U.S. patent number 11,435,248 [Application Number 16/969,582] was granted by the patent office on 2022-09-06 for resistance measurement array.
This patent grant is currently assigned to ORPYX MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.. The grantee listed for this patent is ORPYX MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.. Invention is credited to Michael Todd Purdy, Travis Michael Stevens, David Allan Viberg.
United States Patent |
11,435,248 |
Viberg , et al. |
September 6, 2022 |
Resistance measurement array
Abstract
A system and method for measuring resistance over an array. The
array includes at least three electrodes. Nodes at each
intersection between input electrodes and output electrodes have
variable resistance. A driving voltage is applied to a selected
input electrode and an output current is received at a selected
output electrode. A selected node is at the intersection of the two
selected electrodes and includes an electrical component with a
resistive property. Remaining electrodes are connected with a
ground for isolating the selected node from the effects of changes
in impedance of the remaining nodes. The driving voltage is
converted to an output current by resistance at the selected node.
The output current is converted to an output voltage with a
current-to-voltage converter circuit for measuring the resistance
of the electrical component. The nodes may be measured as the
selected node in sequential or non-sequential patterns.
Inventors: |
Viberg; David Allan (Calgary,
CA), Purdy; Michael Todd (Calgary, CA),
Stevens; Travis Michael (Calgary, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ORPYX MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES INC. |
Calgary |
N/A |
CA |
|
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Assignee: |
ORPYX MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(Calgary, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
1000006545442 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/969,582 |
Filed: |
February 26, 2019 |
PCT
Filed: |
February 26, 2019 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/CA2019/050229 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
August 13, 2020 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO2019/161511 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
August 29, 2019 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20210010888 A1 |
Jan 14, 2021 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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62635301 |
Feb 26, 2018 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01L
1/20 (20130101); G01L 9/02 (20130101); G01R
27/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01L
9/02 (20060101); G01L 1/20 (20060101); G01R
27/04 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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103925934 |
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Mar 2016 |
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CN |
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106370212 |
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Feb 2017 |
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CN |
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106500736 |
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Mar 2017 |
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CN |
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106500847 |
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Mar 2017 |
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CN |
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106597110 |
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Apr 2017 |
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CN |
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106597111 |
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Apr 2017 |
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CN |
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106841812 |
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Jun 2017 |
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CN |
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Other References
International Search Report, Written Opinion of the International
Searching Authority, and Search Strategy of parent application No.
PCT/CA2019/050229. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Noori; Max H
Attorney, Agent or Firm: ABM Intellectual Property Inc.
McNeil; Adrienne Bieber
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a national stage entry of International Patent
Application No. PCT/CA2019/050229, filed Feb. 26, 2019 and entitled
"RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT ARRAY", which claims the benefit of
priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/635,301,
filed Feb. 26, 2018 and entitled "RESISTIVE PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
SENSORY ARRAY", both of which are incorporated herein by reference
in their entirety.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A method of measuring resistance comprising: providing an array
of two or more nodes, each of the nodes defined at an intersection
of an input electrode and an output electrode; selecting a selected
node at an intersection of a selected input electrode and a
selected output electrode, the selected node comprising an
electrical component having a resistive property; grounding
remaining input electrodes other than the selected input electrode;
grounding remaining output electrodes other than the selected
output electrode; applying a driving voltage to the selected input
electrode; converting the driving voltage to an output current
through a resistance of the electrical component; receiving the
output current at the selected output electrode; converting the
output current to an output voltage for measuring the resistance of
the electrical component; and calibrating the array against a pair
of calibration nodes comprising an open node and a known resistance
node to calculate the gain of the array.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the two or more nodes comprise
another open node.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein grounding the remaining input
electrodes and the remaining output electrodes comprises
establishing electrical communication between the remaining input
electrodes, the remaining output electrodes and a single shared
true ground, a single shared positive virtual input ground or a
single shared stable fixed voltage.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein converting the output current to
an output voltage comprises application of a transimpedance
amplifier, or an integration and control circuit, to the output
current.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the resistance of the electrical
component is variable and dependent on a first property of an
environment around the electrical component, and the method further
comprises determining a value of the first property at the selected
node with reference to the resistance of the electrical
component.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the resistance of the electrical
component is variable and dependent on a second property of the
environment around the selected node, and the method further
comprises determining a value of the second property at the
selected node with reference to the resistance at the selected
node.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first property and the second
property are each selected from pressure, stress, shear, strain,
biometrics, temperature, sound intensity or quality, light
intensity or quality, electromagnetic fields, humidity, moisture,
voltage, current, heart rate or other organ function, atrial
fibrillation, breathing or physical movement.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising lowering an equivalent
resistance of the selected node for linearizing the output
voltage.
9. A system for measuring resistance, the system comprising: at
least three electrodes arranged in an array, the electrodes
comprising at least one input electrode and at least one output
electrode, and the array comprising at least two nodes, each node
being defined at an intersection between an input electrode and an
output electrode; a driving voltage source in electrical
communication with the input electrode for providing a driving
voltage to a selected node defined at an intersection between a
selected input electrode and a selected output electrode, the
selected node comprising an electrical component having a resistive
property; a switching system in operative communication with the
electrodes for selecting the selected node; a current-to-voltage
converter circuit in electrical communication with the output
electrode for receiving an output current from the selected node
and converting the output current to an output voltage; a ground in
communication with the array for grounding remaining input
electrodes other than the selected input electrode, and for
grounding remaining output electrodes other than the selected
output electrode, for isolating the selected node from electrical
effects on the array other than at the selected node; and a
calibrator in electrical communication with the electrodes for
calibrating the array against a pair of calibration nodes
comprising an open node and a known resistance node.
10. The system of claim 9 wherein: the at least three electrodes
comprise at least two input electrodes; the switching system is in
operative communication with the at least two input electrodes; the
system further comprises an input multiplexor in communication with
the input electrodes for establishing electrical communication
between the selected input electrode and the driving signal source,
and between the remaining input electrodes and the ground; the at
least three electrodes comprise at least two output electrodes; the
switching system is in operative communication with the at least
two output electrodes; and the system further comprises an output
multiplexor in communication with the output electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected output
electrode and the current-to-voltage converter circuit, and between
the remaining output electrodes and the ground.
11. The system of claim 9 wherein a resistance at the selected node
is variable and dependent on a first property or a second property
of an environment around the array.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein the first property and the
second property are each selected from the properties consisting of
pressure, stress, shear, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound
intensity or quality, light intensity or quality, electromagnetic
fields, humidity, moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other
organ function, atrial fibrillation, breathing or physical
movement.
13. The system of claim 9 wherein the at least two nodes comprise
another open node.
14. The system of claim 9 wherein the driving voltage source
comprises a DC voltage source.
15. The system of claim 9 wherein the current-to-voltage converter
circuit comprises a transimpedance amplifier; or an integrator and
control circuit.
16. The system of claim 9 wherein the ground comprises a true
ground, a virtual ground or a stable fixed voltage.
17. The system of claim 9, further comprising an analog-to-digital
converter in electronic communication with the current-to-voltage
converter circuit for receiving the output voltage and converting
the output voltage to a digital signal; and a processor in
electronic communication with the analog-to-digital converter for
receiving the digital signal and processing the digital signal.
18. The system of claim 9 further comprising a linearization
circuit in electrical communication with the electrodes for
lowering the equivalent resistance of the selected node for
linearizing the output voltage.
Description
FIELD
The present disclosure relates to measurement of resistance in
resistive arrays.
BACKGROUND
Pressure measurement and other sensor arrays are commonly used in
many fields including weight detection in vehicle seats and
pressure distribution measurements in hospital beds. Devices used
in these applications range in temporal and spatial resolution.
Existing technologies may feature high frequency scanning, but
quickly become expensive with ever-increasing circuit
complexity.
Ideal designs feature both high spatial density of pressure-sensing
areas (sensors) and a high scanning frequency. High spatial
density, high scanning frequency sensor arrays may come in the form
of a grid of capacitive, resistive, or piezoelectric
pressure-sensitive areas or sensors, each of which are intersected
by two electrodes. One of the electrodes is connected to a signal
source (the input electrode), while the other is connected to an
output circuit (the output electrode). This formation is repeated
for each sensor in an array, and any one electrode may be connected
to a multitude of sensors, creating a grid of sensors that is each
found at the intersecting point of an input and an output
electrode. By applying a signal to one of the input electrodes
connected to the source, and reading the signal from one of the
output electrodes, the electrical characteristics at the individual
sensor isolated at the intersection of the two electrodes, can be
determined. Calibration of the system allows for these electrical
characteristics to be translated into corresponding pressure
readings, and continual scanning across each of the sensors can be
used to measure the pressure distribution across an entire area
over time.
Application of the signal to only one of the multiple input
electrodes and election of only one of the multiple output
electrodes for reading is multiplexing, and allows the isolation of
one single sensor within the sensor array. The circuit scans
through each of the sensors, measuring the pressure at each in a
moment before moving to the next.
Some previous technologies are directed to increasing spatial
resolution of the sensor array. In some approaches, a comparator
amplifier is implemented at an output electrode with a threshold
voltage. Only signals coming from the sensor array that are above
this predetermined threshold pass through to the control circuit
and subsequent output. Thus, low pressures (and resulting low
signals) are ignored. However, in applications where pressure
resolution is the focus, this process removes relevant data.
Another focus is on scanning frequency. Discharging resistances
along every input electrode may discharge trace capacitances in
unselected electrode lines. This method allows for an increase in
discharging speed and results in higher possible scanning
frequencies, but introduces an error in the resistance reading (and
subsequent interpretation of the applied pressure) at every sensor
point, thus reducing the resolution and precision of the pressure
measurement.
Accommodation of large pressure ranges is another area of focus in
existing technologies, and is sometimes accomplished by creating a
control circuit that monitors output readings and adjusts the
driving voltage accordingly. This approach may increase circuit
complexity and manufacturing costs.
