U.S. patent number 11,394,510 [Application Number 16/909,708] was granted by the patent office on 2022-07-19 for collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in vehicle-to-pedestrian networks.
This patent grant is currently assigned to QUALCOMM Incorporated. The grantee listed for this patent is QUALCOMM Incorporated. Invention is credited to Gideon Shlomo Kutz, Shay Landis, Assaf Touboul, Shmuel Vagner.
United States Patent |
11,394,510 |
Vagner , et al. |
July 19, 2022 |
Collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in
vehicle-to-pedestrian networks
Abstract
Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are
described. A transmitting device may identify location data
associated with a physical location of the transmitting device. The
transmitting device may identify a time-frequency resource within a
slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a
portion of the location data associated with the physical location
of the transmitting device. The transmitting device may generate a
sequence based at least in part on the portion of the location
data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource, or a combination
thereof. The transmitting device may encode a signal using the
sequence. The transmitting device may transmit the signal using the
identified time-frequency resource to indicate the physical
location of the transmitting device.
Inventors: |
Vagner; Shmuel (Raanana,
IL), Touboul; Assaf (Netanya, IL), Kutz;
Gideon Shlomo (Ramat Hasharon, IL), Landis; Shay
(Hod Hasharon, IL) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
QUALCOMM Incorporated |
San Diego |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
QUALCOMM Incorporated (San
Diego, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
1000006443303 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/909,708 |
Filed: |
June 23, 2020 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20200412507 A1 |
Dec 31, 2020 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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62866428 |
Jun 25, 2019 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W
72/042 (20130101); H04L 5/0005 (20130101); H04W
4/025 (20130101); H04W 72/0446 (20130101); H04W
4/021 (20130101); H04L 5/0053 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04W
4/021 (20180101); H04W 72/04 (20090101); H04L
5/00 (20060101); H04W 4/02 (20180101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Intel Corporation: "Support of Gee-based Transmission Schemes for
V2V Communication", 3GPP Draft, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #84,
R1-160431--INTEL--V2V GEOTX, 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP), Mobile Competence Centre, 650, Route Des Lucioles, F-06921,
Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France, vol. RAN WG1, No. St Julians,
Malta, Feb. 15, 2016-Feb. 19, 2016, Feb. 14, 2016 (Feb. 14, 2016),
XP051053768, 9 pages, Retrieved from the Internet: URL:
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Meetings_3GPP_SYNC/RAN1/Docs/--[retrieved
on Feb. 14, 2016] paragraphs [0001]-[0003], [0005]. cited by
applicant .
International Search Report and Written
Opinion--PCT/US2020/039453--ISA/EPO--dated Sep. 17, 2020
(193078WO). cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Gelin; Jean A
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Holland & Hart LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE
The present application for Patent claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 62/866,428 by VAGNER et al.,
entitled "COLLISION AVOIDANCE AND IMPLICIT LOCATION ENCODING IN
VEHICLE-TO-PEDESTRIAN NETWORKS," filed Jun. 25, 2019, assigned to
the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated by reference
herein.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for wireless communication at a transmitting device,
comprising: identifying location coordinates corresponding to a
physical location of the transmitting device; identifying a
time-frequency resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource
corresponding to at least a portion of the location coordinates
corresponding to the physical location of the transmitting device;
generating a sequence based at least in part on the portion of the
location coordinates, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource,
or a combination thereof; encoding a signal using the sequence; and
transmitting the signal using the identified time-frequency
resource to indicate the physical location of the transmitting
device.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining that the
physical location of the transmitting device lies within a location
area of a set of available location areas, wherein the sequence is
based at least in part on the location area.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein each location area within the set
of available location areas comprises a grid of geographic areas,
each geographic area corresponding to a time-frequency resource
within a set of available time-frequency resources.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: retrieving
information identifying the location coordinates from a global
positioning system of the transmitting device.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying least
significant bits (LSBs) of the location coordinates.
6. A method for wireless communication at a receiving device,
comprising: receiving a signal from a transmitting device over a
time-frequency resource within a slot; attempting to decode the
signal using a set of available sequences, each sequence in the set
of available sequences associated with the time-frequency resource
and the slot; identifying a sequence from the set of available
sequences based at least in part on successfully decoding the
signal using the sequence; and determining a physical location of
the transmitting device based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining that the
physical location of the transmitting device lies within a location
area of a set of available location areas, wherein the sequence is
based at least in part on the location area.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein each location area within the set
of available location areas comprises a grid of geographic areas,
each geographic area corresponding to a time-frequency resource
within a set of available time-frequency resources.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the physical location
of the transmitting device comprises: identifying, based at least
in part on the sequence, at least a portion of coordinates
associated with the physical location of the transmitting
device.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: identifying least
significant bits (LSBs) of the coordinates based at least in part
on the time-frequency resource, wherein the portion of the
coordinates comprises the LSBs of the coordinates.
11. An apparatus for wireless communication at a transmitting
device, comprising: a processor, memory coupled with the processor;
and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the
processor to cause the apparatus to: identify location coordinates
corresponding to a physical location of the transmitting device;
identify a time-frequency resource within a slot, the
time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a portion of the
location coordinates corresponding to the physical location of the
transmitting device; generate a sequence based at least in part on
the portion of the location coordinates, or the slot, or the
time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof; encode a signal
using the sequence; and transmit the signal using the identified
time-frequency resource to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: determine
that the physical location of the transmitting device lies within a
location area of a set of available location areas, wherein the
sequence is based at least in part on the location area.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein each location area within
the set of available location areas comprises a grid of geographic
areas, each geographic area corresponding to a time-frequency
resource within a set of available time-frequency resources.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: retrieve
information identifying the location coordinates from a global
positioning system of the transmitting device.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: identify
least significant bits (LSBs) of the location coordinates.
16. An apparatus for wireless communication at a receiving device,
comprising: a processor, memory coupled with the processor; and
instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor
to cause the apparatus to: receive a signal from a transmitting
device over a time-frequency resource within a slot; attempt to
decode the signal using a set of available sequences, each sequence
in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot; identify a sequence from the
set of available sequences based at least in part on successfully
decoding the signal using the sequence; and determine a physical
location of the transmitting device based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: determine
that the physical location of the transmitting device lies within a
location area of a set of available location areas, wherein the
sequence is based at least in part on the location area.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each location area within
the set of available location areas comprises a grid of geographic
areas, each geographic area corresponding to a time-frequency
resource within a set of available time-frequency resources.
19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the instructions to
determine the physical location of the transmitting device are
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: identify,
based at least in part on the sequence, at least a portion of
coordinates associated with the physical location of the
transmitting device.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: identify
least significant bits (LSBs) of the coordinates based at least in
part on the time-frequency resource, wherein the portion of the
coordinates comprises the LSBs of the coordinates.
21. An apparatus for wireless communication at a transmitting
device, comprising: means for identifying location coordinates
corresponding to a physical location of the transmitting device;
means for identifying a time-frequency resource within a slot, the
time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a portion of the
location coordinates corresponding to the physical location of the
transmitting device; means for generating a sequence based at least
in part on the portion of the location coordinates, or the slot, or
the time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof; means for
encoding a signal using the sequence; and means for transmitting
the signal using the identified time-frequency resource to indicate
the physical location of the transmitting device.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: means for
determining that the physical location of the transmitting device
lies within a location area of a set of available location areas,
wherein the sequence is based at least in part on the location
area.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein each location area within
the set of available location areas comprises a grid of geographic
areas, each geographic area corresponding to a time-frequency
resource within a set of available time-frequency resources.
24. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: means for
retrieving information identifying the location coordinates from a
global positioning system of the transmitting device.
25. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: means for
identifying least significant bits (LSBs) of the location
coordinates.
