U.S. patent number 11,404,714 [Application Number 16/523,324] was granted by the patent office on 2022-08-02 for capacitor assisted bipolar battery.
This patent grant is currently assigned to GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC. The grantee listed for this patent is GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC. Invention is credited to Mengyan Hou, Haijing Liu, Qili Su, Mark W. Verbrugge, Meiyuan Wu.
United States Patent |
11,404,714 |
Hou , et al. |
August 2, 2022 |
Capacitor assisted bipolar battery
Abstract
A bipolar battery may comprise first, second, and third bipolar
electrodes that are physically and electrically isolated from one
another by intervening non-liquid electrolyte layers. Each of the
bipolar electrodes may comprise a bipolar current collector
including a first electroactive material layer connected to a first
side thereof and a second electroactive material layer connected to
a second side thereof. Each electroactive material layer may
comprise at least one of: (i) a lithium ion battery positive
electrode material, (ii) a lithium ion battery negative electrode
material, and/or (iii) a capacitor electrode material. At least one
of the electroactive material layers comprises a capacitor
electrode material.
Inventors: |
Hou; Mengyan (Shanghai,
CN), Liu; Haijing (Shanghai, CN),
Verbrugge; Mark W. (Troy, MI), Su; Qili (Shanghai,
CN), Wu; Meiyuan (Shanghai, CN) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC |
Detroit |
MI |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS
LLC (Detroit, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
1000006467818 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/523,324 |
Filed: |
July 26, 2019 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20210028481 A1 |
Jan 28, 2021 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01M
10/0418 (20130101); H01M 10/0525 (20130101); H01G
11/32 (20130101); H01G 11/46 (20130101); H01M
4/366 (20130101); H01M 10/044 (20130101); H01M
2004/029 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01M
10/04 (20060101); H01M 10/0525 (20100101); H01M
4/36 (20060101); H01G 11/32 (20130101); H01G
11/46 (20130101); H01M 4/02 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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112310469 |
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Feb 2021 |
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CN |
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112397793 |
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Feb 2021 |
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CN |
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WO2017206095 |
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Dec 2017 |
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WO |
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Other References
Zuo et al. "Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices: Recent Progress
and Future Prospects." Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600539 (Year: 2017).
cited by examiner .
Tong et al. "Numerical investigation of water cooling fora
lithium-ion bipolar battery pack." International Journal of Thermal
Sciences 94 (2015) 259-269 (Year: 2015). cited by examiner .
Zheng et al. "A hybrid electrochemical device based on a
synergistic inner combination of Li ion battery and Li ion
capacitor for energy storage." Sci. rep. 7, 41910 (Year: 2017).
cited by examiner .
Zhong et al. "Improved energy density of quasi-solid-state
supercapacitors using sandwich-type redox-active gel polymer
electrolytes." Electrochimica Acta 166 (2015) 150-156 (Year: 2015).
cited by examiner .
Liu et al. "Preparation and chemical compatibility of lithium
aluminum germanium phosphate solid electrolyte." Solid State Ionics
318 (2018) 27-34 (Year: 2018). cited by examiner .
Evanko et al. "Stackable bipolar pouch cells with
corrosion-resistant current collectors enable high-power aqueous
electrochemical energy storage." Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11,
2865 (Year: 2018). cited by examiner .
Chami et al. "Safe Li-Ion Technology for Micro and Mild Hybrid
application based on CEA Bipolar LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 technology."
World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 3, 0735-0739, 2009 (Year:
2009). cited by examiner .
Verbrugge et al., "Microstructural Analysis and Mathematical
Modeling of Electrical Double-Layer Supercapacitors," Journal of
The Electrochemical Society, vol. 152 (5) (2005) pp. D79-D87. cited
by applicant .
Verbrugge et al., "Activated-carbon electric-double-layer
capacitors: electrochemical characterization and adaptive algorithm
implementation," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 141 (2005) pp.
369-385. cited by applicant .
Verbrugge et al.,"Analytic Solutions and Experimental Data for
Cyclic Voltammetry and Constant-Power Operation of Capacitors
Consistent with HEV Applications," Journal of The Electrochemical
Society, vol. 153 (6) (2006) pp. A1237-A1245. cited by applicant
.
Li et al., U.S. Appl. No. 16/048,427 entitled "Capacitor-Assisted
Solid-State Battery," filed Jul. 30, 2018. cited by
applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Dignan; Michael L
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Harness, Dickey & Pierce,
P.L.C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A bipolar battery comprising: first, second, and third bipolar
electrodes positioned adjacent one another and being physically and
electrically isolated from one another by only intervening
non-liquid inorganic electrolyte layers, wherein the third bipolar
electrode is disposed between the first bipolar electrode and the
second bipolar electrode, each of the first and second bipolar
electrodes comprising a bipolar current collector including a first
electroactive material layer connected to a first side thereof and
a second electroactive material layer connected to a second side
thereof, wherein each of the first and second electroactive
material layers comprises at least one of: (i) a first lithium ion
battery positive electrode material, (ii) a first lithium ion
battery negative electrode material, or (iii) a first capacitor
electrode material, and wherein at least the first and second
bipolar electrodes have at least one distinct electroactive
material layer from one another, and wherein the third bipolar
electrode comprises a second bipolar current collector including a
third electroactive material layer connected to a first side
thereof and a fourth electroactive material layer connected to a
second side thereof, wherein each of the third and fourth
electroactive material layers comprises at least one of: (i) second
lithium ion battery positive electrode material, (ii) a second
lithium ion battery negative electrode material, or (iii) a second
capacitor electrode material, wherein at least one of (i) the
second lithium ion battery positive electrode material and (ii) the
second lithium ion battery negative electrode material is
configured to reversibly intercalate lithium ions, wherein at least
one of the third and fourth electroactive material layers comprises
both (iii) the second capacitor electrode material and at least one
of (i) the second lithium ion battery positive electrode material
or (ii) the second lithium ion battery negative electrode material,
and in a configuration where (iii) the second capacitor electrode
material is adjacent to and in contact with one of the non-liquid
inorganic electrolyte layers and the third electroactive material
layer or the fourth electroactive material layer has either: (i)
the second lithium ion battery positive electrode material or (ii)
the second lithium ion battery negative electrode material covering
the third side or the fourth side of the second bipolar current
collector and (iii) the second capacitor electrode material
overlies the (i) the second lithium ion battery positive electrode
material or (ii) the second lithium ion battery negative electrode
material; or the third side or the fourth side defines an upper end
and a lower end, wherein one of the upper end or the lower end
comprises (iii) the second capacitor electrode material and the
other of the upper end or lower end comprises (i) the second
lithium ion battery positive electrode material or (ii) the second
lithium ion battery negative electrode material.
2. The bipolar battery of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first
and second capacitor electrode material comprises at least one
electric double-layer capacitor material selected from the group
consisting of activated carbon, carbon xerogel, carbon aerogel,
carbon nanotube, mesoporous carbon, templated carbon,
carbide-derived carbon, graphene, porous carbon spheres, or
heteroatom-doped carbon.