SUMMARY
It is an object of the present disclosure to obviate or mitigate at
least one disadvantage of previous resistance measurement arrays.
Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a system including a
circuit and an accompanying method to measure resistance. The
resistance is measured over an array of nodal intersection points
between input electrodes and output electrodes. The system and
method facilitate increased resolution on measurement of resistance
over an array. The system and method may be applied to measurement
of resistance over an array for sensing pressure distribution
across a surface.
The circuit may include an array of variable-resistance areas. Each
variable-resistance area is defined by a node between an input
electrode and an output electrode. The circuit includes at least
one of the input electrodes, at least one of the output electrodes,
and at least one additional input or output electrode, providing at
least two nodes. Each of the input and output electrodes may
intersect a multitude of variable-resistance areas, defining a
multitude of nodes. The resistance of the circuit may be sensitive
to changes in applied pressure or other environmental property at
the node. A driving voltage is applied to one of the input
electrodes. The driving voltage passes through the node, changing
the current of the driving voltage. An output current is received
at one of the number of output electrodes, isolating an individual
node at the intersection of the two electrodes. The output current
is converted to an output voltage by a transimpedance amplifier, an
integrator and control circuit or other current-to-voltage
converter circuit. The output voltage is dependent on the
resistance at the isolated node and the driving voltage. In some
applications of the system and method, the resistance may be
dependent on pressure or another environmental property applied at
or to the node, facilitating measurement of applied pressure or
other environmental properties at the location of each node. In
some applications of the system and method, an onboard calibrator
may be used to calibrate the system against known resistance values
to account for gain of the system. The known resistance values may
include an open node with essentially infinite resistance and a
resistor or other electrical component having a resistive property,
with a known resistance value.
Where the circuit includes two or more input electrodes, the
driving voltage is applied to an individual input electrode through
an input multiplexor, which selects only one of the multitude of
input electrodes to which to apply the driving voltage. Where the
circuit includes two or more output electrodes, the output current
is received at one of the output electrodes by selecting the output
electrode with an output multiplexor. This way, only one node both
receives the signal and is measured, at the intersection of the
selected input electrode and the selected output electrode. All
unselected electrodes are connected directly to a ground through
single-pole double-throw switches.
Since individual input electrodes and output electrodes may be
connected to a multitude of nodes, the electrical characteristics
such as the resistance and capacitance of each variable-resistance
area in line with the selected input electrode and the selected
output electrode may affect the output current and the output
voltage converted from the output current. To mitigate the effects
that these remaining nodes have on the output current and
associated measurement error, variations in the remaining nodes are
isolated from the output voltage by connecting the remaining nodes
directly to the ground. The output current is sent to a single
transimpedance amplifier, an integrator and control circuit, or
other current-to-voltage converter for converting the output
current to the output voltage. The output voltage can then be
converted by an analog-to-digital converter to a value that can be
visualized or otherwise processed.
In a first aspect, herein provided is a system and method for
measuring resistance over an array. The array includes at least
three electrodes. Nodes at each intersection between input
electrodes and output electrodes have variable resistance. A
driving voltage is applied to a selected input electrode and an
output current is received at a selected output electrode. A
selected node is at the intersection of the two selected electrodes
and includes an electrical component with a resistive property.
Remaining electrodes are connected with a ground for isolating the
selected node from the effects of changes in impedance of the
remaining nodes. The driving voltage is converted to an output
current by resistance at the selected node. The output current is
converted to an output voltage with a current-to-voltage converter
circuit for measuring the resistance of the electrical component.
The nodes may be measured as the selected node in sequential or
non-sequential patterns.
In a further aspect, herein provided is a method of measuring
resistance comprising: providing an array of two or more nodes,
each of the nodes defined at an intersection of an input electrode
and an output electrode; selecting a selected node at an
intersection of a selected input electrode and a selected output
electrode, the selected node comprising an electrical component
having a resistive property; grounding remaining input electrodes
other than the selected input electrode; grounding remaining output
electrodes other than the selected output electrode; applying a
driving voltage to the selected input electrode; converting the
driving voltage to an output current through a resistance of the
electrical component; receiving the output current at the selected
output electrode; and converting the output current to an output
voltage for measuring the resistance of the electrical
component.
In some embodiments, the two or more nodes comprise an open node.
In some embodiments, selecting the selected node is applied
sequentially or non-sequentially to each of the two or more nodes.
In some embodiments, selecting the selected node comprises
selecting the selected input electrode. In some embodiments,
grounding the remaining input electrodes comprises establishing
electrical communication between the remaining input electrodes and
a true ground, a positive virtual input ground or a stable fixed
voltage. In some embodiments, grounding the remaining output
electrodes comprises establishing electrical communication between
the remaining output electrodes and a true ground, a positive
virtual input ground or a stable fixed voltage. In some
embodiments, grounding the remaining input electrodes and the
remaining output electrodes comprises establishing electrical
communication between the remaining input electrodes, the remaining
output electrodes and a single shared true ground, a single shared
positive virtual input ground or a single shared stable fixed
voltage. In some embodiments, converting the output current to an
output voltage comprises application of a transimpedance amplifier
to the output current. In some embodiments, converting the output
current to an output voltage comprises application of an
integration and control circuit to the output current. In some
embodiments, the resistance of the electrical component is variable
and dependent on a first property of an environment around the
electrical component, and the method further comprises determining
a value of the first property at the selected node with reference
to the resistance of the electrical component. In some embodiments,
the first property and the second property are each selected from
pressure, stress, shear, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound
intensity or quality, light intensity or quality, electromagnetic
fields, humidity, moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other
organ function, atrial fibrillation, breathing or physical
movement. In some embodiments, the method includes lowering an
equivalent resistance of the selected node for linearizing the
output voltage. In some embodiments, the method includes
calibrating the array against a pair of calibration nodes
comprising an open node and a known resistance node to calculate
the gain of the array.
In a further aspect, herein provided is a system for measuring
resistance, the system comprising: at least three electrodes
arranged in an array, the electrodes comprising at least one input
electrode and at least one output electrode, and the array
comprising at least two nodes, each node being defined at an
intersection between an input electrode and an output electrode; a
driving voltage source in electrical communication with the input
electrode for providing a driving voltage to a selected node
defined at an intersection between a selected input electrode and a
selected output electrode, the selected node comprising an
electrical component having a resistive property; a switching
system in operative communication with the electrodes for selecting
the selected node; a current-to-voltage converter circuit in
electrical communication with the output electrode for receiving an
output current from the selected node and converting the output
current to an output voltage; and a ground in communication with
the array for grounding remaining input electrodes other than the
selected input electrode, and for grounding remaining output
electrodes other than the selected output electrode, for isolating
the selected node from electrical effects on the array other than
at the selected node.
In some embodiments, the electrodes comprise at least two input
electrodes; the switching system is in operative communication with
the at least two input electrodes; and the system further comprises
an input multiplexor in communication with the input electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected input
electrode and the driving signal source, and between the remaining
input electrodes and the ground. In some embodiments, the at least
three electrodes comprise at least two output electrodes; the
switching system is in operative communication with the at least
two output electrodes; and the system further comprises an output
multiplexor in communication with the output electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected output
electrode and the current-to-voltage converter circuit, and between
the remaining output electrodes and the ground. In some
embodiments, the switching system comprises a single-pole
double-throw switch. In some embodiments, the at least two nodes
comprise at least three nodes, and the nodes are arranged
orthogonally or non-orthogonally with respect to one another. In
some embodiments, a resistance at the selected node is variable and
dependent on a first property of an environment around the array.
In some embodiments, the resistance at the selected node is
variable and dependent on a second property of the environment. In
some embodiments, the first property and the second property are
each selected from the properties consisting of pressure, stress,
shear, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound intensity or quality,
light intensity or quality, electromagnetic fields, humidity,
moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other organ function,
atrial fibrillation, breathing or physical movement. In some
embodiments, the system includes an analog-to-digital converter in
electronic communication with the current-to-voltage converter
circuit for receiving the output voltage and converting the output
voltage to a digital signal; and a processor in electronic
communication with the analog-to-digital converter and configured
for receiving the digital signal, processing the digital signal;
and communicating the property or the second property to a user of
the system. In some embodiments, the at least two nodes comprise an
open node. In some embodiments, the driving voltage source
comprises a DC voltage source. In some embodiments, the
current-to-voltage converter circuit comprises a transimpedance
amplifier. In some embodiments, the current-to-voltage converter
circuit comprises an integrator and control circuit. In some
embodiments, the ground comprises a true ground, a virtual ground
or a stable fixed voltage. In some embodiments, the system includes
an analog-to-digital converter in electronic communication with the
current-to-voltage converter circuit for receiving the output
voltage and converting the output voltage to a digital signal. In
some embodiments, the system includes a processor in electronic
communication with the analog-to-digital converter for receiving
the digital signal and processing the digital signal. In some
embodiments, the system includes a linearization circuit in
electrical communication with the electrodes for lowering the
equivalent resistance of the selected node for linearizing the
output voltage. In some embodiments, the system includes a
calibrator in electrical communication with the electrodes for
calibrating the array against a pair of calibration nodes
comprising an open node and a known resistance node.
In a further aspect, herein provided is a method of measuring
resistance comprising: providing an array of two or more nodes,
each of the nodes defined at an intersection of an input electrode
and an output electrode; selecting a selected node at an
intersection of a selected input electrode and a selected output
electrode, the selected node comprising an electrical component
having a resistive property; grounding remaining input electrodes
other than the selected input electrode; grounding remaining output
electrodes other than the selected output electrode; applying a
driving voltage to the selected input electrode; converting the
driving voltage to an output current through a resistance of the
electrical component; receiving the output current at the selected
output electrode; and converting the output current to an output
voltage with an integration and control circuit for measuring the
resistance of the electrical component.
In some embodiments, the two or more nodes comprise an open node.
In some embodiments, selecting the selected node is applied
sequentially or non-sequentially to each of the two or more nodes.