26. An apparatus for wireless communication at a receiving device,
comprising: means for receiving a signal from a transmitting device
over a time-frequency resource within a slot; means for attempting
to decode the signal using a set of available sequences, each
sequence in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot; means for identifying a
sequence from the set of available sequences based at least in part
on successfully decoding the signal using the sequence; and means
for determining a physical location of the transmitting device
based at least in part on the time-frequency resource, or the slot,
or the sequence, or a combination thereof.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, further comprising: means for
determining that the physical location of the transmitting device
lies within a location area of a set of available location areas,
wherein the sequence is based at least in part on the location
area.
28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein each location area within
the set of available location areas comprises a grid of geographic
areas, each geographic area corresponding to a time-frequency
resource within a set of available time-frequency resources.
29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the means for determining
the physical location of the transmitting device comprises: means
for identifying, based at least in part on the sequence, at least a
portion of coordinates associated with the physical location of the
transmitting device.
30. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising: means for
identifying least significant bits (LSBs) of the coordinates based
at least in part on the time-frequency resource, wherein the
portion of the coordinates comprises the LSBs of the
coordinates.
31. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for
wireless communication at a transmitting device, the code
comprising instructions executable by a processor to: identify
location coordinates corresponding to a physical location of the
transmitting device; identify a time-frequency resource within a
slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a
portion of the location coordinates corresponding to the physical
location of the transmitting device; generate a sequence based at
least in part on the portion of the location coordinates, or the
slot, or the time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof;
encode a signal using the sequence; and transmit the signal using
the identified time-frequency resource to indicate the physical
location of the transmitting device.
32. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for
wireless communication at a receiving device, the code comprising
instructions executable by a processor to: receive a signal from a
transmitting device over a time-frequency resource within a slot;
attempt to decode the signal using a set of available sequences,
each sequence in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot; identify a sequence from the
set of available sequences based at least in part on successfully
decoding the signal using the sequence; and determine a physical
location of the transmitting device based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND
The following relates generally to wireless communications, and
more specifically to collision avoidance and implicit location
encoding in vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) networks.
Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide
various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet
data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable
of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the
available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power).
Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation
(4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems,
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth
generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR)
systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code
division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access
(TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier
transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may
include a number of base stations or network access nodes, each
simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication
devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
Wireless communication systems may include or support networks used
for vehicle based communications, also referred to as
vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
networks, cellular V2X (CV2X) networks, or other similar networks.
Vehicle based communication networks may provide always on
telematics where UEs, e.g., vehicle UEs (v-UEs), communicate
directly to the network (V2N), to pedestrian UEs (V2P), to
infrastructure devices (V2I), and to other v-UEs (e.g., via the
network and/or directly). The vehicle based communication networks
may support a safe, always-connected driving experience by
providing intelligent connectivity where traffic signal/timing,
real-time traffic and routing, safety alerts to
pedestrians/bicyclist, collision avoidance information, etc., are
exchanged. In some examples, communications in vehicle based
networks may include safety message transmissions (e.g., basic
safety message (BSM) transmissions, traffic information message
(TIM), etc.).
SUMMARY
The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems,
devices, and apparatuses that support collision avoidance and
implicit location encoding in vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) networks.
Generally, the described techniques provide for mapping between a
cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) slot to a physical location
grid. That is, aspects of the described techniques exploit the fact
that the V2P device is aware of its physical location (e.g., based
on an integrated Global positioning system (GPS) receiver) and uses
this information to select a particular time-frequency resource
within a CV2X slot to implicitly signal its location. For example,
a transmitting device (e.g., a V2P device) may identify or
otherwise determine location data (e.g., coordinates) corresponding
to the physical location of the transmitting device. The
transmitting device may then identify time-frequency resources
within a slot that correspond, at least in some aspects, to the
location data. The transmitting device may generate a sequence
using the location data (or at least a portion of the location
data), the slot, and/or the time-frequency resource. The
transmitting device may use the sequence to encode a signal (e.g.,
one bit) and transmit the encoded signal using the time-frequency
resource within the slot to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device. That is, at least a portion of the location
data of the transmitting device may be used to generate the
sequence encoding the signal to implicitly indicate the physical
location of the transmitting device.
The receiving device (e.g., which may be another V2P device, a user
equipment (UE), base station, network device, or any other device
operating within a CV2X network) may use the sequence to identify
or otherwise determine the physical location of the transmitting
device. For example, the receiving device may receive the signal
that was encoded using the sequence and transmitted over the
time-frequency resource within the slot. The receiving device may
attempt to decode the signal using a set of available sequences,
with each sequence in the set of available sequences being
associated with a time-frequency resource and/or the slot. The
receiving device may identify the sequence used to encode the
signal by successfully decoding the signal and then determine the
physical location of the transmitting device using the sequence,
the slot, and/or the time-frequency resource. Accordingly, the
receiving device may determine the location(s) of transmitting
device(s) (e.g., V2P device(s)) implicitly, and without each
transmitting device having to encode and transmit its full location
data (e.g., full coordinates set).
A method of wireless communication at a transmitting device is
described. The method may include identifying location data
associated with a physical location of the transmitting device,
identifying a time-frequency resource within a slot, the
time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a portion of the
location data associated with the physical location of the
transmitting device, generating a sequence based on the portion of
the location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource, or
a combination thereof, encoding a signal using the sequence, and
transmitting the signal using the identified time-frequency
resource to indicate the physical location of the transmitting
device.
An apparatus for wireless communication at a transmitting device is
described. The apparatus may include a processor, memory coupled
with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The
instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the
apparatus to identify location data associated with a physical
location of the transmitting device, identify a time-frequency
resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding
to at least a portion of the location data associated with the
physical location of the transmitting device, generate a sequence
based on the portion of the location data, or the slot, or the
time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof, encode a signal
using the sequence, and transmit the signal using the identified
time-frequency resource to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device.
Another apparatus for wireless communication at a transmitting
device is described. The apparatus may include means for
identifying location data associated with a physical location of
the transmitting device, identifying a time-frequency resource
within a slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at
least a portion of the location data associated with the physical
location of the transmitting device, generating a sequence based on
the portion of the location data, or the slot, or the
time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof, encoding a
signal using the sequence, and transmitting the signal using the
identified time-frequency resource to indicate the physical
location of the transmitting device.
A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless
communication at a transmitting device is described. The code may
include instructions executable by a processor to identify location
data associated with a physical location of the transmitting
device, identify a time-frequency resource within a slot, the
time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a portion of the
location data associated with the physical location of the
transmitting device, generate a sequence based on the portion of
the location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource, or
a combination thereof, encode a signal using the sequence, and
transmit the signal using the identified time-frequency resource to
indicate the physical location of the transmitting device.
Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein may further include
operations, features, means, or instructions for determining that
the physical location of the transmitting device lies within a
location area of a set of available location areas, where the
sequence may be based on the location area.
In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein, each location area
within the set of available location areas includes a grid of
geographic areas, each geographic area corresponding to a
time-frequency resource.
In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein, the location data may
include operations, features, means, or instructions for retrieving
information identifying the coordinates from a GPS of the
transmitting device.
In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein, the location data may
include operations, features, means, or instructions for
identifying the least significant bits (LSBs) of the coordinates,
where the portion of the location data includes the LSBs.
A method of wireless communication at a receiving device is
described. The method may include receiving a signal from a
transmitting device over a time-frequency resource within a slot,
attempting to decode the signal using a set of available sequences,
each sequence in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot, identifying a sequence from
the set of available sequences based on successfully decoding the
signal using the sequence, and determining a physical location of
the transmitting device based on the time-frequency resource, or
the slot, or the sequence, or a combination thereof.