3. The bipolar battery of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first
and second capacitor electrode material comprises at least one
pseudocapacitor material selected from the group consisting of a
noble metal oxide, a noble metal hydroxide, a transition metal
oxide, a transition metal hydroxide, or an electrically conductive
polymer.
4. The bipolar battery of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first
or second bipolar electrodes includes a lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer coated on the first side thereof
and a lithium ion battery negative electrode material layer coated
on the second side thereof.
5. A bipolar battery comprising: a first bipolar electrode
comprising a first bipolar current collector respectively coated on
opposite first and second sides with a lithium ion battery negative
electrode material layer and a lithium ion battery positive
electrode material layer; a second bipolar electrode spaced apart
from the first bipolar electrode, the second bipolar electrode
comprising a second bipolar current collector respectively coated
on opposite first and second sides with a lithium ion battery
negative electrode material layer and a lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer; and one or more intermediate
bipolar electrodes disposed between the first and second bipolar
electrodes, the one or more intermediate bipolar electrodes each
comprising a bipolar current collector coated on opposite first and
second sides with electroactive material layers, wherein the
bipolar electrodes are physically separated and electrically
isolated from one another by only a plurality of intervening
non-liquid electrolyte layers comprising solid ionically conductive
lithium-containing crystalline inorganic oxides and/or sulfides,
wherein each electroactive material layer of the one or more
intermediate bipolar electrodes comprises at least one of: (i) a
lithium ion battery positive electrode material, (ii) a lithium ion
battery negative electrode material, or (iii) a capacitor electrode
material, wherein the lithium ion battery positive electrode
material and the lithium ion battery negative electrode material
are configured to reversibly intercalate lithium ions, wherein a
first side of at least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes
comprises the capacitor electrode material and (ii) the lithium ion
battery negative electrode material and a second side comprises (i)
the lithium ion battery positive electrode material, wherein the
first side has a configuration where: (ii) the lithium ion battery
negative electrode material covers the bipolar current collector
and (iii) the capacitor electrode material overlies the (ii) the
lithium ion battery negative electrode material; or the first side
defines an upper end and a lower end, wherein one of the upper end
or the lower end comprises (iii) the capacitor electrode material
and the other of the upper end or lower end comprises (ii) the
lithium ion battery negative electrode material, and wherein (iii)
the capacitor electrode material on the first side is adjacent to
and in contact with one of the non-liquid electrolyte layers.
6. The bipolar battery of claim 5 wherein the second side of the at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes further comprises
a layer of a capacitor electrode material overlying a layer of (i)
the lithium ion battery positive electrode material.
7. The bipolar battery of claim 5 wherein the second side of the at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes comprises an upper
end and a lower end and further comprises (iii) the capacitor
electrode material coated on the upper end and the (i) the lithium
ion battery positive electrode material coated on the lower end
thereof.
8. The bipolar battery of claim 7 comprising a cooling medium
disposed adjacent the lower ends of the intermediate bipolar
electrodes.
9. The bipolar battery of claim 5 wherein the total number of
first, second, and intermediate bipolar electrodes=n, and wherein
the total number of non-liquid electrolyte layers=n+1.
10. The bipolar battery of claim 5 comprising a first monopolar
electrode disposed at a first end thereof and a second monopolar
electrode disposed at an opposite second end thereof, wherein the
first monopolar electrode comprises a first terminal current
collector coated with a lithium ion battery negative electrode
material layer, wherein the second monopolar electrode comprises a
second terminal current collector coated with a lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer, and wherein the first, second,
and intermediate bipolar electrodes are disposed between and
electrically isolated from the first and second monopolar
electrodes.
11. The bipolar battery of claim 10 wherein the lithium ion battery
negative electrode material layer of the first monopolar terminal
electrode is located opposed to and in electrochemically coupled
relation to the lithium ion battery positive electrode material
layer of the first bipolar electrode and the lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer of the second monopolar terminal
electrode is located opposed to and in electrochemically coupled
relation to the lithium ion battery negative electrode material
layer of the second bipolar electrode.
12. A bipolar battery comprising: a first monopolar electrode
disposed at a first end thereof, the first monopolar electrode
comprising a first terminal current collector coated with a lithium
ion battery negative electrode material layer, the first terminal
current collector being configured to be coupled to an external
conduit; a second monopolar electrode disposed at an opposite
second end thereof, the second monopolar electrode comprising a
second terminal current collector coated with a lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer, the second terminal current
collector being configured to be coupled to an external conduit;
and a first bipolar electrode comprising a first bipolar current
collector respectively coated on opposite first and second sides
with a lithium ion battery negative electrode material layer and a
lithium ion battery positive electrode material layer; a second
bipolar electrode spaced apart from the first bipolar electrode,
the second bipolar electrode comprising a second bipolar current
collector respectively coated on opposite first and second sides
with a lithium ion battery negative electrode material layer and a
lithium ion battery positive electrode material layer; and two or
more intermediate bipolar electrodes disposed between the first and
second bipolar electrodes, the two or more intermediate bipolar
electrodes each comprising a bipolar current collector coated on
opposite first and second sides with electroactive material layers
and the two or more intermediate bipolar electrodes each comprising
at least one distinct electroactive material layer from one
another, wherein the bipolar electrodes are physically separated
and electrically isolated from one another by only a plurality of
intervening non-liquid electrolyte layers comprising solid
ionically conductive lithium-containing crystalline inorganic
oxides and/or sulfides, wherein each electroactive material layer
of the two or more intermediate bipolar electrodes comprises at
least one of: (i) a lithium ion battery positive electrode
material, (ii) a lithium ion battery negative electrode material,
or (iii) a capacitor electrode material, wherein the lithium ion
battery positive electrode material and the lithium ion battery
negative electrode material are configured to reversibly
intercalate lithium ions, wherein each of the intermediate bipolar
electrodes comprises an upper end and an opposite lower end, and
wherein the electroactive material layer coated on a first side of
at least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes comprises a
capacitor material coated on the upper end thereof and a lithium
ion battery negative electrode material coated on the lower end
thereof and the electroactive material layer coated on a second
side thereof comprises a capacitor electrode material coated on the
upper end thereof and a lithium ion battery positive electrode
material coated on the lower end thereof, wherein the capacitor
material is in contact with at least one of the non-liquid
electrolyte layers, and wherein a cooling medium is disposed
adjacent to the lower ends of the intermediate bipolar electrodes.
Description
INTRODUCTION
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical
energy by means of electrochemical reduction-oxidation (redox)
reactions. For example, lithium ion batteries store and release
energy via the reversible electrochemical intercalation and
deintercalation of lithium ions. In secondary or rechargeable
batteries, these electrochemical reactions are reversible, which
allows the batteries to undergo multiple charging and discharge
cycles.
Secondary lithium batteries generally comprise one or more
electrochemical cells that include a negative electrode, a positive
electrode, an electrolyte sandwiched between the negative and
positive electrodes, and a pair of current collectors respectively
electrically coupled to the negative and positive electrodes. The
intervening electrolyte electrically insulates the electrodes from
each other while providing a medium for the conduction of lithium
ions therebetween. The current collectors are electrically
conductive and allow electrons to simultaneously travel from one
electrode to another via an external circuit. In some instances, a
porous separator infiltrated with a liquid or polymer electrolyte
may be used to physically separate the electrodes from each other
while permitting free ion flow therebetween.