In some embodiments, selecting the selected node comprises
selecting the selected input electrode. In some embodiments,
grounding the remaining input electrodes comprises establishing
electrical communication between the remaining input electrodes and
a true ground, a positive virtual input ground or a stable fixed
voltage. In some embodiments, grounding the remaining output
electrodes comprises establishing electrical communication between
the remaining output electrodes and a true ground, a positive
virtual input ground or a stable fixed voltage. In some
embodiments, grounding the remaining input electrodes and the
remaining output electrodes comprises establishing electrical
communication between the remaining input electrodes, the remaining
output electrodes and a single shared true ground, a single shared
positive virtual input ground or a single shared stable fixed
voltage. In some embodiments, converting the output current to an
output voltage comprises application of a transimpedance amplifier
to the output current. In some embodiments, the resistance of the
electrical component is variable and dependent on a first property
of an environment around the electrical component, and the method
further comprises determining a value of the first property at the
selected node with reference to the resistance of the electrical
component. In some embodiments, the first property and the second
property are each selected from pressure, stress, shear, strain,
biometrics, temperature, sound intensity or quality, light
intensity or quality, electromagnetic fields, humidity, moisture,
voltage, current, heart rate or other organ function, atrial
fibrillation, breathing or physical movement. In some embodiments,
the method includes lowering an equivalent resistance of the
selected node for linearizing the output voltage. In some
embodiments, the method includes calibrating the array against a
pair of calibration nodes comprising an open node and a known
resistance node to calculate the gain of the array.
In a further aspect, herein provided is a system for measuring
resistance, the system comprising: at least three electrodes
arranged in an array, the electrodes comprising at least one input
electrode and at least one output electrode, and the array
comprising at least two nodes, each node being defined at an
intersection between an input electrode and an output electrode; a
driving voltage source in electrical communication with the input
electrode for providing a driving voltage to a selected node
defined at an intersection between a selected input electrode and a
selected output electrode, the selected node comprising an
electrical component having a resistive property; a switching
system in operative communication with the electrodes for selecting
the selected node; an integrator and control circuit in electrical
communication with the output electrode for receiving an output
current from the selected node and converting the output current to
an output voltage; and a ground in communication with the array for
grounding remaining input electrodes other than the selected input
electrode, and for grounding remaining output electrodes other than
the selected output electrode, for isolating the selected node from
electrical effects on the array other than at the selected
node.
In some embodiments, the electrodes comprise at least two input
electrodes; the switching system is in operative communication with
the at least two input electrodes; and the system further comprises
an input multiplexor in communication with the input electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected input
electrode and the driving signal source, and between the remaining
input electrodes and the ground. In some embodiments, the at least
three electrodes comprise at least two output electrodes; the
switching system is in operative communication with the at least
two output electrodes; and the system further comprises an output
multiplexor in communication with the output electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected output
electrode and the current-to-voltage converter circuit, and between
the remaining output electrodes and the ground. In some
embodiments, the switching system comprises a single-pole
double-throw switch. In some embodiments, the at least two nodes
comprise at least three nodes, and the nodes are arranged
orthogonally or non-orthogonally with respect to one another. In
some embodiments, a resistance at the selected node is variable and
dependent on a first property of an environment around the array.
In some embodiments, the resistance at the selected node is
variable and dependent on a second property of the environment. In
some embodiments, the first property and the second property are
each selected from the properties consisting of pressure, stress,
shear, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound intensity or quality,
light intensity or quality, electromagnetic fields, humidity,
moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other organ function,
atrial fibrillation, breathing or physical movement. In some
embodiments, the system includes an analog-to-digital converter in
electronic communication with the current-to-voltage converter
circuit for receiving the output voltage and converting the output
voltage to a digital signal; and a processor in electronic
communication with the analog-to-digital converter and configured
for receiving the digital signal, processing the digital signal;
and communicating the property or the second property to a user of
the system. In some embodiments, the at least two nodes comprise an
open node. In some embodiments, the driving voltage source
comprises a DC voltage source. In some embodiments, the
current-to-voltage converter circuit comprises a transimpedance
amplifier. In some embodiments, the ground comprises a true ground,
a virtual ground or a stable fixed voltage. In some embodiments,
the system includes an analog-to-digital converter in electronic
communication with the current-to-voltage converter circuit for
receiving the output voltage and converting the output voltage to a
digital signal. In some embodiments, the system includes a
processor in electronic communication with the analog-to-digital
converter for receiving the digital signal and processing the
digital signal. In some embodiments, the system includes a
linearization circuit in electrical communication with the
electrodes for lowering the equivalent resistance of the selected
node for linearizing the output voltage. In some embodiments, the
system includes a calibrator in electrical communication with the
electrodes for calibrating the array against a pair of calibration
nodes comprising an open node and a known resistance node.
In a further aspect, herein provided is a method of measuring
resistance comprising: providing an array of two or more nodes,
each of the nodes defined at an intersection of an input electrode
and an output electrode; calibrating the array against a pair of
calibration nodes comprising an open node and a known resistance
node to calculate the gain of the array; selecting a selected node
at an intersection of a selected input electrode and a selected
output electrode, the selected node comprising an electrical
component having a resistive property; grounding remaining input
electrodes other than the selected input electrode; grounding
remaining output electrodes other than the selected output
electrode; applying a driving voltage to the selected input
electrode; converting the driving voltage to an output current
through a resistance of the electrical component; receiving the
output current at the selected output electrode; and converting the
output current to an output voltage with a current-to-voltage
converter circuit for measuring the resistance of the electrical
component.
In some embodiments, the two or more nodes comprise an open node.
In some embodiments, selecting the selected node is applied
sequentially or non-sequentially to each of the two or more nodes.
In some embodiments, selecting the selected node comprises
selecting the selected input electrode. In some embodiments,
grounding the remaining input electrodes comprises establishing
electrical communication between the remaining input electrodes and
a true ground, a positive virtual input ground or a stable fixed
voltage. In some embodiments, grounding the remaining output
electrodes comprises establishing electrical communication between
the remaining output electrodes and a true ground, a positive
virtual input ground or a stable fixed voltage. In some
embodiments, grounding the remaining input electrodes and the
remaining output electrodes comprises establishing electrical
communication between the remaining input electrodes, the remaining
output electrodes and a single shared true ground, a single shared
positive virtual input ground or a single shared stable fixed
voltage. In some embodiments, converting the output current to an
output voltage comprises application of a transimpedance amplifier
to the output current. In some embodiments, converting the output
current to an output voltage comprises application of an
integration and control circuit to the output current. In some
embodiments, the resistance of the electrical component is variable
and dependent on a first property of an environment around the
electrical component, and the method further comprises determining
a value of the first property at the selected node with reference
to the resistance of the electrical component. In some embodiments,
the first property and the second property are each selected from
pressure, stress, shear, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound
intensity or quality, light intensity or quality, electromagnetic
fields, humidity, moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other
organ function, atrial fibrillation, breathing or physical
movement.
In a further aspect, herein provided is a system for measuring
resistance, the system comprising: at least three electrodes
arranged in an array, the electrodes comprising at least one input
electrode and at least one output electrode, and the array
comprising at least two nodes, each node being defined at an
intersection between an input electrode and an output electrode; a
calibrator in electrical communication with the electrodes for
calibrating the array against a pair of calibration nodes
comprising an open node and a known resistance node; a driving
voltage source in electrical communication with the input electrode
for providing a driving voltage to a selected node defined at an
intersection between a selected input electrode and a selected
output electrode, the selected node comprising an electrical
component having a resistive property; a switching system in
operative communication with the electrodes for selecting the
selected node; a current-to-voltage converter circuit in electrical
communication with the output electrode for receiving an output
current from the selected node and converting the output current to
an output voltage; and a ground in communication with the array for
grounding remaining input electrodes other than the selected input
electrode, and for grounding remaining output electrodes other than
the selected output electrode, for isolating the selected node from
electrical effects on the array other than at the selected
node.
In some embodiments, the electrodes comprise at least two input
electrodes; the switching system is in operative communication with
the at least two input electrodes; and the system further comprises
an input multiplexor in communication with the input electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected input
electrode and the driving signal source, and between the remaining
input electrodes and the ground. In some embodiments, the at least
three electrodes comprise at least two output electrodes; the
switching system is in operative communication with the at least
two output electrodes; and the system further comprises an output
multiplexor in communication with the output electrodes for
establishing electrical communication between the selected output
electrode and the current-to-voltage converter circuit, and between
the remaining output electrodes and the ground. In some
embodiments, the switching system comprises a single-pole
double-throw switch. In some embodiments, the at least two nodes
comprise at least three nodes, and the nodes are arranged
orthogonally or non-orthogonally with respect to one another. In
some embodiments, a resistance at the selected node is variable and
dependent on a first property of an environment around the array.
In some embodiments, the resistance at the selected node is
variable and dependent on a second property of the environment. In
some embodiments, the first property and the second property are
each selected from the properties consisting of pressure, stress,
shear, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound intensity or quality,
light intensity or quality, electromagnetic fields, humidity,
moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other organ function,
atrial fibrillation, breathing or physical movement. In some
embodiments, the system includes an analog-to-digital converter in
electronic communication with the current-to-voltage converter
circuit for receiving the output voltage and converting the output
voltage to a digital signal; and a processor in electronic
communication with the analog-to-digital converter and configured
for receiving the digital signal, processing the digital signal;
and communicating the property or the second property to a user of
the system. In some embodiments, the at least two nodes comprise an
open node. In some embodiments, the driving voltage source
comprises a DC voltage source. In some embodiments, the
current-to-voltage converter circuit comprises a transimpedance
amplifier. In some embodiments, the current-to-voltage converter
circuit comprises an integrator and control circuit. In some
embodiments, the ground comprises a true ground, a virtual ground
or a stable fixed voltage. In some embodiments, the system includes
an analog-to-digital converter in electronic communication with the
current-to-voltage converter circuit for receiving the output
voltage and converting the output voltage to a digital signal. In
some embodiments, the system includes a processor in electronic
communication with the analog-to-digital converter for receiving
the digital signal and processing the digital signal. In some
embodiments, the system includes a linearization circuit in
electrical communication with the electrodes for lowering the
equivalent resistance of the selected node for linearizing the
output voltage.
Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become
apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the
following description of specific embodiments in conjunction with
the accompanying figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way
of example only, with reference to the attached figures, in which
reference numerals sharing a common final two digits refer to
corresponding features across figures (e.g. the selected node 102a,
selected node 302a, selected node 402a, selected node 502a,
selected node 602a, etc.).
FIG. 1 is a circuit drawing of a resistance measurement array;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an equivalent circuit on a
selected node in the resistance measurement array of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a circuit drawing of a resistance measurement array;
FIG. 4 is a circuit drawing of a resistive pressure sensor
array;
FIG. 5 is a circuit drawing of a resistance measurement array;
and
FIG. 6 is a circuit drawing of a resistance measurement array.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Generally, the present disclosure provides a method and system for
measuring resistance at a selected node of a resistance measurement
array.
A system and method for measuring resistance in a resistance
measurement array. At least one input electrode and at least one
output electrode, totaling at least three electrodes, define a
resistive sensor array. Each intersection between an input
electrode and an output electrode defines a node. Each node has an
electrical component having a resistive property. A signal source
for generating a driving voltage is in electrical communication
with the input electrodes. Input switches allow selective
application of the driving voltage to a selected input electrode.
Output switches allow selective detection of an output voltage at a
selected output electrode. Together the input switches and the
output switches provide a switching system in operative
communication with the input electrodes and the output electrodes
for selecting the selected node. The output voltage is converted
from an output current, which results from passing the driving
voltage through the resistance of the selected node. A
transimpedance amplifier, integrator and control circuit or other
current-to-voltage converter circuit converts the output current to
the output voltage and amplify the output voltage downstream of the
output electrode.
Grounds or other reference voltage sources are applied to remaining
input electrodes other than the selected input electrode, and to
remaining output electrodes other than the selected output
electrode, for isolating a selected node from the effects of
changes in impedance of nodes other than the selected node. The
selected node is at the intersection of the selected input
electrode and the selected output electrode. The selected node may
be changed by changing the selected input electrode or changing
selected output electrode. The output voltage measured as a result
of the resistance at the selected node may be communicated to a
processor. The processor may calculate a pressure or other
environmental property at the selected node based on a variable
resistance, which is sensitive to the environmental property, at
the selected node.
A node may have no resistance, infinite resistance (i.e. an open
node), finite resistance, or may have an electrical component whose
reading can be converted to resistance. The electrical component
may include a sensor that converts a physical condition or other
environmental property at the node into a resistance such as
biometric sensors, stress sensors, shear sensors, strain sensors,
pressure sensors, thermistors, microphone, acoustic sensors, light
intensity sensors, magnetic sensors, humidity sensors, voltage
sensors, current sensors, heart rate sensors, breathing rate
sensors, atrial fibrillation sensors, activity sensors (step,
calorie, activity recognition, sleep quality, walking, running,
sitting, standing, slip and fall detection, fatigue detection,
ovulation, and blood pressure). Arrays may be homogeneous or
heterogeneous arrays of electrical components, and may include
sensors for a variety of properties of the environment. More than
one type of electrical component or sensor may be located at the
nodes of the same array. More than one electrical component or
sensor may be located at each node. Groupings of sensors or other
electrical components or may occur in regions of a resistive
array.
The input electrodes and the output electrodes may be arranged into
any suitable pattern to provide the measurement array. Orthogonal
relative orientations between the input and output electrodes in
rectilinear or other arrangements, or non-orthogonal relative
orientations may be used on any given application of the system.
Using an example where the input electrodes are in columns and the
output electrodes in rows, the driving voltage source may be
applied to one column of input electrodes and the unselected
columns are grounded to an input ground through use of input
switches. One row of output electrodes is correspondingly selected
and connected to a transimpedance amplifier, integrator circuit or
other current-to-voltage converting electronic circuit, and the
unselected output electrode rows are grounded using output
switches. The selected input electrode and the selected output
electrode intersect at a selected node. Output current results from
application of the driving voltage to the selected node. The output
current is converted to an output voltage by the transimpedance
amplifier, integrator circuit or other current-to-voltage
converting electronic circuit. The output voltage is passed to an
analog to digital converter or other measuring device. The
grounding of the unselected rows and columns isolates the selected
node at which resistance is being measured from the effects of the
impedance of the nodes other than the selected node.
The input switches and the output switches may include single-pole
double-throw switches, which may include low on-resistance
single-pole double-throw switches. The single-pole double-throw
switches are connected with grounds to mitigate errors regardless
of scanning speed. The switches may introduce some internal
capacitance to the system, which in high-speed scanning systems may
increase the discharge time constant of the sensors defined by each
node, and potentially reducing scanning speed. For applications
where scanning speed is not relevant, one of the single-pole
double-throw switches may be directly connected to ground,
mitigating errors that may result when resistors discharge into a
ground.
A transimpedance amplifier directly converts the output current to
output voltage.
An integrator and control circuit may also be used to convert the
output current to output voltage, and acts on integrated current,
which may decrease the noise in the circuit. Two analog switches
and additional circuitry to control the switches may be included to
support use of the integrator. An integrator circuit may include an
opamp, a reset switch and an integrating capacitor.
The output voltage is not fed into a feedback control circuit that
allows for the adjustment of the driving voltage. Rather, the same
driving voltage source is in electrical communication with each
node, which may provide efficiencies, reduce complexity and reduce
circuit cost compared with systems that include a feedback control
circuit.
The system may be applied to clothing, vests, belts, foot pressure
insoles, shoes, orthotics, socks, body suits, smart bandages, EEG
caps, foam, sleep surfaces and other furniture, blankets, car
seats, robotic surgery with haptic feedback, augmentation of
sensation, direction finding, gunshot detection and resistive touch
screens. In addition to providing design information, the system
can be used for other applications. For example, the system can be
used to monitor apnea or to detect the exit of a patient from a
bed. In the case of a resistance measurement array for measuring
pressure, the weight of a patient can be determined and indicated
on a display by summing the pressures that are measured at each
node. The pressures that are measured at each node may be converted
to colours and displayed on a display. The resistive array may be
used as part of a dynamic feedback system in which the contour of a
bed is automatically adjusted in response to movements of the
patient to accommodate various reclining positions.
The resistance measurement array may use variable resolution
scanning. With variable resolution scanning, the input multiplexor
may be powered up and taken out of reset. The voltage representing
the selected node resistance is present on the multiplexers' analog
output for analog to digital conversion. To read the next sensor, a
clock pulse is provided from a processor to a counter. The analog
value representing the resistance of the next node appears on the
output electrode and settles, then is ready for analog to digital
conversion. In applications of the system in which the nodes are
scanned in a sequence, scanning resolution may be selected by
skipping some of the nodes in a scan pattern. For example, a
protocol could include resetting the system, reading a first node,
clocking the counter three times, reading a fourth node, clocking
the counter three times, reading a seventh node and continuing.
Once resistance has been measured at the final node, then 1/4 of
the resistance measurement array will have been read, reading from
1/4 of the area resolution of the sensors.
The system may also be applied to non-sequential scanning of the
resistance measurement array. The multiplexer and clocking to a
selected node precedes the current-to-voltage conversion of the
output current and analog-to-digital conversion of the resulting
output voltage. This may be repeated to collect output voltages for
other selected nodes in a selected sequence. Alternatively, if the
input multiplexor is driven by a loadable counter instead of a
sequential counter, then a scanning pattern for the selected nodes
may be loaded into the counter and the resistance of the selected
node read based on the scanning pattern.
A calibration circuit may be used to calibrate the system. The
calibration circuit may provide a known value, such as resistance,
between the selected input electrode and the selected output
electrode. Upon start-up of the pressure measurement system, the
calibration circuit may be applied to an open node (i.e. infinite
resistance) and a known resistor, and compute the gain of the
system.
FIG. 1 is a resistance measurement system 100 in operation. The
system 100 includes a driving voltage source 110 in electrical
communication with an input circuit 120. The input circuit 120 is
also in electrical communication with an output circuit 130. A
measurement array 104 is positioned intermediate the input circuit
120 and the output circuit 130. A transimpedance amplifier 140 is
in communication with the output circuit 130 for receiving an
output current, and converting and amplifying the output current to
an output voltage. The transimpedance amplifier 140 is in
communication with a processor 180 for receiving and processing the
output voltage.
The driving voltage source 110 provides a driving voltage to the
input circuit 120, causing current to flow into the selected input
electrode 106a (described below). The input switches 124 (described
below) route error currents to the input ground 126 (described
below) away from the selected node 102a (described below).
Similarly, the output switches 134 (described below) route error
currents to the ground 136 (described below) and away from the
transimpedance amplifier 140. The driving voltage source 110 is
connected a driving voltage ground 116. Isolating the error
currents from the selected input electrode 106a facilitates
measurement of resistance at the selected node 102a. Where the
system 100 is applied to sensing or detection of a property
external to the system 100 based on changes in the resistance of
the measurement array 104 resulting from changes in the property,
the improved sensitivity of the sensor may be facilitated by
isolation of the error.
The input circuit 120 is in communication with the measurement
array 104 through a plurality of input electrodes 106. The output
circuit 130 is in communication with the measurement array 104
through a plurality of output electrodes 108. A plurality of nodes
102 are defined at intersections between the input electrodes 106
and the output electrodes 108. The plurality of nodes 102 are
distributed in the measurement array 104.