An apparatus for wireless communication at a receiving device is
described. The apparatus may include a processor, memory coupled
with the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The
instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the
apparatus to receive a signal from a transmitting device over a
time-frequency resource within a slot, attempt to decode the signal
using a set of available sequences, each sequence in the set of
available sequences associated with the time-frequency resource and
the slot, identify a sequence from the set of available sequences
based on successfully decoding the signal using the sequence, and
determine a physical location of the transmitting device based on
the time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
Another apparatus for wireless communication at a receiving device
is described. The apparatus may include means for receiving a
signal from a transmitting device over a time-frequency resource
within a slot, attempting to decode the signal using a set of
available sequences, each sequence in the set of available
sequences associated with the time-frequency resource and the slot,
identifying a sequence from the set of available sequences based on
successfully decoding the signal using the sequence, and
determining a physical location of the transmitting device based on
the time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless
communication at a receiving device is described. The code may
include instructions executable by a processor to receive a signal
from a transmitting device over a time-frequency resource within a
slot, attempt to decode the signal using a set of available
sequences, each sequence in the set of available sequences
associated with the time-frequency resource and the slot, identify
a sequence from the set of available sequences based on
successfully decoding the signal using the sequence, and determine
a physical location of the transmitting device based on the
time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein may further include
operations, features, means, or instructions for determining that
the physical location of the transmitting device lies within a
location area of a set of available location areas, where the
sequence may be based on the location area.
In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein, each location area
within the set of available location areas includes a grid of
geographic areas, each geographic area corresponding to a
time-frequency resource.
In some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein, determining the physical
location of the transmitting device may include operations,
features, means, or instructions for identifying, based on the
sequence, at least a portion of coordinates associated with the
physical location of the transmitting device.
Some examples of the method, apparatuses, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described herein may further include
operations, features, means, or instructions for identifying LSBs
of the coordinates based on the time-frequency resource, where the
portion of the coordinates includes the LSBs of the
coordinates.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a system for wireless
communications that supports collision avoidance and implicit
location encoding in vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) networks in
accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system
that supports collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in
V2P networks in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a mapping grid that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a process that supports collision
avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks in
accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIGS. 5 and 6 show block diagrams of devices that support collision
avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks in
accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that
supports collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P
networks in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
FIGS. 9 through 13 show flowcharts illustrating methods that
support collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P
networks in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A wireless multiple-access communications system may include a
number of base stations or network access nodes, each
simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication
devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE). Some
wireless networks may support vehicle based communications, such as
vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
networks, cellular V2X (CV2X) networks, or other similar networks.
Vehicle based communication networks may provide always on
telematics where UEs, e.g., vehicle UEs (v-UEs), communicate
directly to the network (V2N), to pedestrian UEs (V2P), to
infrastructure devices (V2I), and to other v-UEs (e.g., via the
network and/or directly). Communications within a vehicle based
network may be performed using signals communicated over sidelink
channels, such as a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)
and/or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). In some aspects,
communications within a CV2X network may be performed between UEs
over a PC5 interface, which may include such sidelink channels.
Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of
a wireless communications system, such as a CV2X network including
V2P devices. Broadly, aspects of the described techniques provide
various mechanisms by which a transmitting device (e.g., the V2P
device within a CV2X network) encodes a signal for transmission
using a sequence that is based, at least in some aspects, on the
physical location of the transmitting device. That is, a geographic
area may be mapped, at least to some degree, to a CV2X slot such
that transmissions encoded using a sequence implicitly carries or
otherwise conveys an indication of the physical location of the
device transmitting the signal. For example, a transmitting device
(e.g., any V2P device within a CV2X network) may generally
determine or otherwise identify location data corresponding to, or
otherwise associated with, the physical location of the
transmitting device. The transmitting device may determine or
otherwise identify a time-frequency resource within a slot that
corresponds, at least to some degree, with the physical location of
the transmitting device. The transmitting device may use the
location data (or at least a portion thereof), the slot, and/or the
time frequency resource to generate a sequence used to encode a
signal for transmission over the time-frequency resource. The
signal (e.g., one or two bits) encoded with the sequence and
transmitted within the CV2X network implicitly indicates the
physical location of the transmitting device.
The receiving device (e.g., a user equipment (UE), base station,
network device/function, or any other device operating within the
CV2X network) may use the sequence used to encode the signal to
determine the physical location of the transmitting device. For
example, the receiving device may receive the signal over the
time-frequency resource within the slot and use a set of available
sequences to attempt to decode the signal. The receiving device may
determine or otherwise identify the sequence that the transmitting
device used to encode the signal based on a successful decoding
attempt of the signal. That is, the receiving device may attempt to
decode the signal using the sequences in the set of available
sequences and identify the sequence used by the transmitting device
when the decoding attempt is successful with that sequence. The
receiving device may then determine or otherwise identify the
physical location of the transmitting device using the sequence,
the time-frequency resource, and/or the slot in which the signal
was received in.
Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described
with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and
flowcharts that relate to collision avoidance and implicit location
encoding in V2P networks.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system
100 that supports collision avoidance and implicit location
encoding in V2P networks in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 includes base
stations 105, UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples,
the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution
(LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro
network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some cases, wireless
communications system 100 may support enhanced broadband
communications, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission critical)
communications, low latency communications, or communications with
low-cost and low-complexity devices.
Base stations 105 may wirelessly communicate with UEs 115 via one
or more base station antennas. Base stations 105 described herein
may include or may be referred to by those skilled in the art as a
base transceiver station, a radio base station, an access point, a
radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation
NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB),
a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or some other suitable terminology.
Wireless communications system 100 may include base stations 105 of
different types (e.g., macro or small cell base stations). The UEs
115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types
of base stations 105 and network equipment including macro eNBs,
small cell eNBs, gNBs, relay base stations, and the like.
Each base station 105 may be associated with a particular
geographic coverage area 110 in which communications with various
UEs 115 is supported. Each base station 105 may provide
communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area
110 via communication links 125, and communication links 125
between a base station 105 and a UE 115 may utilize one or more
carriers. Communication links 125 shown in wireless communications
system 100 may include uplink transmissions from a UE 115 to a base
station 105, or downlink transmissions from a base station 105 to a
UE 115. Downlink transmissions may also be called forward link
transmissions while uplink transmissions may also be called reverse
link transmissions.
The geographic coverage area 110 for a base station 105 may be
divided into sectors making up a portion of the geographic coverage
area 110, and each sector may be associated with a cell. For
example, each base station 105 may provide communication coverage
for a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of
cells, or various combinations thereof. In some examples, a base
station 105 may be movable and therefore provide communication
coverage for a moving geographic coverage area 110. In some
examples, different geographic coverage areas 110 associated with
different technologies may overlap, and overlapping geographic
coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be
supported by the same base station 105 or by different base
stations 105. The wireless communications system 100 may include,
for example, a heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro or NR network in
which different types of base stations 105 provide coverage for
various geographic coverage areas 110.
The term "cell" refers to a logical communication entity used for
communication with a base station 105 (e.g., over a carrier), and
may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring
cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell
identifier (VCID)) operating via the same or a different carrier.
In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and
different cells may be configured according to different protocol
types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband
Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or
others) that may provide access for different types of devices. In
some cases, the term "cell" may refer to a portion of a geographic
coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical entity
operates.
UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout the wireless communications
system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 115
may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a
remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some
other suitable terminology, where the "device" may also be referred
to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client. A UE 115 may also
be a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a
personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop
computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may
also refer to a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of
Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or an
MTC device, or the like, which may be implemented in various
articles such as appliances, vehicles, meters, or the like.
Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or low
complexity devices, and may provide for automated communication
between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data
communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with
one another or a base station 105 without human intervention. In
some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications
from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture
information and relay that information to a central server or
application program that can make use of the information or present
the information to humans interacting with the program or
application. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or
enable automated behavior of machines. Examples of applications for
MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water
level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring,
wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet
management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access
control, and transaction-based business charging.
Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that
reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g.,
a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or
reception, but not transmission and reception simultaneously). In
some examples half-duplex communications may be performed at a
reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for UEs 115
include entering a power saving "deep sleep" mode when not engaging
in active communications, or operating over a limited bandwidth
(e.g., according to narrowband communications). In some cases, UEs
115 may be designed to support critical functions (e.g., mission
critical functions), and a wireless communications system 100 may
be configured to provide ultra-reliable communications for these
functions.
In some cases, a UE 115 may also be able to communicate directly
with other UEs 115 (e.g., using a peer-to-peer (P2P) or
device-to-device (D2D) protocol). One or more of a group of UEs 115
utilizing D2D communications may be within the geographic coverage
area 110 of a base station 105. Other UEs 115 in such a group may
be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 105,
or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station
105. In some cases, groups of UEs 115 communicating via D2D
communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each
UE 115 transmits to every other UE 115 in the group. In some cases,
a base station 105 facilitates the scheduling of resources for D2D
communications. In other cases, D2D communications are carried out
between UEs 115 without the involvement of a base station 105.
Base stations 105 may communicate with the core network 130 and
with one another. For example, base stations 105 may interface with
the core network 130 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., via an S1,
N2, N3, or other interface). Base stations 105 may communicate with
one another over backhaul links 134 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or other
interface) either directly (e.g., directly between base stations
105) or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130).
The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access
authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and
other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130
may be an evolved packet core (EPC), which may include at least one
mobility management entity (MME), at least one serving gateway
(S-GW), and at least one Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW).
The MME may manage non-access stratum (e.g., control plane)
functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management
for UEs 115 served by base stations 105 associated with the EPC.
User IP packets may be transferred through the S-GW, which itself
may be connected to the P-GW. The P-GW may provide IP address
allocation as well as other functions. The P-GW may be connected to
the network operators IP services. The operators IP services may
include access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet-Switched (PS) Streaming Service.
At least some of the network devices, such as a base station 105,
may include subcomponents such as an access network entity, which
may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). Each access
network entity may communicate with UEs 115 through a number of
other access network transmission entities, which may be referred
to as a radio head, a smart radio head, or a transmission/reception
point (TRP). In some configurations, various functions of each
access network entity or base station 105 may be distributed across
various network devices (e.g., radio heads and access network
controllers) or consolidated into a single network device (e.g., a
base station 105).
Wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more
frequency bands, typically in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to
300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is
known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band,
since the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one
meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by
buildings and environmental features. However, the waves may
penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide
service to UEs 115 located indoors. Transmission of UHF waves may
be associated with smaller antennas and shorter range (e.g., less
than 100 km) compared to transmission using the smaller frequencies
and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency
(VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
Wireless communications system 100 may also operate in a super high
frequency (SHF) region using frequency bands from 3 GHz to 30 GHz,
also known as the centimeter band. The SHF region includes bands
such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands,
which may be used opportunistically by devices that may be capable
of tolerating interference from other users.
Wireless communications system 100 may also operate in an extremely
high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to
300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band. In some examples,
wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave
(mmW) communications between UEs 115 and base stations 105, and EHF
antennas of the respective devices may be even smaller and more
closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some cases, this may
facilitate use of antenna arrays within a UE 115. However, the
propagation of EHF transmissions may be subject to even greater
atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF
transmissions. Techniques disclosed herein may be employed across
transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and
designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ
by country or regulating body.
In some cases, wireless communications system 100 may utilize both
licensed and unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For
example, wireless communications system 100 may employ License
Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access
technology, or NR technology in an unlicensed band such as the 5
GHz ISM band. When operating in unlicensed radio frequency spectrum
bands, wireless devices such as base stations 105 and UEs 115 may
employ listen-before-talk (LBT) procedures to ensure a frequency
channel is clear before transmitting data. In some cases,
operations in unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier
aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers
operating in a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations in unlicensed
spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions,
peer-to-peer transmissions, or a combination of these. Duplexing in
unlicensed spectrum may be based on frequency division duplexing
(FDD), time division duplexing (TDD), or a combination of both.
In some examples, base station 105 or UE 115 may be equipped with
multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as
transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. For example,
wireless communications system 100 may use a transmission scheme
between a transmitting device (e.g., a base station 105) and a
receiving device (e.g., a UE 115), where the transmitting device is
equipped with multiple antennas and the receiving device is
equipped with one or more antennas. MIMO communications may employ
multipath signal propagation to increase the spectral efficiency by
transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial
layers, which may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The
multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the
transmitting device via different antennas or different
combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be
received by the receiving device via different antennas or
different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals
may be referred to as a separate spatial stream, and may carry bits
associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or
different data streams. Different spatial layers may be associated
with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and
reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) where
multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving
device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) where multiple spatial
layers are transmitted to multiple devices.
Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering,
directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal
processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a
receiving device (e.g., a base station 105 or a UE 115) to shape or
steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam or receive beam) along
a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving
device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals
communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that
signals propagating at particular orientations with respect to an
antenna array experience constructive interference while others
experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals
communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting
device or a receiving device applying certain amplitude and phase
offsets to signals carried via each of the antenna elements
associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of
the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set
associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the
antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or
with respect to some other orientation).
In one example, a base station 105 may use multiple antennas or
antenna arrays to conduct beamforming operations for directional
communications with a UE 115. For instance, some signals (e.g.,
synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals,
or other control signals) may be transmitted by a base station 105
multiple times in different directions, which may include a signal
being transmitted according to different beamforming weight sets
associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions
in different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by the
base station 105 or a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam
direction for subsequent transmission and/or reception by the base
station 105.
Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular
receiving device, may be transmitted by a base station 105 in a
single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the
receiving device, such as a UE 115). In some examples, the beam
direction associated with transmissions along a single beam
direction may be determined based at least in in part on a signal
that was transmitted in different beam directions. For example, a
UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the
base station 105 in different directions, and the UE 115 may report
to the base station 105 an indication of the signal it received
with a highest signal quality, or an otherwise acceptable signal
quality. Although these techniques are described with reference to
signals transmitted in one or more directions by a base station
105, a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting
signals multiple times in different directions (e.g., for
identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or
reception by the UE 115), or transmitting a signal in a single
direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).
A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115, which may be an example of a
mmW receiving device) may try multiple receive beams when receiving
various signals from the base station 105, such as synchronization
signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other
control signals. For example, a receiving device may try multiple
receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by
processing received signals according to different antenna
subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming
weight sets applied to signals received at a plurality of antenna
elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals
according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to
signals received at a plurality of antenna elements of an antenna
array, any of which may be referred to as "listening" according to
different receive beams or receive directions. In some examples a
receiving device may use a single receive beam to receive along a
single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The
single receive beam may be aligned in a beam direction determined
based at least in part on listening according to different receive
beam directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a
highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio, or
otherwise acceptable signal quality based at least in part on
listening according to multiple beam directions).
In some cases, the antennas of a base station 105 or UE 115 may be
located within one or more antenna arrays, which may support MIMO
operations, or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or
more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at
an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some cases,
antennas or antenna arrays associated with a base station 105 may
be located in diverse geographic locations. A base station 105 may
have an antenna array with a number of rows and columns of antenna
ports that the base station 105 may use to support beamforming of
communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may have one or
more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming
operations.
In some cases, wireless communications system 100 may be a
packet-based network that operate according to a layered protocol
stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or Packet
Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer may be IP-based. A Radio
Link Control (RLC) layer may perform packet segmentation and
reassembly to communicate over logical channels. A Medium Access
Control (MAC) layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing
of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer may also
use hybrid automatic repeat request (HARD) to provide
retransmission at the MAC layer to improve link efficiency. In the
control plane, the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol layer may
provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC
connection between a UE 115 and a base station 105 or core network
130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. At the Physical
layer, transpo in rt channels may be mapped to physical
channels.