In practice, multiple electrochemical cells may be stacked
side-by-side within a battery. Lithium ion batteries are oftentimes
constructed with a monopolar architecture, wherein a monopolar
current collector supports on each of its opposite faces either a
positive electrode or a negative electrode. For example, in a
monopolar battery, a positive electrode is supported on a first
side of a positive current collector a positive electrode is also
supported on an opposite second side of the same positive current
collector. Likewise, in a monopolar battery, a negative electrode
is supported on a first side of a negative current collector a
negative electrode is also supported on an opposite second side of
the same negative current collector. Stacks of electrochemical
cells are formed by positioning the positive and negative current
collectors and their associated electrodes adjacent one another in
an alternating arrangement with layers of porous separator material
disposed therebetween. The positive and negative current collectors
may be respectively connected in a serial or parallel arrangement
to a pair of positive and negative battery terminals.
Batteries exhibiting a bipolar architecture may provide certain
advantages over monopolar battery architectures, including
increased electrical potential, energy density, and power density,
more uniform current density, increased active material utilization
and reduced electrical resistance. Bipolar batteries comprise
multiple bipolar electrodes and two monopolar electrodes disposed
at opposite ends of the bipolar battery. Each bipolar electrode
comprises a bipolar current collector having a positive electrode
supported on a first side thereof and a negative electrode
supported on an opposite second side thereof. The bipolar
electrodes are stacked adjacent one another with porous separator
layers disposed therebetween such that the positive electrode of
one bipolar electrode faces toward the negative electrode of the
next adjacent bipolar electrode. A positive electrode is supported
on one of the monopolar electrodes and a negative electrode is
supported on the other monopolar electrode, with the electrode
material supported on each monopolar electrode being selected to
form an electrochemical cell with the electrode material supported
on the opposing face of the adjacent bipolar electrode. In a
bipolar battery, the bipolar current collectors electrically
connect the cells of the battery to one another in a serially
arrangement and by allowing electrons to flow between the positive
and negative electrodes supported on opposite sides thereof.
Lithium ions are transferred between the negative and positive
electrodes of each electrochemical cell through the intervening
separator layers.
Electrostatic double layer capacitors, sometimes referred to as
supercapacitors, electrostatically store and release electrical
energy by separation of charge at an interface between a surface of
a charged electrode and an electrolyte. At the interface, a layer
of charged ions forms in the surface lattice structure of the
electrode and a layer of oppositely charged solvated ions is
generated in the electrolyte, with a layer of polarized solvent
molecules physically separating the oppositely charged layers of
electrode ions and electrolyte ions. Pseudocapacitors, a subset of
supercapacitors, store charge by the formation of an electrostatic
double layer, and also by Faradaic electric charge transfer between
adsorbed electrolyte ions and the electrode material.
In comparison to lithium ion battery positive and negative
electrode materials, supercapacitors tend to exhibit relatively
high power density (W/kg) and relatively long cycle life. In other
words, the release of adsorbed lithium ions from supercapacitor
materials tends to be faster than the de-intercalation of lithium
ions from lithium ion battery positive and negative electrode
materials. On the other hand, lithium ion battery positive and
negative electrode materials tend to exhibit relatively high energy
density (Wh/kg). This is because positive and negative electrode
materials can usually intercalate a greater amount of lithium ions
than can be adsorbed on the surfaces of a like amount of
supercapacitor material. It would be desirable to produce an
electrical storage device that exhibits a combination of both high
energy density and high power density.
SUMMARY
A bipolar battery may comprise first, second, and third bipolar
electrodes positioned adjacent one another and being physically and
electrically isolated from one another by intervening non-liquid
electrolyte layers. Each of the bipolar electrodes may comprise a
bipolar current collector including a first electroactive material
layer connected to a first side thereof and a second electroactive
material layer connected to a second side thereof. Each
electroactive material layer may comprise at least one of: (i) a
lithium ion battery positive electrode material, (ii) a lithium ion
battery negative electrode material, or (iii) a capacitor electrode
material. In one form, at least one of the electroactive material
layers comprises a capacitor electrode material.
In one form, the capacitor electrode material may comprise at least
one electric double-layer capacitor material selected from the
group consisting of activated carbon, carbon xerogel, carbon
aerogel, carbon nanotube, mesoporous carbon, templated carbon,
carbide-derived carbon, graphene, porous carbon spheres, or
heteroatom-doped carbon.
In another form, the capacitor electrode material may comprise at
least one pseudocapacitor material selected from the group
consisting of a noble metal oxide, a noble metal hydroxide, a
transition metal oxide, a transition metal hydroxide, or an
electrically conductive polymer.
The non-liquid electrolyte layers each may comprise a solid, gel,
or polymeric ionically conductive lithium-containing electrolyte
material.
At least one of the first, second, or third bipolar electrodes may
include a lithium ion battery positive electrode material layer
coated on the first side thereof and a lithium ion battery negative
electrode material layer coated on the second side thereof.
A bipolar battery may comprise first and second bipolar electrodes
and one or more intermediate bipolar electrodes disposed between
the first and second bipolar electrodes. The first and second
bipolar electrodes each may comprise bipolar current collectors
respectively coated on opposite first and second sides with a
lithium ion battery negative electrode material layer and a lithium
ion battery positive electrode material layer. The one or more
intermediate bipolar electrodes each may comprise a bipolar current
collector coated on opposite first and second sides with
electroactive material layers. The bipolar electrodes may be
physically separated and electrically isolated from one another by
a plurality of intervening non-liquid electrolyte layers. Each
electroactive material layer of the one or more intermediate
bipolar electrodes may comprises at least one of: (i) a lithium ion
battery positive electrode material, (ii) a lithium ion battery
negative electrode material, or (iii) a capacitor electrode
material. In one form, at least one of the electroactive material
layers of the one or more intermediate bipolar electrodes comprises
a capacitor electrode material.
The electroactive material layer coated on the first side of at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a
capacitor material and the electroactive material layer coated on
the opposite second side thereof may comprise a lithium ion battery
positive electrode material.
The electroactive material layer coated on the first side of at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a
lithium ion battery negative electrode material and the
electroactive material layer coated on the opposite second side
thereof may comprise a capacitor electrode material.
The electroactive material layers coated on the first and second
sides of at least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes each
may comprise a capacitor electrode material.
The electroactive material layer coated on the first side of at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a
lithium ion battery negative electrode material and the
electroactive material layer coated on the opposite second side
thereof may comprise a layer of a capacitor electrode material
overlying a layer of lithium ion battery positive electrode
material.
The electroactive material layer coated on the first side of at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a
layer of a capacitor electrode material overlying a layer of a
lithium ion battery negative electrode material and the
electroactive material layer coated on the opposite second side
thereof may comprise a lithium ion battery positive electrode
material.