The measurement array 104 includes the nodes 102 at intersections
of the plurality of the input electrodes 106 and plurality of the
output electrodes 108. The input electrodes 106 and the output
electrodes 108 are organized into columns and orthogonal rows. The
relative orientations of the rows and columns may be
interchangeable, or the input electrodes 106 and the output
electrodes 108 applied in non-orthogonal orientations between leads
of input electrodes and leads of output electrodes in a resistance
measurement system. The columns in the measurement array 104
include the input electrodes 106, and the rows include the output
electrodes 108. The measurement array 104 may be applied for
detecting changes in a property of an environment or other system
being measured.
At each intersection of the input electrodes 106 and the output
electrodes 108 is one of the nodes 102. Each node 102 may have a
resistance that is sensitive to, and altered by, changes in a
property of the environment external to the system 100 (e.g.
pressure, stress, strain, biometrics, temperature, sound intensity
or quality, light intensity or quality, electromagnetic fields,
humidity, moisture, voltage, current, heart rate or other organ
function, atrial fibrillation, breathing, physical movement, etc.).
Variations in the property at a node 102 may result in measurable
variations in the resistance the of measurement array 104 at the
node 102 between the input electrode 106 and the output electrode
108. The magnitude of the property applied to each node 102
correlates to a measurable and predictable change in the resistance
of the measurement array 104 at the node 102.
The input circuit 120 allows isolation of one input electrode 106
to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source 110
and apply the driving voltage to the measurement array 104. The
input circuit 120 includes an input multiplexor 122 and a plurality
of input switches 124. The input switches 124 may be single-pole
double-throw switches. The input switches 124 may be connected to
an input ground 126. The input ground 126 may provide a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
Each of the input electrodes 106 is connected with an input switch
124. The input multiplexor 122 is also connected to each of the
input switches 124. Each input electrode 106 may be connected to
either the driving voltage source 110 or the input ground 126
through the input switches 124 by selection from the input
multiplexor 122.
The output circuit 130 includes an output multiplexor 132 and
output switches 134. The output switches 134 may be single-pole
double-throw output switches. The output switches 134 are connected
to an output ground 136. The output ground 136 may include a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground. The driving voltage ground 116, the input
ground 126 and the output ground 136 are electrically equivalent
regardless of the specific ground applied at each of driving
voltage ground 116, the input ground 126 and the output ground 136.
The driving voltage ground 116, the input ground 126 and the output
ground 136 may be in electrical communication.
Together, the input switches 124 and the output switches 134
provide a switching system in operative communication with the
input electrodes 106 and the output electrodes 108 for selecting
the selected node 102a (described below).
The input multiplexor 122 and the input switches 124 are controlled
by a counter 128. The counter 128 opens and closes the input
switches 124 and the output switches 134 to select different nodes
102 from which to acquire data of the property being sensed by the
system 100 or for other applications of measuring resistance. The
output multiplexor 132 is in communication with the counter 128.
The counter 128 may be configured to scan through the input
electrodes 106 and then increment the output multiplexor 132 to
scan the next output electrode 108 as the selected output electrode
108a. The scan rate of the input multiplexor 120 may be n times the
scan rate of output multiplexor 132 where n is the number of input
switches 124. The scan rate of the output multiplexor 132 may be n
times the scan rate of multiplexor 122 where n is the number of
output switches 134.
The transimpedance amplifier 140 is configured to transform the
output current into an amplified, measurable voltage. The system
100 uses the driving voltage to create a current at the selected
node 102a and the transimpedance amplifier 140 converts the current
to voltage. The transimpedance amplifier 140 may be substituted by
any operational amplifier configured as a transimpedance amplifier.
The transimpedance amplifier may be substituted with an integrator
and control circuit, as in the system 300 of FIG. 3, the system 400
of FIG. 4, the system 500 of FIG. 5 and the system 600 of FIG. 6. A
transimpedance amplifier directly converts the output current to
output voltage. An integrator also converts the output current to
output voltage, with the current being integrated. An integrator
circuit may decrease the noise in the amplified output voltage.
When applying an integrator circuit, two analog switches may be
included in the system along with additional circuitry to control
the switches. An integrator circuit may include an opamp, a reset
switch and an integrating capacitor.
The transimpedance amplifier 140 is connected to an amplifier
ground 146. The amplifier ground 146 may be a true ground, a
positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage, or any
suitable ground.
A linearization circuit 138 is located between the input circuit
120 and the output circuit 130 and in parallel with the measurement
array 104. The linearization circuit 138 is configured to increase
the output voltage into a range with resolution selected for a
particular application of the system 100. The linearization circuit
138 may include a large value resistor. The large value resistor
may be applied in the linearization circuit 138 to lower the
equivalent resistance of the selected node 102a when applying the
driving voltage to a selected node 102a with a high resistance,
linearizing the output voltage across various ranges of the
resistance of the electrical component of the selected node 102a.
The linearization circuit 138 reduces the resistance of the circuit
including the input circuit 120, the measurement array 104 and the
output circuit 130, increasing the output voltage. The linearizing
circuit facilitates measurement of larger resistance values at the
selected node 102a, and correspondingly lower output currents and
output voltages, than the circuit including the input circuit 120,
the measurement array 104 and the output circuit 130 would
otherwise be able to measure.
In operation, resistance at a selected node 102a may be measured
when the driving voltage is applied to a selected input electrode
106a, and the output current is received at a selected output
electrode 108a. The magnitude of the output current is converted to
voltage through the transimpedance amplifier 140 and the magnitude
of the output voltage will depend on the resistance at the selected
node 102a. The resistance at the selected node 102a changes with
the magnitude of the property applied at the selected node 102a.
The driving voltage is applied to the selected input electrode 106a
and not applied to remaining input electrodes 106b. The resistance
at the selected node 102a is calculated from the measured voltage
from the following equations: I.sub.measure=(V.sub.v-V.sub.d)/R (1)
V.sub.o=V.sub.v+I.sub.measure.times.R.sub.g (2)
R=((V.sub.v-V.sub.d).times.R.sub.g)/(V.sub.o-V.sub.v) (3)
In equations 1, 2 and 3, R is the resistor being measured, V.sub.v
is the voltage of virtual ground (e.g. 0.2 V), V.sub.d is the
driving voltage (e.g. 0.15V), I.sub.measure is the current flowing
through R, R.sub.g is the value of gain resistor on transimpedance
amplifier, and V.sub.o is the Voltage output from the
transimpedance amplifier while Imeasure flows through R.
When the input multiplexor 122 selects the selected input electrode
106a to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source
110, the selected input electrode 106a is connected to the driving
voltage source 110 through the selected input switch 124a and
remaining input electrodes 106b are each connected with the input
ground 126 through remaining input switches 124b. The selected
input switch 124a provides electrical communication between the
driving voltage source 110 and the selected input electrode 106a
only, and not with the remaining input electrodes 106b.
The counter 128 counts incrementally, and selects a new input
electrode 106 to be the selected input electrode 106a with the
driving voltage source 110 as the count increments. In this way,
the counter 128 and the input circuit 120 scan across the input
electrodes 106, placing the driving voltage source 110 in
electrical communication with each input electrode 106
sequentially. The counter 128 also selects an output electrode 108
to be included in an output circuit 130 as the selected output
electrode 108a.
The output multiplexor 132 selects the selected output electrode
108a from which to receive the output current. A selected output
switch 134a is associated with the selected output electrode 108a,
providing electrical communication with the transimpedance
amplifier 140. The remaining output electrodes 108b are each
connected to the output ground 136 through remaining output
switches 134b.
The selected input electrode 106a and the selected output electrode
108a define the selected node 102a at the intersection of the
selected input electrode 106a and the selected output electrode
108a. The selected node 102a receives the driving voltage from the
driving voltage source 110. The resistance of the measurement array
104 at the selected node 102a determines the output current that
results from the driving voltage. The output voltage is converted
from the output current and amplified by the transimpedance
amplifier 140 for provision to the processor 180. The remaining
output electrodes 108b are connected to the output ground 136
through the remaining output switches 134b, isolating the selected
node 102a from the effects of impedance, resistance or other
electrical changes in the remaining nodes 102b.
A calibration circuit 150 may be used to calibrate the system 100.
The calibration circuit 150 may effectively act as a known value,
such as resistance, between the selected input electrode 106a and
the selected output electrode 108a. Upon start-up of the system
100, the processor 180 or a processor on another system (not shown)
may read the calibration circuit 150 initially, and compute the
gain of the system 100.
Calibration of the system 100 may include measurement of V.sub.v
for an open node (i.e. infinite resistance) and
((V.sub.v-V.sub.d)*R.sub.g) is measured using a known resistor. Any
unknown resistance may be determined from the output voltage of the
transimpedance amplifier 140 using the values determined from
calibration.
All components of the system 100 will have tolerances that result
in small variations in the driving voltage, the ground voltage and
the gain of the transimpedance amplifier 140. One node 102 of the
measurement array 104 may be replaced by the calibration resistor
150 or the calibration resistor 150 may be in electrical
communication with the input circuit 120 and the output circuit
130. The calibration resistor is of known value and known
tolerance. One node 102 of the measurement array 104 may be an open
node that is not populated with an electrical component (i.e. the
resistance at this node 102 is infinite). To measure the value of
the ground 146, clock pulses are issued to clock the array 104 to
select the open node 102 and the amplifier ground 146 is now read
from the transimpedance amplifier 140.
To measure the gain of the circuit including the input electrode
120, the measurement array 104 and the output electrode 130, clock
pulses are issued to clock the measurement array 104 to select the
calibration resistor. With the output voltage from the
transimpedance amplifier 140, the value of the amplifier ground 146
voltage, and the known value of the calibration resistor in the
calibration circuit 150, one can calculate the gain, and in turn
calculate the gain multiplied by the difference between the driving
voltage and the amplifier ground 146.
The transimpedance amplifier 140 increases the sensitivity of the
system 100 to changes in the property at the selected node 102a.