In some cases, UEs 115 and base stations 105 may support
retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is
received successfully. HARQ feedback is one technique of increasing
the likelihood that data is received correctly over a communication
link 125. HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g.,
using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward error correction
(FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)).
HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in poor radio
conditions (e.g., signal-to-noise conditions). In some cases, a
wireless device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, where the
device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data
received in a previous symbol in the slot. In other cases, the
device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according
to some other time interval.
Time intervals in LTE or NR may be expressed in multiples of a
basic time unit, which may, for example, refer to a sampling period
of Ts=1/30,720,000 seconds. Time intervals of a communications
resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a
duration of 10 milliseconds (ms), where the frame period may be
expressed as Tf=307,200 Ts. The radio frames may be identified by a
system frame number (SFN) ranging from 0 to 1023. Each frame may
include 10 subframes numbered from 0 to 9, and each subframe may
have a duration of 1 ms. A subframe may be further divided into 2
slots each having a duration of 0.5 ms, and each slot may contain 6
or 7 modulation symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of
the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). Excluding the
cyclic prefix, each symbol period may contain 2048 sampling
periods. In some cases, a subframe may be the smallest scheduling
unit of the wireless communications system 100, and may be referred
to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In other cases, a
smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100
may be shorter than a subframe or may be dynamically selected
(e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) or in selected component
carriers using sTTIs).
In some wireless communications systems, a slot may further be
divided into multiple mini-slots containing one or more symbols. In
some instances, a symbol of a mini-slot or a mini-slot may be the
smallest unit of scheduling. Each symbol may vary in duration
depending on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation,
for example. Further, some wireless communications systems may
implement slot aggregation in which multiple slots or mini-slots
are aggregated together and used for communication between a UE 115
and a base station 105.
The term "carrier" refers to a set of radio frequency spectrum
resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting
communications over a communication link 125. For example, a
carrier of a communication link 125 may include a portion of a
radio frequency spectrum band that is operated according to
physical layer channels for a given radio access technology. Each
physical layer channel may carry user data, control information, or
other signaling. A carrier may be associated with a pre-defined
frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile
telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute
radio frequency channel number (EARFCN)), and may be positioned
according to a channel raster for discovery by UEs 115. Carriers
may be downlink or uplink (e.g., in an FDD mode), or be configured
to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode).
In some examples, signal waveforms transmitted over a carrier may
be made up of multiple sub-carriers (e.g., using multi-carrier
modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM
(DFT-S-OFDM)).
The organizational structure of the carriers may be different for
different radio access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro,
NR). For example, communications over a carrier may be organized
according to TTIs or slots, each of which may include user data as
well as control information or signaling to support decoding the
user data. A carrier may also include dedicated acquisition
signaling (e.g., synchronization signals or system information,
etc.) and control signaling that coordinates operation for the
carrier. In some examples (e.g., in a carrier aggregation
configuration), a carrier may also have acquisition signaling or
control signaling that coordinates operations for other
carriers.
Physical channels may be multiplexed on a carrier according to
various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data
channel may be multiplexed on a downlink carrier, for example,
using time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency
division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM
techniques. In some examples, control information transmitted in a
physical control channel may be distributed between different
control regions in a cascaded manner (e.g., between a common
control region or common search space and one or more UE-specific
control regions or UE-specific search spaces).
A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the
radio frequency spectrum, and in some examples the carrier
bandwidth may be referred to as a "system bandwidth" of the carrier
or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier
bandwidth may be one of a number of predetermined bandwidths for
carriers of a particular radio access technology (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5,
10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 MHz). In some examples, each served UE 115
may be configured for operating over portions or all of the carrier
bandwidth. In other examples, some UEs 115 may be configured for
operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with
a predefined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or RBs)
within a carrier (e.g., "in-band" deployment of a narrowband
protocol type).
In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may
consist of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation
symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier
spacing are inversely related. The number of bits carried by each
resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the
order of the modulation scheme). Thus, the more resource elements
that a UE 115 receives and the higher the order of the modulation
scheme, the higher the data rate may be for the UE 115. In MIMO
systems, a wireless communications resource may refer to a
combination of a radio frequency spectrum resource, a time
resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., spatial layers), and the
use of multiple spatial layers may further increase the data rate
for communications with a UE 115.
Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., base
stations 105 or UEs 115) may have a hardware configuration that
supports communications over a particular carrier bandwidth, or may
be configurable to support communications over one of a set of
carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications
system 100 may include base stations 105 and/or UEs 115 that
support simultaneous communications via carriers associated with
more than one different carrier bandwidth.
Wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a
UE 115 on multiple cells or carriers, a feature which may be
referred to as carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE
115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and
one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier
aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with
both FDD and TDD component carriers.
In some cases, wireless communications system 100 may utilize
enhanced component carriers (eCCs). An eCC may be characterized by
one or more features including wider carrier or frequency channel
bandwidth, shorter symbol duration, shorter TTI duration, or
modified control channel configuration. In some cases, an eCC may
be associated with a carrier aggregation configuration or a dual
connectivity configuration (e.g., when multiple serving cells have
a suboptimal or non-ideal backhaul link). An eCC may also be
configured for use in unlicensed spectrum or shared spectrum (e.g.,
where more than one operator is allowed to use the spectrum). An
eCC characterized by wide carrier bandwidth may include one or more
segments that may be utilized by UEs 115 that are not capable of
monitoring the whole carrier bandwidth or are otherwise configured
to use a limited carrier bandwidth (e.g., to conserve power).
In some cases, an eCC may utilize a different symbol duration than
other component carriers, which may include use of a reduced symbol
duration as compared with symbol durations of the other component
carriers. A shorter symbol duration may be associated with
increased spacing between adjacent subcarriers. A device, such as a
UE 115 or base station 105, utilizing eCCs may transmit wideband
signals (e.g., according to frequency channel or carrier bandwidths
of 20, 40, 60, 80 MHz, etc.) at reduced symbol durations (e.g.,
16.67 microseconds). A TTI in eCC may consist of one or multiple
symbol periods. In some cases, the TTI duration (that is, the
number of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable.
Wireless communications system 100 may be an NR system that may
utilize any combination of licensed, shared, and unlicensed
spectrum bands, among others. The flexibility of eCC symbol
duration and subcarrier spacing may allow for the use of eCC across
multiple spectrums. In some examples, NR shared spectrum may
increase spectrum utilization and spectral efficiency, specifically
through dynamic vertical (e.g., across the frequency domain) and
horizontal (e.g., across the time domain) sharing of resources.
A transmitting device (which may be an example of a UE 115, a V2P
device, or any device operating within a CV2X network) may identify
location data associated with a physical location of the
transmitting device. The transmitting device may identify a
time-frequency resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource
corresponding to at least a portion of the location data associated
with the physical location of the transmitting device. The
transmitting device may generate a sequence based at least in part
on the portion of the location data, or the slot, or the
time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof. The transmitting
device may encode a signal using the sequence. The transmitting
device may transmit the signal using the identified time-frequency
resource to indicate the physical location of the transmitting
device.
A receiving device (which may be an example of a UE 115, a V2V
device, a V2I device, a base station 105, a network device within
core network 130, or any other device operating within a CV2X
network) may receive a signal from a transmitting device over a
time-frequency resource within a slot. The receiving device may
attempt to decode the signal using a set of available sequences,
each sequence in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot. The receiving device may
identify a sequence from the set of available sequences based at
least in part on successfully decoding the signal using the
sequence. The receiving device may determine a physical location of
the transmitting device based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system
200 that supports collision avoidance and implicit location
encoding in V2P networks in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure. In some examples, wireless communication system 200 may
implement aspects of wireless communication system 100. Aspects of
wireless communication system 200 may be implemented by base
station 205, vehicles 210, 215, traffic lights 220, and/or V2P
devices 225. In some aspects, one or more of the traffic lights 220
may be examples of roadside units (RSUs) communicating in wireless
communication system 200, although it is to be understood that
other types of devices may be considered RSUs, vulnerable road
users (VRUs), etc., within a CV2X network.