The electroactive material layer coated on the first side of at
least one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a
layer of a capacitor electrode material overlying a layer of
lithium ion battery negative electrode material and the
electroactive material layer coated on the opposite second side
thereof may comprise a layer of a capacitor electrode material
overlying a layer of a lithium ion battery positive electrode
material.
Each of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise an upper
end and an opposite lower end. In such case, the electroactive
material layer coated on the first side of at least one of the
intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a lithium ion battery
negative electrode material and the electroactive material layer
coated on the opposite second side thereof may comprise a capacitor
electrode material coated on the upper end thereof and a lithium
ion battery positive electrode material coated on the lower end
thereof. In one form, the electroactive material layer coated on
the first side of at least one of the intermediate bipolar
electrodes may comprise a capacitor electrode material coated on
the upper end thereof and a lithium ion battery negative electrode
material coated on the lower end thereof and the electroactive
material layer coated on the opposite second side thereof may
comprise a lithium ion battery positive electrode material. The
electroactive material layer coated on the first side of at least
one of the intermediate bipolar electrodes may comprise a capacitor
electrode material coated on the upper end thereof and a lithium
ion battery negative electrode material coated on the lower end
thereof and the electroactive material layer coated on the opposite
second side thereof may comprise a capacitor electrode material
coated on the upper end thereof and a lithium ion battery positive
electrode material coated on the lower end thereof.
In one form, the bipolar battery may comprise a cooling medium
disposed adjacent the lower ends of the intermediate bipolar
electrodes.
The total number of first, second, and intermediate bipolar
electrodes in the bipolar battery may be a whole number, n. In such
case, the total number of non-liquid electrolyte layers in the
bipolar battery may comprise n+1.
A first monopolar electrode may be disposed at a first end of the
bipolar battery and a second monopolar electrode may be disposed at
an opposite second end of the bipolar battery. In such case, the
first monopolar electrode may comprise a first terminal current
collector coated with a lithium ion battery negative electrode
material layer. The second monopolar electrode may comprise a
second terminal current collector coated with a lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer. The first, second, and
intermediate bipolar electrodes may be disposed between and
electrically isolated from the first and second monopolar
electrodes.
The lithium ion battery negative electrode material layer of the
first monopolar terminal electrode may be located opposed to and in
electrochemically coupled relation to the lithium ion battery
positive electrode material layer of the first bipolar
electrode.
The lithium ion battery positive electrode material layer of the
second monopolar terminal electrode may be located opposed to and
in electrochemically coupled relation to the lithium ion battery
negative electrode material layer of the second bipolar
electrode.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a bipolar battery
comprising multiple bipolar electrodes disposed between a pair of
monopolar electrodes, wherein each of the bipolar electrodes
comprises a bipolar current collector including layers of
electroactive material supported on opposite sides thereof, with
one of the electroactive material layers including a capacitor
electrode material;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of one of the bipolar electrodes of FIG.
1 including a bipolar current collector having a layer of capacitor
electrode material supported on a first side thereof and a layer of
positive electrode material supported on an opposite second side
thereof;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another bipolar
electrode including a bipolar current collector having a layer of
negative electrode material supported on a first side thereof and a
layer of capacitor electrode material supported on an opposite
second side thereof;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of yet another bipolar
electrode including a bipolar current collector having a layer of
capacitor electrode material supported on a first side thereof and
a layer of capacitor electrode material supported on an opposite
second side thereof;
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another bipolar
battery comprising multiple bipolar electrodes disposed between a
pair of monopolar electrodes and including the bipolar electrode of
FIG. 2 and the bipolar electrode of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a bipolar electrode
including a bipolar current collector having a layer of negative
electrode material supported on a first side thereof and a layer of
capacitor electrode material overlying a layer of positive
electrode material on an opposite second side thereof;
FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a bipolar electrode
including a bipolar current collector having a layer of capacitor
electrode material overlying a layer of negative electrode material
on a first side thereof and a layer of positive electrode material
supported on an opposite second side thereof;
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a bipolar electrode
including a bipolar current collector having a layer of capacitor
electrode material overlying a layer of negative electrode material
on a first side thereof and a layer of capacitor electrode material
overlying a layer of positive electrode material on an opposite
second side thereof;
FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of yet another bipolar
battery comprising multiple bipolar electrodes disposed between a
pair of monopolar electrodes and including the bipolar electrode of
FIG. 7 and the bipolar electrode of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a bipolar electrode
having an upper end and an opposite lower end and including a
bipolar current collector having a layer of negative electrode
material supported on a first side thereof and, on a second side
thereof, a layer of capacitor material supported on the upper end
thereof and a layer of positive electrode material supported on the
lower end thereof;
FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another bipolar
electrode having an upper end and an opposite lower end and
including a bipolar current collector having, on a first side
thereof, a layer of capacitor material supported on the upper end
thereof and a layer of negative electrode material supported on the
lower end thereof, and, on a second side thereof, a layer of
positive electrode material;
FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of yet another bipolar
electrode having an upper end and an opposite lower end and
including a bipolar current collector having, on a first side
thereof, a layer of capacitor material supported on the upper end
thereof and a layer of negative electrode material supported on the
lower end thereof, and, on a second side thereof, a layer of
capacitor material supported on the upper end thereof and a layer
of positive electrode material supported on the lower end 864
thereof; and
FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another bipolar
battery comprising multiple bipolar electrodes disposed between a
pair of monopolar electrodes and including the bipolar electrode of
FIG. 11 and the bipolar electrode of FIG. 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present disclosure is directed to a bipolar battery that
includes as energy storage materials a combination of lithium ion
battery electrode materials and capacitor electrode materials. The
placement of the lithium ion battery electrode materials and the
capacitor electrode materials in the bipolar battery may be
tailored to produce an energy storage device that exhibits a
desired combination of energy density (Wh/kg) and power density
(W/kg).
FIG. 1 illustrates in idealized fashion a lithium ion bipolar
battery 10 having a first end 12, an opposite second end 14, and
multiple serially-arranged electrochemical cells 16 disposed in
face-to-face relationship between the first and second ends 12, 14
thereof. The electrochemical cells 16 of the battery 10 are defined
by a first monopolar electrode 18 disposed at the first end 12 of
the battery 10, a second monopolar electrode 20 disposed at the
second end 14 of the battery 10, one or more intermediate bipolar
electrodes 22 disposed between the first and second monopolar
electrodes 18, 20, and two or more intervening non-liquid
electrolyte layers 24 disposed between adjacent electrodes 18, 20,
22. The non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 physically separate and
electrically isolate the electrodes 18, 20, 22 from one another
while permitting free ion flow therebetween. In one form, each of
the non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 may have a thickness in the
range of one micrometer to 200 micrometers. For example, each of
the non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 may have a thickness in the
range of 20 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
The number of non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 in the battery 10
depends on the number of bipolar electrodes 22. In particular, if
the total number of bipolar electrodes 22 in the battery 10 is n,
then the total number of non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 in the
battery 10 will be n+1. The bipolar battery 10 of FIG. 1 includes a
first bipolar electrode 26 adjacent the first monopolar electrode
18, a second bipolar electrode 28 adjacent the second monopolar
electrode 20, and one intermediate bipolar electrode 30 disposed
between the first and second bipolar electrodes 26, 28 for a total
of three bipolar electrodes 26, 28, 30. As such, the bipolar
battery 10 also includes a total of four non-liquid electrolyte
layers 24.