The increased sensitivity may provide advantages in applications
where maximizing measurement resolution is a primary goal, and
where the importance of resolution outweighs the importance of high
scanning speeds. The transimpedance amplifier 140 also increases
the range of signals that can be read. An amplifier ground 146 is
one of the inputs to the transimpedance amplifier 140. The
transimpedance amplifier 140 does not present any cutoff voltage or
other signal below which signals will not be registered. The
amplified signal may then be relayed to the processor 180 including
an onboard analog-to-digital converter for further processing.
FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit representation of the system 100 in
operation on the selected node 102a. The system 100 includes the
driving voltage source 110 in electrical communication with the
selected input electrode 106a and the output current is received on
the selected output electrode 108a. The transimpedance amplifier
140 is in communication with the selected output electrode 108a for
receiving the output current, and converting and amplifying the
output current into the output voltage. The processor 180 is in
communication with the transimpedance amplifier 140 for receiving
and processing the output voltage.
The selected input electrode 106a is in communication with the
selected output electrode 108a, activating the selected node 102a.
The equivalent circuit shows the equivalent impedances that the
driving voltage 110 is subject to as it travels through the
selected node 102a between the selected input 106a and the selected
output 108a. The selected input switch 124a introduces a
capacitance 127a between the driving voltage source 110 and the
selected input ground 126a. The remaining input switches 124b
introduce a capacitance 137a that is compensated for by capacitance
inherent to the driver that generates the driving voltage 110.
Similarly, the remaining nodes 102b are connected to the selected
output ground 136b through remaining output switches 134b
(remaining nodes 102b are not shown in FIG. 2).
The driving voltage 110 is driven from the selected input electrode
106a, through the selected node 102a, which acts as a resistance
with a minimal capacitance, and to the selected output electrode
108a. The capacitance 127a in the selected node 102a may be very
small compared to capacitances introduced by the selected switch
124a. The linearization circuit 138 is in parallel with the
selected node 102a and is shown as a large-value resistor. The
output current is conveyed to the transimpedance amplifier 140 that
is grounded to the amplifier ground 146. The output current is
conveyed through the transimpedance amplifier 140 and converted to
an output voltage that may then be passed on to a processor 180 or
an analog to digital converter.
The selected node 102a can be expressed in equivalent circuit terms
as a resistance with a minimal capacitance. The capacitance 127a in
the selected node 102a will be very small compared to the
capacitances introduced by the switches 124 and 134. The remaining
nodes 102b can be expressed, in equivalent circuit terms, as
resistances which are connected to the input ground 126 and output
ground 136. The input switch 124 introduces a capacitance that is
compensated for by the capacitance inherent to the driver that
generates the driving voltage 110.
The driving voltage source 110 is connected with the selected input
electrode 106a through the selected input switch 124a. The voltage
on the selected input electrode 106a is equal to the driving
voltage. The current that flows through unselected resistors 102c
on the selected input electrode 106a in turn flows through the
unselected output switches 134b to the unselected output grounds
136b, isolating the current and mitigating any effects that
residual capacitance may have on the circuit upstream of the
transimpedance amplifier 140. The voltage of the selected output
electrode 108a is the same as virtual ground 146 and of the
unselected input grounds 126b through the unselected input switches
124b. Since both ends of the unselected resistors 102d on the
selected output electrode 108a are at the same potential, no
current flows in them. The overall result is that the arrangement
of the system 100 isolates the driving voltage and the output
current to the selected node 102a and allows conversion of the
output current to the output voltage by the transimpedance
amplifier 140.
FIG. 3 is a resistance measurement system 300 in operation. The
system 300 includes the driving voltage source 310 in electrical
communication with the input circuit 320. The input circuit 320 is
also in electrical communication with the output circuit 330. The
measurement array 304 for detecting changes in a property of a
system being measured is positioned intermediate the input circuit
320 and the output circuit 330. An integrator and control circuit
360 is in communication with the output circuit 330 for receiving
the output current from the selected output electrode 308a and
converting the output current into an output voltage. The
integrator and control circuit 360 is in communication with the
processor 380 for receiving and processing the output voltage.
The driving voltage source 310 provides the driving voltage to the
input circuit 320 for detection of the property based on changes in
the electrical properties of the measurement array 304 resulting
from changes in the property.
The input circuit 320 is in communication with the measurement
array 304 through the input electrodes 306. The output circuit 330
is in communication with the measurement array 304 through the
output electrodes 308. The nodes 302 are defined at the
intersections between the input electrodes 306 and the output
electrodes 308. The nodes 302 are distributed in the measurement
array 304.
The measurement array 304 includes the nodes 302 at intersections
of the input electrodes 306 and the output electrodes 308. The
input electrodes 306 and the output electrodes 308 are organized
into columns and orthogonal rows. The relative orientations of the
rows and columns may be interchangeable, or the input electrodes
and the output electrodes applied in non-orthogonal orientations
between leads of input electrodes and leads of output electrodes in
a resistive sensor system. The columns in the measurement array 304
include the input electrodes 306, and the rows include the output
electrodes 308.
At each intersection of the input electrodes 306 and the output
electrodes 308 is one of the nodes 302. Each node 302 has a
resistance that is sensitive to, and altered by, changes in a
property of the environment external to the system 300. Variations
in the property at a node 302 result in measurable variations in
the resistance of the measurement array 304 at the node 302 between
the input electrode 306 and the output electrode 308. The magnitude
of the property applied to each node 302 correlates to a measurable
and predictable change in the resistance of the measurement array
304 at the node 302 between the input electrode 306 and output
electrode 308.
The input circuit 320 allows isolation of one input electrode 306
to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source 310
and apply the driving voltage to the measurement array 304. The
input circuit 320 includes the input multiplexor 322 and the input
switches 324. The input switches 324 may be single-pole
double-throw switches. The input switches 324 may be connected to
an input ground 326. The input ground 326 may provide a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
Each of the input electrodes 306 is connected with an input switch
324. The input multiplexor 322 is also connected to each of the
input switches 324. Each input electrode 306 may be connected to
either the driving voltage source 310 or the input ground 326
through the input switches 324 by selection from the input
multiplexor 322.
The output circuit 330 includes the output multiplexor 332 and the
output switches 334. The output switches 334 may be single-pole
double-throw output switches. The output switches 334 are connected
to an output ground 336. The output ground 336 may include a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
The input multiplexor 322 and the input switches 324 are controlled
by the counter 328. The counter 328 opens and closes the input
switches 324 and the output switches 334 to select different nodes
302 from which to acquire data of the property being sensed by the
system 300 or for other applications of measuring resistance. The
output multiplexor 332 is in communication with the counter 328.
The counter 328 may be configured to scan through the input
electrodes 306 and then increment the output multiplexor 332 to
scan the next output electrode 308 as the selected output electrode
308a. The scan rate of the input multiplexor 320 may be n times the
scan rate of output multiplexor 332 where n is the number of input
switches 324. The scan rate of the output multiplexor 332 may be n
times the scan rate of multiplexor 322 where n is the number of
output switches 334.
The integrator and control circuit 360 is configured to transform
the output current into an amplified, measurable output voltage.
The system 300 uses a voltage-based driving voltage and the
integrator and control circuit 360 may include any suitable voltage
amplifier. The integrator and control circuit 360 is connected to
an integrator ground 366. The integrator ground 366 may be a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
The driving voltage ground 316, the input ground 326, the output
ground 336 and the integrator ground 366 are electrically
equivalent regardless of the specific ground applied at each of
driving voltage ground 316, the input ground 326, the output ground
336 and the integrator ground 366.
The linearization circuit 338 is located between the input circuit
320 and the output circuit 330 and in parallel with the measurement
array 304 for adjusting the output voltage to a range with
resolution selected for a particular application of the system 300.
The linearization circuit 338 may include the large value resistor.
The large value resistor may be applied in the linearization
circuit 338 to lower the equivalent resistance of the selected node
302a when applying the driving voltage to a selected node 302a with
a high resistance, linearizing the output voltage across various
ranges of the resistance of the electrical component of the
selected node 302a. The linearization circuit 338 reduces the
resistance of the circuit including the input circuit 320, the
measurement array 304 and the output circuit 330, increasing the
output voltage. The linearizing circuit facilitates measurement of
larger resistance values at the selected node 302a, and
correspondingly lower output voltages, than the circuit including
the input circuit 320, the measurement array 304 and the output
circuit 330 would otherwise be able to measure.
In operation, resistance at the selected node 302a may be measured
when the driving voltage is applied to the selected input electrode
306a, and the output current is received at the selected output
electrode 308a. The magnitude of the output current is converted to
voltage through the integrator and control circuit 360 and the
magnitude of the output voltage will depend on the resistance at
the selected node 302a. The resistance at the selected node 302a
changes with the magnitude of the property applied at the selected
node 302a. The driving voltage is applied to the selected input
electrode 306a and not applied to remaining input electrodes
306b.
When the input multiplexor 322 selects the selected input electrode
306a to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source
310, the selected input electrode 306a is connected to the driving
voltage source 310 and the remaining input electrodes 306b are each
connected with the input ground 326 through remaining input
switches 324b. The selected input switch 324a provides electrical
communication between the driving voltage 310 and the selected
input electrode 306a only, and not with the remaining input
electrodes 306b.
The counter 328 counts incrementally, and selects a new input
electrode 306 to be the selected input electrode 306a with the
driving voltage source 310 as the count increments. In this way,
the counter 328 and the input circuit 320 scan across the input
electrodes 306, placing the driving voltage source 310 in
electrical communication with each input electrode 306
sequentially. The counter 328 also selects an output electrode 308
to be included in an output circuit 330 as the selected output
electrode 308a.
The output multiplexor 332 selects the selected output electrode
308a from which to receive the output current. A selected output
switch 334a is associated with the selected output electrode 308a,
providing electrical communication with the integrator and control
circuit 360. The remaining output electrodes 308b are each
connected to the output ground 336 through remaining output
switches 334b.