In some aspects, wireless communication system 200 may support
vehicle safety and operational management, such as a CV2X network.
Accordingly, one or more of the vehicles 210/215, traffic lights
220, and/or V2P devices 225 may be considered as UEs within the
context of the CV2X network. For example, one or more of the
vehicles 210/215, traffic lights 220, and/or V2P devices 225 may be
equipped or otherwise configured to operate as a UE performing
wireless communications over the CV2X network. In some aspects, the
CV2X communications may be performed directly between base station
205 and one or more of the vehicles 210/215, traffic lights 220,
and/or V2P devices 225, or indirectly via one or more hops. For
example, vehicle 215 may communicate with base station 205 via one
hop through vehicle 210, traffic light 220-d, or any other
number/configuration of hop(s). In some aspects, the CV2X
communications may include communicating control signals (e.g., one
or more PSCCH signals) and/or data signals (e.g., one or more PSSCH
signals). In some aspects, such sidelink communications may be
performed over a PC5 interface between the nodes within wireless
communication system 200.
In some aspects, the CV2X network may include different types of
nodes communicating over the network. For example, in some aspects
the vehicles 210 and 215 may be considered UEs within the CV2X
network and traffic lights 220-a, 220-b, 220-c, and/or 220-d may be
considered RSUs. V2P devices 225-a, 225-b, 225-c, and/or 225-d may
be any wireless device operating within a CV2X network, and may be
examples of VRUs. That is, V2P devices 225 may be examples of
pedestrians, cyclists, powered two-wheeler devices, etc. More
particularly, V2P devices 225 may be examples of a UE carried by,
and/or an IOE/IOT device worn by, a pedestrian, an IOE/IOT device
mounted into a wearable device, bicycle, skateboard, self-balancing
device, etc., and the like.
Generally, some nodes (e.g., RSUs, V2V devices, etc.) may be
configured differently from other types of nodes (e.g., UEs, V2P
devices, etc.) within the CV2X network. For example, some RSUs may
have more available transmission power, e.g., due to being
connected to a steady power supply instead of a battery. Other
nodes (e.g., V2P devices 225) may be equipped with minimal
available battery power, lower communications
capabilities/requirements, etc.
Moreover, unlike in other wireless networks, a CV2X network may be
configured without a central node responsible for scheduling the
transmissions within its network. Instead, all CV2X devices may be
independent and negotiate their access to a wireless medium by
sensing the channel and selecting transmission opportunities based
on the channel busyness. The lack of a centralized scheduler may
mean that V2X devices may receive transmissions at any time period.
This, and the safety sensitive nature of CV2X communications, may
mean that CV2X devices may be forced to constantly operate in a
receive or listening mode and may not go into a power saving mode.
This may not be an issue for some devices (e.g., V2V devices, V2I
devices, etc.) as these devices are connected to a centralized
power grid or the vehicles power supply. However, this may be
problematic if the device is configured with a smaller amount of
available battery power, such as V2P devices 225, for example.
Furthermore, one aspect of V2P communications is for the
pedestrian's device to be able to accurately signal its location to
nearby vehicles, for example. This creates factors regarding power
savings and/or device complexity that must be considered. For
example, V2P devices 225, e.g., small devices carried and/or worn
by pedestrians, are generally battery-powered devices and, as such,
cannot afford to constantly be in a listening mode as this will
quickly drain the battery. This may prevent V2P devices 225 from
creating and maintaining a fresh channel occupancy map, which may
lead to transmission collisions and/or degraded signal reception by
nearby vehicles or other CV2X devices operating on the network.
Moreover, V2P devices 225 may also be cost sensitive in nature and,
therefore, adding additional hardware/functionality may be
undesired.
Accordingly, aspects of the described techniques provide a concept
that simplifies the V2P device 225 by eliminating the need to
constantly act as a receiver (e.g., to constantly be in a listening
mode to maintain an active channel occupancy map). The described
techniques may be used to achieve considerable savings in material
cost for the chip itself (e.g., the modem area may typically be
dominated by receiver logic) as well as for auxiliary components,
such as radio frequency chains, low noise amplifiers, synthesizers,
antennas, etc. The described techniques exploit the fact that the
pedestrian device (e.g., V2P devices 225) is aware of its physical
location (e.g., contains a GPS receiver) and, therefore, can use
this information to uniquely select time-frequency resources on a
channel grid. That is, each CV2X slot may consist of 100 resource
blocks across 14 symbols (out of which 13 symbols are usable). In
some aspects, 10 resource blocks may consist of 120 sub carriers. A
typical GPS accuracy may be three meters. Accordingly, this may
support a direct mapping of a 30.times.39 meter grid to a CV2X slot
by using the location data associated with the physical location of
the transmitting device (e.g., by using the least significant bits
(LSBs) of the GPS coordinates).
In one non-limiting example, aspects of the described techniques
may include dividing a 3 m by 3 m physical location into a location
unit (LU). Time-frequency resources within a CV2X slot may then be
divided into a location resource (RS), e.g., one RS consists of one
symbol by 10 resource blocks. A location area (LA) may consist of a
10 by 13 grid of LUs and one CV2X slot that is mapped to one LA may
be considered a location slot (LS). A location region (RR) may
correspond to a physical area covered by a LS. In this example, a
single LU may include (e.g., is mapped to) 10.times.12=120 resource
elements capable of holding a sequence of 120 complex
in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) elements. By using multiple orthogonal
sequences, a single LS can further represent multiple LAs by
assigning different orthogonal sequences to different LAs (e.g.,
based on non-LSB bits of the coordinates). This means that by using
64 different orthogonal sequences, a single LS can be mapped to an
area of size approximately 240 m.times.312 m. Outside of a
particular RR, sequences and resources can be re-used and the
receiver can discard distant sequences by setting a threshold level
for the receive signal strength.
In terms of channel occupancy, given a maximum pedestrian
(including bicycle) speed of 36 km/h, a 3.times.3 m grid will be
crossed within in about 300 ms. This means that in this example
where a single CV2X slot of 0.5 ms is used, the medium usage for
conveying pedestrian location signals to vehicles 210/215 may be
1/600=0.166%. Spectral efficiency vs. detection probability
trade-offs can be made by tuning the size of an RS, the number of
orthogonal sequences, the number of CV2X slots dedicated for V2P,
etc.
Accordingly, the devices of wireless communication system 200 may
each be configured such that some of the CV2X slots are dedicated
or otherwise allocated to V2P traffic (e.g., every Nth CV2X slot,
where N is a positive integer). This information may be configured
by a network device (e.g., by or via base station 205) during
initial connection establishment and/or updated as needed using,
for example, higher layer signaling, e.g., using RRC signaling, a
MAC control element (CE), IP-based signaling, etc. Accordingly,
each device operating within wireless communication system 200
(e.g., a CV2X network) may know which slots are dedicated for V2P
communications and/or may know which time-frequency resource within
a particular slot and for a given physical location correspond to a
particular sequence.
Accordingly, any one of the V2P devices 225 may be a transmitting
device within the context of the described techniques. Initially,
each V2P device 225 may wake up periodically (e.g., every CV2X slot
allocated for V2P device location reporting, such as every 300 ms)
and use its internal GPS to determine its location coordinates
(e.g., location data). Each V2P device 225 may identify the
location data associated with its physical location (e.g., may
identify the coordinates retrieved from a GPS receiver of the V2P
device 225). The V2P device 225 may then identify a time-frequency
resource within the slot (e.g., within the CV2X slot) based, at
least in some aspects, on a portion of the location data associated
with physical location of the V2P device 225 (e.g., based on the
LSBs of the coordinates).