The non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 each may comprise particles of
a solid, gel, or polymeric ionically conductive lithium-containing
electrolyte material. For example, each of the non-liquid
electrolyte layers 24 may comprise one or more solid ionically
conductive lithium-containing metal oxides and/or sulfides, which
may comprise crystalline inorganic oxides and/or sulfides (e.g.,
LISICON-type, thio-LISICON-type, garnet-type, perovskite-type,
and/or NASICON-type lithium ion conductive electrolytes) and/or
glass-based inorganic oxides and/or sulfides (including glassy and
glass-ceramic lithium ion conductive electrolytes). Examples of
solid ionically conductive lithium-containing metal oxides include:
garnet-type lithium lanthanum zirconium oxides, e.g.,
Li.sub.7La.sub.3Zr.sub.2O.sub.12 and/or
Li.sub.5+xLa.sub.3M.sub.2-xZr.sub.xO.sub.12, where M is Nb and/or
Ta, and x is 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.2 (e.g.,
Li.sub.5La.sub.3Nb.sub.2O.sub.12 and/or
Li.sub.5La.sub.3Ta.sub.2O.sub.12), Li superionic conductors
(LISICON-type), e.g., Li.sub.14Zn(GeO.sub.4).sub.4 and/or
Li.sub.3+x(P.sub.1-xSi.sub.x)O.sub.4, Na superionic conductors
(NASICON-type), e.g.,
Li.sub.14+xAl.sub.xGe.sub.2-x(PO.sub.4).sub.3,
Li.sub.1+xTi.sub.2-xAl.sub.x(PO.sub.4).sub.3, and/or
LiTi.sub.0.5Zr.sub.1.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3, perovskite-type lithium
lanthanum titanates, e.g., Li.sub.3.3La.sub.0.56TiO.sub.3,
Li.sub.3xLa.sub.2/3-xTiO.sub.3, Li.sub.0.5M.sub.0.5TiO.sub.3,
wherein M is Sm, Nd, Pr, and/or La, antiperovskite-type lithium
oxides, e.g., Li.sub.3OCl and/or Li.sub.3OBr. Examples of solid
ionically conductive lithium-containing metal sulfides include:
lithium argyrodite-type (e.g., Li.sub.7P.sub.2S.sub.8I and/or
Li.sub.6PS.sub.5X, wherein X is Cl, Br, and/or I),
thio-LISICON-type (e.g., Li.sub.10GeP.sub.2S.sub.12,
Li.sub.10.35Ge.sub.1.35P.sub.1.65S.sub.12,
Li.sub.3.25Ge.sub.0.25P.sub.0.75S.sub.4,
Li.sub.10SnP.sub.2S.sub.12, Li.sub.10SiP.sub.2S.sub.12,
Li.sub.9.54Si.sub.1.74P.sub.1.44S.sub.11.7Cl.sub.0.3), and/or glass
or glass-ceramic type (70Li.sub.2S.30P.sub.2S.sub.5,
70Li.sub.2S.29P.sub.2S.sub.5.P.sub.2S.sub.3,
70Li.sub.2S.29P.sub.2S.sub.5.Li.sub.3PO.sub.4,
75Li.sub.2S.24P.sub.2S.sub.5.P.sub.2O.sub.5,
Li.sub.3.25P.sub.0.95S.sub.4, Li.sub.9.6P.sub.3S.sub.12,
Li.sub.7P.sub.3S.sub.11, 70Li.sub.2S.30P.sub.2S.sub.5,
80Li.sub.2S.20P.sub.2S.sub.5, and/or 75Li.sub.2S.25P.sub.2S.sub.5).
As another example, each of the non-liquid electrolyte layers 24
may comprise one or more solid or gel polymer electrolyte material.
Such solid or gel polymer electrolyte materials may be
polyether-based (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide) and/or poly(ethylene
glycol)), polyester-based (e.g., polyethylene carbonate,
poly(trimethylene carbonate), and/or poly(propylene carbonate)),
nitrile-based (e.g., succinonitrile and/or poly(acrylonitrile)),
and/or polysiloxane-based.
The non-liquid electrolyte material particles may have a mean
particle diameter in the range of one nanometer to 1,000 nanometers
(one micrometer). For example, the electrolyte material particles
may have a mean particle diameter of greater than or equal to 1 nm
and less than or equal to 750 nm, 500 nm, 250 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50
nm, or 25 nm.
The first monopolar electrode 18 comprises a first terminal current
collector 32 coated with an electrochemically active material layer
34, and the second monopolar electrode 20 comprises a second
terminal current collector 36 coated with an electrochemically
active material layer 38. In FIG. 1, the electrochemically active
material layer 34 coated on the first terminal current collector 32
comprises a lithium ion battery positive electrode material and the
electrochemically active material layer 38 coated on the second
terminal current collector 36 comprises a lithium ion battery
negative electrode material. For brevity, lithium ion battery
positive electrode material and lithium ion battery negative
electrode material respectively may be referred to as a positive
electrode material or cathode material and a negative electrode
material or anode material.
The first bipolar electrode 26 comprises a first bipolar current
collector 40 respectively coated on opposite first and second sides
with first and second electrochemically active material layers 42,
44, and the second bipolar electrode 28 comprises a second bipolar
current collector 46 respectively coated on opposite first and
second sides with first and second electrochemically active
material layers 48, 50. In FIG. 1, the electrochemically active
material layer 42 on the first side of the first bipolar current
collector 40 comprises a negative electrode material and the
electrochemically active material layer 44 on the second side of
the first bipolar current collector 40 comprises a positive
electrode material. At the same time, the electrochemically active
material layer 48 on the first side of the second bipolar current
collector 46 comprises a negative electrode material and the
electrochemically active material layer 50 on the second side of
the second bipolar current collector 46 comprises a positive
electrode material.
In FIG. 1, the layer 34 of positive electrode material coated on
the first terminal current collector 32 opposes the layer 42 of
negative electrode material coated on the first side of the first
bipolar current collector 40 with one of the non-liquid electrolyte
layers 24 sandwiched therebetween to allow for lithium ion
transport between the layers 34, 42. The layers 34, 24, 42 together
define an electrochemical cell 16 of the bipolar battery 10. At the
same time, the layer 38 of negative electrode material coated on
the second terminal current collector 36 opposes the layer 50 of
positive electrode material coated on the second side of the second
bipolar current collector 46 with one of the non-liquid electrolyte
layers 24 sandwiched therebetween to allow for lithium ion
transport between the layers 38, 50. The layers 38, 24, 50 together
define another electrochemical cell 16 of the bipolar battery
10.
The one or more intermediate bipolar electrodes 30 disposed between
the first and second bipolar electrodes 26, 28 each comprise a
bipolar current collector 52 respectively coated on opposite first
and second sides with first and second electroactive material
layers 54, 56. The first and second electroactive material layers
54, 56 each comprise at least one of: (i) a positive electrode
material, (ii) a negative electrode material, or (iii) a capacitor
electrode material. In FIG. 1, the first electroactive material
layer 54 on the first side of the bipolar current collector 52
comprises a capacitor electrode material and the second
electroactive material layer 56 on the second side of the bipolar
current collector 52 comprises a positive electrode material.