The selected input electrode 306a and the selected output electrode
308a define the selected node 302a at the intersection of the
selected input electrode 306a and the selected output electrode
308a. The selected node 302a receives the driving voltage from the
driving voltage source 310. The resistance of the measurement array
304 at the selected node 302a is read by the integrator and control
circuit 360 and the output current is converted and amplified to
the output voltage for provision to the processor 380. The
remaining output electrodes 308b are connected to the output ground
336 through the output switches 334, isolating the selected node
302a from the effects of impedance, resistance or other electrical
changes in the remaining nodes 302b.
The calibration circuit 350 may be used to calibrate the system
300. Upon start-up of the system 300, the processor 380 or a
processor on another system (not shown) may read the calibration
circuit 350 initially, and compute the gain of the system 300.
The integrator and control circuit 360 increases the sensitivity of
the system 300 to changes in the property at the selected node
302a. The increased sensitivity may provide advantages in
applications where maximizing measurement resolution is a primary
goal, and where the importance of resolution outweighs the
importance of high scanning speeds. The integrator and control
circuit 360 also increases the range of signals that can be read.
The output current from the selected output electrode 308a is
received by the integrator and control circuit 360. The amplified
output voltage may then be relayed to the processor 380 including
an onboard analog-to-digital converter for further processing.
FIG. 4 is a resistive pressure sensor system 400 in operation. The
system 400 includes the driving voltage source 410 in electrical
communication with the input circuit 420. The input circuit 420 is
also in electrical communication with the output circuit 430. The
sensor array 404 for detecting changes in pressure being applied to
the sensor array 404 positioned intermediate the input circuit 420
and the output circuit 430. The integrator and control circuit 460
is in communication with the output circuit 430 for receiving the
output current from the selected output electrode 408a and
converting the output current into an output voltage. The
integrator and control circuit 460 is in communication with the
processor 480 for receiving and processing the output voltage.
The driving voltage source 410 provides the driving voltage to the
input circuit 420 for detection of applied pressure based on
changes in the electrical properties of the sensor array 404
resulting from changes in applied pressure on the sensor array
404.
The input circuit 420 is in communication with the sensor array 404
through the input electrodes 406. The output circuit 430 is in
communication with the sensor array 404 through the output
electrodes 408. The nodes 402 are defined at the intersections
between the input electrodes 406 and the output electrodes 408. The
nodes 402 are distributed in the sensor array 404.
The sensor array 404 includes the nodes 402 at intersections of the
input electrodes 406 with the output electrodes 408. The input
electrodes 406 and the output electrodes 408 are distributed across
the sensor array, which is on an insole for use in a shoe. Some of
the nodes are distributed orthogonally to each other while others
are distributed in a non-orthogonal pattern.
At each intersection of the input electrodes 406 and the output
electrodes 408 is one of the nodes 402. Each node 402 has a
resistance that is sensitive to, and altered by, changes in a
pressure applied to the sensor array 404. Variations in the
pressure at a node 402 result in measurable variations in the
resistance of the sensor array 404 at the nodes 402. The magnitude
of the pressure applied to each node 402 correlates to a measurable
and predictable change in the resistance of the sensor array 404 at
the node 402 between the input electrode 406 and output electrode
408.
The input circuit 420 allows isolation of one input electrode 406
to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source 410
and apply the driving voltage to the sensor array 404. The input
circuit 420 includes the input multiplexor 422 and the input
switches 424. The input switches 424 may be single-pole
double-throw switches. The input switches 424 may be connected to
an input ground 426. The input ground 426 may provide a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
Each of the input electrodes 406 is connected with an input switch
424. The input multiplexor 422 is also connected to each of the
input switches 424. Each input electrode 406 may be connected to
either the driving voltage source 410 or the input ground 426
through the input switches 424 by selection from the input
multiplexor 422.
The output circuit 430 includes the output multiplexor 432 and the
output switches 434. The output switches 434 may be single-pole
double-throw output switches. The output switches 434 are connected
to an output ground 436. The output ground 436 may include a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
The input multiplexor 422 and the input switches 424 are controlled
by the counter 428. The counter 428 opens and closes the input
switches 424 and the output switches 434 to select different nodes
402 from which to acquire data of the pressure being sensed by the
system 400. The output multiplexor 432 is in communication with the
counter 428. The counter 428 may be configured to scan through the
input electrodes 406 and then increment the output multiplexor 432
to scan the next output electrode 408 as the selected output
electrode 408a. The scan rate of the input multiplexor 420 may be n
times the scan rate of output multiplexor 432 where n is the number
of input switches 424. The scan rate of the output multiplexor 432
may be n times the scan rate of multiplexor 422 where n is the
number of output switches 434.
The integrator and control circuit 460 is configured to transform
the output current into the amplified and measurable output
voltage. The system 400 uses a voltage-based driving voltage and
the integrator and control circuit 460 may be any suitable voltage
amplifier. The integrator and control circuit 460 is connected to
the integrator ground 466. The integrator ground 466 may be a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
The driving voltage ground 416, the input ground 426, the output
ground 436 and the integrator ground 466 are electrically
equivalent regardless of the specific ground applied at each of
driving voltage ground 416, the input ground 426, the output ground
436 and the integrator ground 466.
The linearization circuit 438 is located between the input circuit
420 and the output circuit 430 and in parallel with the sensor
array 404 for adjusting the output voltage to a range with
resolution selected for a particular application of the system 400.
The linearization circuit 438 may include the large value resistor.
The large value resistor may be applied in the linearization
circuit 438 to lower the equivalent resistance of the selected node
402a when applying the driving voltage to a selected node 402a with
a high resistance, linearizing the output voltage across various
ranges of the resistance of the electrical component of the
selected node 402a. The linearization circuit 438 reduces the
resistance of the circuit including the input circuit 420, the
measurement array 404 and the output circuit 430, increasing the
output voltage. The linearizing circuit facilitates measurement of
larger resistance values at the selected node 402a, and
correspondingly lower output voltages, than the circuit including
the input circuit 420, the measurement array 404 and the output
circuit 430 would otherwise be able to measure.
In operation, resistance at the selected node 402a may be measured
when the driving voltage is applied to the selected input electrode
406a, and the output current is received at the selected output
electrode 408a. The magnitude of the output current is converted to
voltage through the integrator and control circuit 460 and the
magnitude of the output voltage will depend on the resistance at
the selected node 402. The resistance at the selected node 402a
changes with the magnitude of the pressure applied at the selected
node 402a. The driving voltage is applied to the selected input
electrode 406a and not applied to remaining input electrodes
406b.
When the input multiplexor 422 selects the selected input electrode
406a to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source
410, the selected input electrode 406a is connected to the driving
voltage source 410 and the remaining input electrodes 406b are each
connected with the input ground 426 through remaining input
switches 424b. The selected input switch 424a provides electrical
communication between the driving voltage 410 and the selected
input electrode 406a only, and not with the remaining input
electrodes 406b.
The counter 428 counts incrementally, and selects a new input
electrode 406 to be the selected input electrode 406a with the
driving voltage source 410 as the count increments. In this way,
the counter 428 and the input circuit 420 scan across the input
electrodes 406, placing the driving voltage source 410 in
electrical communication with each input electrode 406
sequentially. The counter 428 also selects an output electrode 408
to be included in an output circuit 430 as the selected output
electrode 408a.
The output multiplexor 432 selects the selected output electrode
408a from which to read the output current. A selected output
switch 434a is associated with the selected output electrode 408a,
providing electrical communication with the integrator and control
circuit 460. The remaining output electrodes 408b are each
connected to the output ground 436 through remaining output
switches 434b.
The selected input electrode 406a and the selected output electrode
408a define the selected node 402a at the intersection of the
selected input electrode 406a and the selected output electrode
408a. The selected node 402a receives the driving voltage from the
driving voltage source 410. The resistance of the sensor array 404
at the selected node 402a, and the corresponding pressure or other
environmental property exposed to the selected node 402a, is
calculated by the processor 480 based on the output voltage
converted from the output current integrator and control circuit
460. The remaining output electrodes 408b are connected to the
output ground 436 through the output switches 434, isolating the
selected node 402a from the effects of impedance, resistance or
other electrical changes in the remaining nodes 402b.
The calibration circuit 450 may be used to calibrate the system
400. Upon start-up of the system 400, the processor 480 or a
processor on another system (not shown) may read the calibration
circuit 450 initially, and compute the gain of the system 400.
The integrator and control circuit 460 increases the sensitivity of
the system 400 to changes in the pressure at the selected node
402a. The increased sensitivity may provide advantages in
applications where maximizing measurement resolution is a primary
goal, and where the importance of resolution outweighs the
importance of high scanning speeds. The integrator and control
circuit 460 also increases the range of signals that can be read.
The output current from the selected output electrode 408a is
received by the integrator and control circuit 460. The amplified
output voltage may then be relayed to the processor 480 including
an onboard analog-to-digital converter for further processing.
FIG. 5 is a resistance measurement system 500 in operation. The
system 500 includes the driving voltage source 510 in electrical
communication with the input circuit 520. The input circuit 520 is
also in electrical communication with the output circuit 530. The
measurement array 504 for detecting changes in a property a system
being measured is positioned intermediate the input circuit 520 and
the output circuit 530. The integrator and control circuit 560 is
in communication with the output circuit 530 for receiving the
output current from the selected output electrode 508a and
converting the output current into an output voltage. The
integrator and control circuit 560 is in communication with the
processor 580 for receiving the output current and processing the
output current into the output voltage.
The driving voltage source 510 provides the driving voltage to the
input circuit 520 for detection of the property based on changes in
the electrical properties of the measurement array 504 resulting
from changes in the property.
The input circuit 520 is in communication with the measurement
array 504 through the input electrode 506. The output circuit 530
is in communication with the measurement array 504 through the
output electrodes 508. The nodes 502 are defined at the
intersections between the input electrode 506 and the output
electrodes 508. The nodes 502 are distributed in the measurement
array 504.