In some aspects, this may include translating the coordinates (from
most significant bit (MSB) to LSB) to slot number, sequence number,
and time-frequency resource within the slot. For example, the V2P
device may select a time-frequency resource that is based on the
portion of the location data (e.g., the LSBs of the coordinates),
generate a sequence that is based on another portion of the
location data (e.g., other bits in the coordinates), and select a
slot that is based on yet another portion of the data (e.g., other
bits of the coordinates). Accordingly, any specific location within
a defined geographic area will correspond to exactly one
time-frequency resource within a particular CV2X slot (e.g., one
RS) that matches one LU and will be encoded by exactly one
orthogonal sequence. As discussed, using orthogonal sequences
enable mapping of adjacent physical areas (e.g., LA) to the same
slot. This increased the area that can be covered by a single slot
and allows devices that are separated by a threshold amount of
distance to be able to reuse a sequence number without confusion or
collision by a receiving device.
That is, a single LU (a 3 m.times.3 m area within the global GPS
grid) may be represented by a combination of: a time-frequency
resource, an orthogonal sequence, a slot. A grid of adjacent LUs
(e.g., an LA) is represented by a combination of: an orthogonal
sequence, and a slot. This means that all LUs within an LA may be
mapped to different time-frequency resources, but to the same
sequence and same slot number. A super-grid of adjacent LAs (e.g.,
an RR) may be represented by a slot only. Accordingly,
time-frequency resources may be used to differentiate between
physical locations that are close-by (e.g., within a defined
range). Sequences may be used to differentiate between physical
locations that are farther apart and slots are used to
differentiate between locations that are even further farther
apart.
The V2P device 225 may then encode a signal (e.g., one bit) using
the sequence corresponding to the portion of the location
transmitting device, the slot, and of the time-frequency resource,
and transmit the encoded signal using the time-frequency resource.
This may carry or otherwise convey an indication of the physical
location of the transmitting device (e.g., of the V2P device 225
transmitting the encoded signal). That is, V2P device 225 may
transmit the selected sequence over the selected slot using the
selected time-frequency resource to implicitly transmit an
indication of its physical location.
A receiving device (e.g., vehicles 210/215, traffic lights 220,
base station 205, etc.) may receive the signal from the
transmitting device over a particular time-frequency resource and
within a particular CV2X slot. The receiving device may attempt to
correlate the signal using a set of available sequences, with each
sequence in the set of available sequences associated with a
respective location area covered by the slot. The receiving device
may attempt to correlate the signal using each sequence in the set
of available sequences until the correlation attempt is successful.
The receiving device may identify the sequence from the set of
available sequences based on the successful correlation of the
signal using the sequence. The receiving device may determine the
physical location of the transmitting device based on the
time-frequency resource, the slot, and/or the sequence.
That is, the receiving device may determine whether any given slot
is allocated for V2P location reporting (e.g., is a LS). If not,
the receiving device may continue with normal V2X operations. If
so, the receiving device may cross correlate each RS within the
slot to each of the possible sequences. When a match is found
(e.g., a correlation threshold passes), the receiving device may
translate the slot number, the sequence number, and/or the
time-frequency resource location to GPS coordinates (e.g., an LU)
and mark that spot as being occupied by a pedestrian (e.g., V2P
device 225).
This approach may provide numerous advantages for the devices
operating within wireless communication system 200. One example may
include the power efficiency of the pedestrian V2P devices 225 by
eliminating the need for constant spectral monitoring and by not
requiring any bi-directional signaling between the V2P devices 225
and vehicles 210/215. Additionally, this approach may reduce the
buildout material cost of the V2P devices 225 by eliminating (in
some cases) or reducing the receiver's capabilities/complexity.
Moreover, this may improve the reliability of reception on the
vehicle side by eliminating transmitter collisions and therefore
minimizing in-band interference. In some aspects, the described
techniques may improve resource collision avoidance in the
distributed system by implicit mapping of the wireless spectrum to
physical GPS coordinates.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a mapping grid 300 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some
examples, mapping grid 300 may implement aspects of wireless
communication systems 100 and/or 200. Aspects of mapping grid 300
may be implemented by a transmitting device and/or a receiving
device, which may be examples of a UE, base station, V2P device,
etc., as described herein. Generally, mapping grid 300 illustrates
one example for mapping a CV2X slot 305 to a LA 310.
Broadly, mapping grid 300 illustrates one example of mapping a CV2X
slot 305 to a LA 310 by mapping each RS 315 of CV2X slot 305 to a
corresponding LU 320 of location grid 310. As discussed in the
illustrative example above, a physical location, such as LU 320 may
correspond to a 3 m by 3 m physical location. RS 315 may correspond
to a time-frequency resource consisting of one symbol by 10
resource blocks within CV2X slot 305. For a given CV2X slot 305,
every RS 315 is mapped to a corresponding LU 320 of LA 310.
Moreover, each LA 310 may correspond to a unique orthogonal
sequence, e.g., each LA 310 may have a unique orthogonal identifier
that is used to generate a sequence number such that adjacent LAs
correspond to different sequence numbers and are mapped to the same
CV2X slot.
Accordingly, the first transmitting device (illustrated by a circle
in FIG. 3) may identify its location data associated with its
physical location (e.g., determine its coordinates based on the
integrated GPS receiver). The first transmitting device may
identify a time-frequency resource within CV2X slot 305 that
corresponds to at least a portion of the location data associated
with the physical location of the transmitting device (e.g., the
LSBs of its coordinates). Accordingly, the first transmitting
device may generate a sequence based on the portion of the location
data (e.g., the LU 320-a within LA 310), on the CV2X slot 305,
and/or the time-frequency resource (e.g., the RS 315-a). The first
transmitting device may use the sequence to encode a signal that is
transmitted using the time-frequency resource to indicate the
physical location of the first transmitting device.
Similarly, a second transmitting device (illustrated by a triangle
in FIG. 3) may identify its location data associated with its
physical location (e.g., determine its coordinates based on the
integrated GPS receiver). The second transmitting device may
identify a time-frequency resource within CV2X slot 305 that
corresponds to at least a portion of the location data associated
with the physical location of the second transmitting device (e.g.,
the LSBs of its coordinates). Accordingly, the second transmitting
device may generate a sequence based on the portion of the location
data (e.g., the LU 320-b within LA 310), on the CV2X slot 305,
and/or the time-frequency resource (e.g., the RS 315-b). The second
transmitting device may use the sequence to encode a signal that is
transmitted using the time-frequency resource to indicate the
physical location of the second transmitting device.
Accordingly, a receiving device may receive each signal transmitted
from the first and second transmitting devices over their
respective time-frequency resources within CV2X slot 305. The
receiving device may attempt to decode each signal using a set of
available sequences, with each sequence associated with a different
time-frequency resource and CV2X slot 305. The receiving device may
identify the respective sequence for each signal from the set of
available sequences by successfully decoding the signal (e.g., by
correlating the signal using the set of available sequences), and
use the identified sequences, time-frequency resource (e.g., RS
315), and/or CV2X slot 305 to determine the location of the
respective transmitting devices (e.g., LU 320). Accordingly, the
receiving device may determine that the LU 320-a corresponding to
the first transmitting device (e.g., the circle) is occupied by a
first pedestrian (e.g., the first V2P device) and that the LU 320-b
corresponding to the second transmitting device (e.g., the
triangle) is occupied by a second pedestrian (e.g., the second V2P
device).
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a process 400 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some
examples, process 400 may implement aspects of wireless
communication systems 100 and/or 200, and/or mapping configuration
300. Aspects of process 400 may be implemented by a transmitting
device 405 and/or receiving device 410, which may be examples of
corresponding devices described herein. In some aspects,
transmitting device 405 may be an example of a V2P device and a
receiving device 410 may be an example of a V2P device, a V2V
device, a V2I device, a UE, a base station, and the like.