In FIG. 1, the layer 44 of positive electrode material coated on
the second side of the first bipolar current collector 40 opposes
the layer 54 of capacitor electrode material coated on the first
side of the bipolar current collector 52 with one of the non-liquid
electrolyte layers 24 sandwiched therebetween to allow for lithium
ion transport between the layers 44, 54. The layers 44, 24, 54
together define an electrochemical cell 16 of the bipolar battery
10. At the same time, the layer 56 of positive electrode material
coated on the second side of the bipolar current collector 52
opposes the layer 48 of negative electrode material coated on the
first side of the second bipolar current collector 46 with one of
the non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 sandwiched therebetween to
allow for lithium ion transport between the layers 56, 48. The
layers 56, 24, 48 together define another electrochemical cell 16
of the bipolar battery 10.
The electrochemically active material layers 34, 42, 44, 48, 50
each comprise particles of a lithium ion battery positive electrode
material or particles of a lithium ion battery negative electrode
material. Chemical energy can be stored in the bulk crystalline
and/or amorphous structure of the positive and negative electrode
material particles of the bipolar battery 10. The first and second
electroactive material layers 54, 56 each comprise particles of (i)
a lithium ion battery positive electrode material, (ii) a lithium
ion battery negative electrode material, and/or (iii) a capacitor
electrode material. Chemical and/or electrical energy can be stored
on the surface of positively or negatively charged capacitor
electrode material particles in the bipolar battery 10.
In one form, each of the electrochemically active material layers
34, 42, 44, 48, 50 may have a thickness in the range of 10
micrometers to 1000 micrometers. In addition, each of the
electroactive material layers 54, 56 may have a thickness in the
range of 10 micrometers to 1000 micrometers. In some embodiments,
the thickness of any layer 54, 56 that comprises capacitor
electrode material particles may be greater than the thickness of a
layer 34, 42, 44, 48, 50 that does not comprise capacitor electrode
material particles. The thickness of each of the layers 34, 42, 44,
48, 50, 54, 56 may be selected so that each of the layers 34, 42,
44, 48, 50, 54, 56 exhibits the same overall capacitance (F).
The lithium ion battery positive electrode material particles may
comprise any material that can store (insertion) and release
(extraction) lithium ions via reversible electrochemical
intercalation reactions. As such, the positive electrode material
may be generally described as an intercalation host material. The
reversible electrochemical intercalation reactions that occur
during the insertion and extraction of lithium ions the bulk of
from the positive electrode material may comprise electrochemical
oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. During discharge, the
positive electrode material may accept electrons (and lithium ions)
as a result of an electrochemical reduction reaction and, during
charging, may release electrons (and lithium ions) as a result of
an electrochemical oxidation reaction. The positive electrode
material may comprise a lithium-based intercalation host material
having a higher electrochemical intercalation potential than the
intercalation host material of the negative electrode material. For
example, the intercalation host material of the positive electrode
material may comprise a layered oxide represented by the formula
LiMeO.sub.2, an olivine-type oxide represented by the formula
LiMePO.sub.4, a spinel-type oxide represented by the formula
LiMe.sub.2O.sub.4, or a silicate represented by the formula
LiMeSiO.sub.4, where Me is a transition metal. Some examples of
transition metals for the metal (Me) of the intercalation host
material of the positive electrode material include Co, Ni, Mn, Fe,
P, Al, V, and combinations thereof. In some specific embodiments,
the lithium-based intercalation host material may comprise a
layered lithium transition metal oxide, such as lithium cobalt
oxide (LiCoO.sub.2) and/or lithium-nickel-magnesium-cobalt oxide
[Li(Ni.sub.XMn.sub.YCo.sub.Z)O.sub.2], a spinel lithium transition
metal oxide, such as spinel lithium manganese oxide
(LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO.sub.4), lithium
fluorophosphate (Li.sub.2FePO.sub.4F), lithium nickel oxide
(LiNiO.sub.2), lithium aluminum manganese oxide
(Li.sub.XAl.sub.YMn.sub.1-YO.sub.2), and/or lithium vanadium oxide
(LiV.sub.2O.sub.5), or a lithium transition metal silicate, such as
LiFeSiO.sub.4 and/or LiMnSiO.sub.4.
The lithium ion battery negative electrode material particles may
comprise any material that can store (insertion) and release
(extraction) lithium ions via reversible electrochemical
intercalation reactions. The reversible electrochemical
intercalation and deintercalation reactions that occur during the
insertion and extraction of lithium ions from the bulk of the
negative electrode material may comprise electrochemical
oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. During discharge, the
negative electrode material may release electrons (and lithium
ions) as a result of an electrochemical oxidation reaction and,
during charging, may accept electrons (and lithium ions) as a
result of an electrochemical reduction reaction. The lithium ion
battery negative electrode material may have a lower
electrochemical intercalation potential than the positive electrode
material such that an electrochemical potential difference exists
between the electrochemically and/or electroactive material layers
of each electrochemical cell 16 in the bipolar battery 10. Some
examples of intercalation host materials for the negative electrode
material include graphite, silicon, silicon-based materials (e.g.,
silicon oxide and/or lithium-silicon alloys), tin, tin-based
materials (e.g., tin oxide), titanium-based materials (e.g.,
titanium oxide and/or lithium titanate), and niobium-based
materials (e.g., niobium oxide).
The positive and/or negative electrode material particles may have
a mean particle diameter in the range of one nanometer (nm) to 30
micrometers (.mu.m). For example, the positive and/or negative
electrode material particles may have a mean particle diameter of
greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 25 .mu.m,
15 .mu.m, 5 .mu.m, or 1 .mu.m. The specific surface area of the
positive and/or negative electrode material particles may be in the
range of 0.1 m.sup.2/g to 300 m.sup.2/g.
The electroactive capacitor electrode material particles may
comprise a carbon-based electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)
material, sometimes referred to as a supercapacitor material, or a
pseudocapacitor material. EDLC materials store electrical energy by
the reversable physical adsorption and desorption of ions on the
surface of positively or negatively charged particles of capacitor
electrode material, a phenomenon known as static double layer
capacitance. Positively charged capacitor electrode particles store
and release negatively charged ions (anions) and negatively charged
capacitor electrode particles store and release positively charged
ions (cations). Pseudocapacitor materials store charge by the
physical adsorption and desorption of ions on the surface capacitor
electrode material particles and also by electric charge transfer
between adsorbed ions and the capacitor electrode material
particles, a phenomenon known as pseudocapacitance. In comparison
to lithium ion battery positive and negative electrode materials in
which lithium ion intercalation reactions and thus lithium ion
storage can occur throughout the entire volume of the materials,
the amount of charge (e.g., the amount of lithium ions) that can be
stored by a capacitor electrode material is limited by the surface
area of the capacitor electrode material particles. Therefore, the
specific/volumetric energy density (amount of stored charge) of a
lithium ion battery positive or negative electrode material is
usually greater than that of a like amount of capacitor electrode
material. However, because the physical adsorption and desorption
of ions on the capacitor electrode material particles can occur
much faster than the lithium ion intercalation reactions in the
positive and negative electrode materials, capacitor electrode
materials usually exhibit relatively high power density and thus
can deliver a greater amount of charge in a short period of time
than lithium ion battery positive and negative electrode
materials.