The measurement array 504 includes the nodes 502 at intersections
of the input electrode 506 with the output electrodes 508. At each
intersection of the input electrode 506 and the output electrodes
508 is one of the nodes 502. Since there is only a single input
electrode 506, the input electrode 506 is also effectively the
selected input electrode 506a. Each node 502 has a resistance that
is sensitive to, and altered by, changes in a property of the
environment external to the system 500. Variations in the property
at a node 502 result in measurable variations in the resistance of
the measurement array 504 at the nodes 502. The magnitude of the
property applied to each node 502 correlates to a measurable and
predictable change in the resistance of the measurement array 504
at the nodes 502.
The output circuit 530 includes the output multiplexor 532 and the
output switches 534. The output switches 534 may be single-pole
double-throw output switches. The output switches 534 are connected
to an output ground 536. The output ground 536 may provide a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
The output switches 534 open and close to select different nodes
502 from which to acquire data of the property being sensed by the
system 500 or for other applications of measuring resistance.
The integrator and control circuit 560 is configured to transform
the output current into an amplified, measurable output voltage.
The system 500 uses a voltage-based driving voltage and the
integrator and control circuit 560 may include any suitable voltage
amplifier. The integrator and control circuit 560 is connected to
an integrator ground 566. The integrator ground 566 may be a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground.
The driving voltage ground 516, the output ground 536 and the
integrator ground 566 are electrically equivalent regardless of the
specific ground applied at each of driving voltage ground 516, the
output ground 536 and the integrator ground 566.
In operation, resistance at the selected node 502a may be measured
when the driving voltage from the driving voltage source 510 is
applied to the input electrode 506, and the output current is
received at the selected output electrode 508a. The magnitude of
the output current is converted to voltage through the integrator
and control circuit 560 and the magnitude of the output voltage
will depend on the resistance at the selected node 502a. The
resistance at the selected node 502a changes with the magnitude of
the property applied at the selected node 502a. The driving voltage
is applied to the input electrode 506.
The output multiplexor 532 selects the selected output electrode
508a from which to receive the output current. A selected output
switch 534a is associated with the selected output electrode 508a,
providing electrical communication with the integrator and control
circuit 560. The remaining output electrodes 508b are each
connected to the output ground 536 through remaining output
switches 534b. The output circuit 530 scans across the output
electrodes 508 to select an output electrode 508 to be included in
an output circuit 530 as the selected output electrode 508a.
The input electrode 506 and the selected output electrode 508a
define the selected node 502a at the intersection of the input
electrode 506 and the selected output electrode 508a. The selected
node 502a receives the driving voltage from the driving voltage
source 510. The resistance of the measurement array 504 at the
selected node 502a is read by the transimpedance amplifier 540 and
the output current is converted and amplified to the output voltage
for provision to the processor 580. The remaining output electrodes
508b are connected to the output ground 536 through the output
switches 534, isolating the selected node 502a from the effects of
impedance, resistance or other electrical changes in the remaining
nodes 502b.
The integrator and control circuit 560 increases the sensitivity of
the system 500 to changes in the property at the selected node
502a. The increased sensitivity may provide advantages in
applications where maximizing measurement resolution is a primary
goal, and where the importance of resolution outweighs the
importance of high scanning speeds. The integrator and control
circuit 560 also increases the range of signals that can be read.
The integrator and control circuit 560 does not present any cutoff
voltage or other signal below which signals will not be registered.
The amplified output voltage may then be relayed to the processor
580 including an onboard analog-to-digital converter for further
processing.
FIG. 6 is a resistance measurement system 600 in operation. The
system 600 includes the driving voltage source 610 in electrical
communication with the input circuit 620. The input circuit 620 is
also in electrical communication with the output circuit 630. The
measurement array 604 for detecting changes in a property a system
being measured is positioned intermediate the input circuit 620 and
the output circuit 630. The integrator and control circuit 660 is
in communication with the output circuit 630 for receiving the
output current from the output electrode 608 and converting the
output current into an output voltage. The integrator and control
circuit 660 is in communication with the processor 680 for
receiving the output current and processing the output current into
the output voltage.
The driving voltage source 610 provides the driving voltage to the
input circuit 620 for detection of the property based on changes in
the electrical properties of the measurement array 604 resulting
from changes in the property.
The input circuit 620 is in communication with the measurement
array 604 through the input electrodes 606. The output circuit 630
is in communication with the measurement array 604 through the
output electrodes 608. The nodes 602 are defined at the
intersections between the input electrodes 606 and the output
electrodes 608. The nodes 602 are distributed in the measurement
array 604.
The measurement array 604 includes the nodes 602 at intersections
of the input electrode 606 with the output electrodes 608. At each
intersection of the input electrode 606 and the output electrodes
608 is one of the nodes 602. Each node 602 has a resistance that is
sensitive to, and altered by, changes in a property of the
environment external to the system 600. Variations in the property
at a node 602 result in measurable variations in the resistance of
the measurement array 604 at the nodes 602. The magnitude of the
property applied to each node 602 correlates to a measurable and
predictable change in the resistance of the measurement array 604
at the nodes 602.
The input circuit 620 allows isolation of one input electrode 606
to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source 610
and apply the driving voltage to the measurement array 604. The
input circuit 620 includes the input multiplexor 622 and the input
switches 624. The input switches 624 may be single-pole
double-throw switches. The input switches 624 may be connected to
and input ground 626. The input ground 626 may provide a true
ground, a positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or
any suitable ground. The driving voltage ground 616 and the input
ground 636 are electrically equivalent regardless of the specific
ground applied at each of driving voltage ground 616 and the input
ground 626. The driving voltage ground 616 and the input ground 626
may be in electrical communication.
Each of the input electrodes 606 is connected with an input switch
624. The input multiplexor 622 is also connected to each of the
input switches 624. Each input electrode 606 may be connected to
either the driving voltage source 610 or the input ground 626
through the input switches 624 by selection from the input
multiplexor 622. The input switches 624 open and close to select
different nodes 602 from which to acquire data of the property
being sensed by the system 600 or for other applications of
measuring resistance.
The integrator and control circuit 660 is configured to transform
the output current into an amplified, measurable voltage. The
system 600 uses a voltage-based driving voltage and the integrator
and control circuit 660 may be any suitable voltage amplifier. The
integrator and control circuit 660 is connected to an integrator
ground 666. The integrator ground 666 may be a true ground, a
positive virtual input ground, a stable fixed voltage or any
suitable ground.
The driving voltage ground 616 the input ground 626 and the
integrator ground 666 are electrically equivalent regardless of the
specific ground applied at each of driving voltage ground 616, the
input ground 626 and the integrator ground 666.
In operation, resistance at the selected node 602a may be measured
when the driving voltage is applied to the selected input electrode
606a, and the output current is received at the selected output
electrode 608a. The magnitude of the output current is converted to
voltage through the integrator and control circuit 660 and the
magnitude of the output voltage will depend on the resistance at
the selected node 602a. The resistance at the selected node 602a
changes with the magnitude of the property applied at the selected
node 602a. The driving voltage is applied to the selected input
electrode 606a and not applied to remaining input electrodes
606b
When the input multiplexor 622 selects the selected input electrode
606a to receive the driving voltage from the driving voltage source
610, the selected input electrode 606a is connected to the driving
voltage source 610 and the remaining input electrodes 606b are each
connected with the input ground 626 through remaining input
switches 624b. The selected input switch 624a provides electrical
communication between the driving voltage 610 and the selected
input electrode 606a only, and not with the remaining input
electrodes 606b.
The input circuit 620 scan across the input electrodes 606, placing
the driving voltage source 610 in electrical communication with
each input electrode 606 sequentially.
The selected input electrode 606a and the output electrode 608
define the selected node 602a at the intersection of the input
electrode 606 and the selected output electrode 608a. Since there
is only a single output electrode 608, the output electrode 608 is
also effectively the selected output electrode 606a. The selected
node 602a receives the driving voltage from the driving voltage
source 610. The resistance of the measurement array 604 at the
selected node 602a results in the output current, which is provided
to the transimpedance amplifier 640 for conversion and
amplification to the output voltage, which is processed by the to
the processor 680.
The integrator and control circuit 660 increases the sensitivity of
the system 600 to changes in the property at the selected node
602a. The increased sensitivity may provide advantages in
applications where maximizing measurement resolution is a primary
goal, and where the importance of resolution outweighs the
importance of high scanning speeds. The integrator and control
circuit 660 also increases the range of signals that can be read.
The integrator and control circuit 660 does not present any cutoff
voltage or other signal below which signals will not be registered.
The converted and amplified output voltage may then be relayed to
the processor 680 including an onboard analog-to-digital converter
for further processing.
In the preceding description, for purposes of explanation, numerous
details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding
of the embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in
the art that these specific details are not required. In other
instances, well-known electrical structures and circuits are shown
in block diagram form in order not to obscure the understanding.
For example, specific details are not provided as to whether the
embodiments described herein are implemented as a software routine,
hardware circuit or firmware.
Embodiments of the disclosure can be represented as a computer
program product stored in a machine-readable medium (also referred
to as a computer-readable medium, a processor-readable medium, or a
computer usable medium having a computer-readable program code
embodied therein). The machine-readable medium can be any suitable
tangible, non-transitory medium, including magnetic, optical, or
electrical storage medium including a diskette, compact disk read
only memory (CD-ROM), memory device (volatile or non-volatile), or
similar storage mechanism. The machine-readable medium can contain
various sets of instructions, code sequences, configuration
information, or other data, which, when executed, cause a processor
to perform steps in a method according to an embodiment of the
disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that
other instructions and operations necessary to implement the
described implementations can also be stored on the
machine-readable medium. The instructions stored on the
machine-readable medium can be executed by a processor or other
suitable processing device, and can interface with circuitry to
perform the described tasks.
The above-described embodiments are intended to be examples only.
Alterations, modifications and variations can be effected to the
particular embodiments by those of skill in the art. The scope of
the claims should not be limited by the particular embodiments set
forth herein, but should be construed in a manner consistent with
the specification as a whole.
* * * * *