrangements, but some of these nozzles may be used in other
applications as desired. For example, nozzle 95 may be used as a
fire nozzle if desired. Each of the nozzles described above
produces a high degree of aeration in the liquid passing through it
without relying upon any moving parts or critically sized openings
to accomplish this aeration. Preferably, the nozzles are fabricated
entirely from polyvinyl chloride or some similar plastic; thus
these nozzles are highly resistant to the effects of water erosion
and have long life expectancies under adverse conditions. The
nozzles have in common the feature that the water discharge
patterns produced by the nozzles are remarkably free of mist, fog,
or fine spray.
In the foregoing description, specific geometrical arrangements and
dimensional relationships, and even specific dimensions have been
set forth merely for the purposes of example and explanation of
this invention; only in certain instances have specified features
of the nozzles been stated to be critical. Accordingly, it will be
apparent to those skilled in the art, that modifications and
alterations in the above-described nozzles may be made without
departing from the scope of this invention. As noted above, it will
also be apparent to those skilled in the pertinent art that
features of one described nozzle may be applied to another
described nozzle without departing from the teachings of the
invention, especially where a characteristic of the one nozzle is
desired in the other.
* * * * *