Examples of EDLC materials include activated carbon, carbon
xerogel, carbon aerogel, carbon nanotube, mesoporous carbon,
templated carbon, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, porous carbon
spheres, and/or heteroatom-doped carbon. Examples of
pseudocapacitor materials include noble metal oxides, noble metal
hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides,
and/or electrically conductive polymers. Examples of noble metal
oxides and hydroxides include oxides and/or hydroxides of ruthenium
(Ru), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),
osmium (Os), gold (Au), and/or rhenium (Re). Examples of transition
metal oxides and hydroxides include oxides and/or hydroxides of
manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), copper (Cu),
and/or iron (Fe). Specific examples of metal oxides and/or
hydroxides include ruthenium oxide (RuO.sub.2), manganese oxide
(MnO.sub.2), nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CO.sub.3O.sub.4),
cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH).sub.2), and nickel hydroxide
(Ni(OH).sub.2). Examples of electrically conductive polymers
include polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrole, polythiophene,
poly(3-methyl thiophene), polyaniline, poly(paraphenylene),
polyacene, and/or polyacetylene.
The capacitor electrode material particles may have a mean particle
diameter in the range of one nanometer to 20 micrometers. For
example, the capacitor electrode material particles may have a mean
particle diameter of greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or
equal to 15 .mu.m, 5 .mu.m, or 1 .mu.m. In one form, the specific
surface area of the capacitor electrode material particles may be
in the range of 50 m.sup.2/g to 2500 m.sup.2/g.
In the layers 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54, 56, the positive, negative,
and capacitor electrode material particles may be mixed or
intermingled particles of the non-liquid electrolyte material. In
such case, the electrode material particles may comprise greater
than 30 wt. % of the layers 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54, 56 and the
electrolyte material particles may comprise less than 60 wt. % of
the layers 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54, 56.
In one form, the positive, negative, and/or capacitor electrode
material particles also may be mixed or intermingled with a
polymeric binder to provide the layers 34, 42, 44, 48, 50, 54, 56
with structural integrity and/or to adhere the layers 34, 42, 44,
48, 50, 54, 56 to the current collectors 32, 36, 40, 46, 52. Some
examples of polymeric binders include polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVdF), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR), carboxymethoxy cellulose (CMC), polyacrylic
acid, and mixtures thereof. In addition, the layers 34, 42, 44, 48,
50, 54, 56 optionally may comprise particles of an electrically
conductive material, which may comprise very fine particles of, for
example, high-surface area carbon black and/or acetylene black
The current collectors 32, 36, 40, 46, 52 may comprise any metallic
material capable of collecting and reversibly passing free
electrons to and from their respective electrode layers 34, 42, 44,
48, 50, 54, 56. For example, the current collectors 32, 36, 40, 46,
52 may comprise thin and flexible metallic foils. In one form, the
current collectors 32, 36, 40, 46, 52 may comprise copper or a
copper alloy. In another form, the current collectors 32, 36, 40,
46, 52 may comprise aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Other types of
metal foils or metallic materials, such as titanium, stainless
steel and Cu/Al cladded foils, may be used. In one form, each of
the current collectors 32, 36, 40, 46, 52 may have a thickness in
the range of 3 micrometers to 25 micrometers.
In FIG. 1, the first and second terminal current collectors 32, 36
are electrically coupled to a load 72 via an external circuit 74.
In practice, the electrodes 18, 20, 22 of the bipolar battery 10
and their intervening non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 may be
assembled in the form of a stack or a would roll.
FIGS. 2-4, 6-8, and 10-12 depict various embodiments of
intermediate bipolar electrodes that may be incorporated into
lithium ion bipolar batteries to produce energy storage devices
that exhibit different, useful combinations of energy density
(Wh/kg) and power density (W/kg). As shown in FIG. 2, in one form,
an intermediate bipolar electrode 30 disposed between a pair of
first and second bipolar electrodes 26, 28 may comprise a bipolar
current collector 52 having a layer 54 of capacitor material
disposed on a first side thereof and a layer 56 of positive
electrode material disposed on a second side thereof. In another
form, as shown in FIG. 3, an intermediate bipolar electrode 130 of
a lithium ion bipolar battery 10 may comprise a bipolar current
collector 152 having a layer 154 of negative electrode material
disposed on a first side thereof and a layer 156 of capacitor
material disposed on a second side thereof. In yet another form, as
shown in FIG. 4, an intermediate bipolar electrode 230 of a lithium
ion bipolar battery 10 may comprise a bipolar current collector 252
having a layer 254 of capacitor material disposed on a first side
thereof and a layer 256 of capacitor material disposed on a second
side thereof.
Referring now to FIG. 6, in one form, an intermediate bipolar
electrode 330 of a lithium ion bipolar battery 10 may comprise a
bipolar current collector 352 having a layer 354 of negative
electrode material disposed on a first side thereof and a layer 356
of capacitor material overlying a layer 358 of positive electrode
material on a second side thereof. In another form, as shown in
FIG. 7, an intermediate bipolar electrode 430 of a lithium ion
bipolar battery 10 may comprise a bipolar current collector 452
having a layer 454 of capacitor material overlying a layer 460 of
negative electrode material on a first side thereof and a layer 456
of positive electrode material disposed on a second side thereof.
In yet another form, as shown in FIG. 8, an intermediate bipolar
electrode 530 of a lithium ion bipolar battery 10 may comprise a
bipolar current collector 552 having a layer 554 of capacitor
material overlying a layer 560 of negative electrode material on a
first side thereof and a layer 556 of capacitor material overlying
a layer 558 of positive electrode material on a second side
thereof.
Referring now to FIGS. 10, 11, and 12, each of the intermediate
bipolar electrodes 630, 730, 830 comprises an upper end 662, 762,
862 and an opposite lower end 664, 764, 864. In such case, as shown
in FIG. 10, in one form, an intermediate bipolar electrode 630 of a
lithium ion bipolar battery 10 may comprise a bipolar current
collector 652 having a layer 654 of negative electrode material
disposed on a first side thereof and, on a second side thereof, a
layer 656 of capacitor material may be coated on the upper end 762
thereof and a layer 666 of positive electrode material may be
coated on the lower end 664 thereof. In another form, as shown in
FIG. 11, an intermediate bipolar electrode 730 of a lithium ion
bipolar battery 10 may comprise a bipolar current collector 752
having, on a first side thereof, a layer 754 of capacitor material
coated on the upper end 762 thereof and a layer of negative
electrode material 768 on the lower end 764 thereof, and, on a
second side thereof, a layer 756 of positive electrode material. In
yet another form, as shown in FIG. 12, an intermediate bipolar
electrode 830 of a lithium ion bipolar battery 10 may comprise a
bipolar current collector 852 having, on a first side thereof, a
layer 854 of capacitor material coated on the upper end 862 thereof
and a layer of negative electrode material 868 coated on the lower
end 864 thereof, and, on a second side thereof, a layer 856 of
capacitor material may be coated on the upper end 862 thereof and a
layer 866 of positive electrode material may be coated on the lower
end 864 thereof.
One or more of the intermediate bipolar electrodes 30, 130, 230,
330, 430, 530, 630, 730, 830 may be incorporated into a lithium ion
bipolar battery 10 to produce an energy storage device that
exhibits a desired combination of energy density (Wh/kg) and power
density (W/kg).
Referring now to FIG. 5, in another form, a lithium ion bipolar
battery 110 may comprise a first end 112, an opposite second end
114, and multiple serially-arranged electrochemical cells 116
disposed in face-to-face relationship between the first and second
ends 112, 114 thereof. The bipolar battery 110 depicted in FIG. 5
is similar in many respects to the bipolar battery 10 shown and
described above with respect to FIG. 1 and like numerals between
the embodiments generally designate like or corresponding elements
throughout the several views of the drawing figures. Description of
common subject matter between the embodiments and like or
corresponding elements thereof generally may not be repeated
here.
The electrochemical cells 116 of the battery 110 are defined by a
first monopolar electrode 118 disposed at the first end 112 of the
battery 110, a second monopolar electrode 120 disposed at the
second end 114 of the battery 110, a first bipolar electrode 126
adjacent the first monopolar electrode 118, a second bipolar
electrode 128 adjacent the second monopolar electrode 120, two
intermediate bipolar electrodes 230, 30 disposed between the first
and second bipolar electrodes 126, 128, and five intervening
non-liquid electrolyte layers 124 disposed between the adjacent
electrodes 118, 120, 122, 126, 128, 230, 30. The first and second
monopolar electrodes 118, 120, the first and second bipolar
electrodes 126, 128, and the non-liquid electrolyte layers 124 may
have the same structure and chemical composition as the first and
second monopolar electrodes 18, 20, the first and second bipolar
electrodes 26, 28, and the non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 shown
in FIG. 1. The intermediate bipolar electrodes 30, 230 shown in
FIG. 5 may have the same structure and chemical composition as the
bipolar electrodes 30, 230 respectively shown in FIGS. 2 and 4.
Referring now to FIG. 9, in another form, a lithium ion bipolar
battery 910 may comprise a first end 912, an opposite second end
914, and multiple serially-arranged electrochemical cells 916
disposed in face-to-face relationship between the first and second
ends 912, 914 thereof. The bipolar battery 910 depicted in FIG. 9
is similar in many respects to the bipolar battery 10 shown and
described above with respect to FIG. 1 and like numerals between
the embodiments generally designate like or corresponding elements
throughout the several views of the drawing figures. Description of
common subject matter between the embodiments and like or
corresponding elements thereof generally may not be repeated
here.
The electrochemical cells 916 of the battery 910 are defined by a
first monopolar electrode 918 disposed at the first end 912 of the
battery 910, a second monopolar electrode 920 disposed at the
second end 914 of the battery 910, a first bipolar electrode 926
adjacent the first monopolar electrode 918, a second bipolar
electrode 928 adjacent the second monopolar electrode 920, two
intermediate bipolar electrodes 530, 430 disposed between the first
and second bipolar electrodes 926, 928, and five intervening
non-liquid electrolyte layers 924 disposed between the adjacent
electrodes 918, 920, 922, 926, 928, 530, 430. The first and second
monopolar electrodes 918, 920, the first and second bipolar
electrodes 926, 928, and the non-liquid electrolyte layers 924 may
have the same structure and chemical composition as the first and
second monopolar electrodes 18, 20, the first and second bipolar
electrodes 26, 28, and the non-liquid electrolyte layers 24 shown
in FIG. 1. The intermediate bipolar electrodes 430, 530 shown in
FIG. 9 may have the same structure and chemical composition as the
bipolar electrodes 430, 530 respectively shown in FIGS. 7 and
8.
Referring now to FIG. 13, in another form, a lithium ion bipolar
battery 1010 may comprise a first end 1012, an opposite second end
1014, and multiple serially-arranged electrochemical cells 1016
disposed in face-to-face relationship between the first and second
ends 1012, 1014 thereof. The bipolar battery 1010 depicted in FIG.
13 is similar in many respects to the bipolar battery 10 shown and
described above with respect to FIG. 1 and like numerals between
the embodiments generally designate like or corresponding elements
throughout the several views of the drawing figures. Description of
common subject matter between the embodiments and like or
corresponding elements thereof generally may not be repeated
here.
The electrochemical cells 1016 of the battery 1010 are defined by a
first monopolar electrode 1018 disposed at the first end 1012 of
the battery 1010, a second monopolar electrode 1020 disposed at the
second end 1014 of the battery 1010, a first bipolar electrode 1026
adjacent the first monopolar electrode 1018, a second bipolar
electrode 1028 adjacent the second monopolar electrode 1020, two
intermediate bipolar electrodes 830, 730 disposed between the first
and second bipolar electrodes 1026, 1028, and five intervening
non-liquid electrolyte layers 1024 disposed between the adjacent
electrodes 1018, 1020, 1022, 1026, 1028, 830, 730. The first and
second monopolar electrodes 1018, 1020, the first and second
bipolar electrodes 1026, 1028, and the non-liquid electrolyte
layers 1024 may have the same structure and chemical composition as
the first and second monopolar electrodes 18, 20, the first and
second bipolar electrodes 26, 28, and the non-liquid electrolyte
layers 24 shown in FIG. 1. The intermediate bipolar electrodes 730,
830 shown in FIG. 13 may have the same structure and chemical
composition as the bipolar electrodes 730, 830 respectively shown
in FIGS. 11 and 12.
In some embodiments, the location of the capacitor material
particles in the bipolar batteries 10, 110, 910, 1010 may be
tailored to account for regions of the batteries 10, 110, 910, 1010
that exhibit different operating characteristics. For example, in
some embodiments, capacitor material particles (instead of battery
electrode material particles) may be positioned in regions of the
batteries 10, 110, 910, 1010 that exhibit relatively high current
density and/or in regions of the batteries 10, 110, 910, 1010 that
experience relatively high temperatures, as compared to other
regions of the batteries 10, 110, 910, 1010. As shown in FIG. 13,
in practice a cooling medium 1070 may be positioned adjacent the
lower ends 764, 864 of the intermediate bipolar electrodes 730,
830. In such case, it may be desirable to position the capacitor
material particles adjacent the upper ends 762, 862 as those
regions of the battery 1010 may experience relatively high
temperatures or "hot spots," as compared to the lower ends 764, 864
of the intermediate bipolar electrodes 730, 830.
The above description of preferred exemplary embodiments, aspects,
and specific examples are merely descriptive in nature; they are
not intended to limit the scope of the claims that follow. Each of
the terms used in the appended claims should be given its ordinary
and customary meaning unless specifically and unambiguously stated
otherwise in the specification.
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