At 415, transmitting device 405 may identify location data
associated with a physical location (e.g., its LU) of transmitting
device 405. In some aspects, this may include a transmitting device
405 determining that the physical location of transmitting device
405 lies within a location area of a set of available location
areas, with the sequence based at least in part on the location
area. In some aspects, each location area within the set of
available location areas may include a grid of geographic areas
(e.g., LUs), with each geographic area corresponding to a
time-frequency resource (e.g., RSs). In some aspects, this may
include transmitting device 405 retrieving information identifying
the coordinates from a GPS receiver of transmitting device 405. The
location data may include the coordinates, with the portion of the
location data corresponding to the LSBs of the coordinates.
At 420, transmitting device 405 may identify a time-frequency
resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding
to at least a portion of the location data associated with the
physical location of transmitting device 405. In some aspects, this
may include transmitting device 405 identifying an RS corresponding
to the physical location (e.g., LU) of transmitting device 405.
At 425, transmitting device 405 may generate a sequence based at
least in part on the portion of the location data (e.g., the LU),
the slot, and/or the time-frequency resource (e.g., the RS). That
is, the sequences may be based on which slot (e.g., which CV2X
slot) and which time-frequency resources within the slot correspond
to the portion of the location data.
At 430, transmitting device 405 may encode a signal using the
sequence. For example, transmitting device 405 may use a sequence
to encode one bit or two bits or some other small amount of bits to
be transmitted in the slot using the time-frequency resource. This
may reduce the amount of information required to be transmitted
from transmitting device 405 when reporting its location.
At 435, transmitting device 405 may transmit (and receiving device
410 may receive) the signal using the identified time-frequency
resource within the slot to indicate the physical location of
transmitting device 405.
At 440, receiving device 410 may attempt to decode the signal using
a set of available sequences (e.g., correlate the signal using the
set of available sequences), with each sequence in the set of
available sequences associated with time-frequency resources in the
slot. In some aspects, this may include receiving device 410
identifying the set of available sequences based on the slot and
the time-frequency resources located within the slot. Receiving
device 410 may know the available portions of location data that
correspond to the time-frequency resources within the slot, and use
this information to generate the sequences in the set of available
sequences.
At 445, receiving device 410 may identify the sequence from the set
of available sequences based at least in part on successfully
decoding the signal (e.g., successfully correlating the signal)
using the sequence. That is, the signal may only be successfully
decoded using the same sequence that was used to encode the signal
by transmitting device 405. Accordingly, the receiving device 410
successfully decoding the signal using a particular sequence from
the set of available sequences may signal that the particular
sequence is the sequence that was used by transmitting device 405
to encode the signal. In some aspects, this may include receiving
device 410 decoding all available sequences on all of the
time-frequency resources within the slot.
At 450, receiving device 410 may determine a physical location of
transmitting device 405 based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, the slot, and/or the sequence.
Accordingly, receiving device 410 may mark that physical location
as being occupied by pedestrian (e.g., a V2P device).
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram 500 of a device 505 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device
505 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115, a transmitting
device, a receiving device, etc., as described herein. The device
505 may include a receiver 510, a communications manager 515, and a
transmitter 520. The device 505 may also include a processor. Each
of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g.,
via one or more buses).
The receiver 510 may receive information such as packets, user
data, or control information associated with various information
channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information
related to collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in
V2P networks, etc.). Information may be passed on to other
components of the device 505. The receiver 510 may be an example of
aspects of the transceiver 820 described with reference to FIG. 8.
The receiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of
antennas.
When device 505 is configured as a transmitting device, the
communications manager 515 may identify location data associated
with a physical location of the transmitting device, identify a
time-frequency resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource
corresponding to at least a portion of the location data associated
with the physical location of the transmitting device, transmit the
signal using the identified time-frequency resource to indicate the
physical location of the transmitting device, generate a sequence
based on the portion of the location data, or the slot, or the
time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof, and encode a
signal using the sequence.
When device 505 is configured as a receiving device, the
communications manager 515 may also receive a signal from a
transmitting device over a time-frequency resource within a slot,
attempt to decode the signal using a set of available sequences,
each sequence in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot, identify a sequence from the
set of available sequences based on successfully decoding the
signal (e.g., correlating the signal) using the sequence, and
determine a physical location of the transmitting device based on
the time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof. The communications manager 515 may be an
example of aspects of the communications manager 810 described
herein.
The communications manager 515, or its sub-components, may be
implemented in hardware, code (e.g., software or firmware) executed
by a processor, or any combination thereof. If implemented in code
executed by a processor, the functions of the communications
manager 515, or its sub-components may be executed by a
general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described in the present disclosure.
The communications manager 515, or its sub-components, may be
physically located at various positions, including being
distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at
different physical locations by one or more physical components. In
some examples, the communications manager 515, or its
sub-components, may be a separate and distinct component in
accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some
examples, the communications manager 515, or its sub-components,
may be combined with one or more other hardware components,
including but not limited to an input/output (I/O) component, a
transceiver, a network server, another computing device, one or
more other components described in the present disclosure, or a
combination thereof in accordance with various aspects of the
present disclosure.
The transmitter 520 may transmit signals generated by other
components of the device 505. In some examples, the transmitter 520
may be collocated with a receiver 510 in a transceiver module. For
example, the transmitter 520 may be an example of aspects of the
transceiver 820 described with reference to FIG. 8. The transmitter
520 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device
605 may be an example of aspects of a device 505, a UE 115, a
transmitting device, a receiving device, etc., as described herein.
The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a communications manager
615, and a transmitter 635. The device 605 may also include a
processor. Each of these components may be in communication with
one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
The receiver 610 may receive information such as packets, user
data, or control information associated with various information
channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information
related to collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in
V2P networks, etc.). Information may be passed on to other
components of the device 605. The receiver 610 may be an example of
aspects of the transceiver 820 described with reference to FIG. 8.
The receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a set of
antennas.
The communications manager 615 may be an example of aspects of the
communications manager 515 as described herein. The communications
manager 615 may include a location data manager 620, a resource
manager 625, and a sequence manager 630. The communications manager
615 may be an example of aspects of the communications manager 810
described herein.
When device 605 is configured as a transmitting device, the
location data manager 620 may identify location data associated
with a physical location of the transmitting device.
When device 605 is configured as a transmitting device, the
resource manager 625 may identify a time-frequency resource within
a slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a
portion of the location data associated with the physical location
of the transmitting device and transmit the signal using the
identified time-frequency resource to indicate the physical
location of the transmitting device.
When device 605 is configured as a transmitting device, the
sequence manager 630 may generate a sequence based on the portion
of the location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource,
or a combination thereof and encode a signal using the
sequence.
When device 605 is configured as a receiving device, the resource
manager 625 may receive a signal from a transmitting device over a
time-frequency resource within a slot.
When device 605 is configured as a receiving device, the sequence
manager 630 may attempt to decode the signal using a set of
available sequences, each sequence in the set of available
sequences associated with the time-frequency resource and the slot
and identify a sequence from the set of available sequences based
on successfully decoding the signal (e.g., correlating the signal)
using the sequence.
When device 605 is configured as a receiving device, the location
data manager 620 may determine a physical location of the
transmitting device based on the time-frequency resource, or the
slot, or the sequence, or a combination thereof.
The transmitter 635 may transmit signals generated by other
components of the device 605. In some examples, the transmitter 635
may be collocated with a receiver 610 in a transceiver module. For
example, the transmitter 635 may be an example of aspects of the
transceiver 820 described with reference to FIG. 8. The transmitter
635 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas.
FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a communications manager 705
that supports collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in
V2P networks in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
The communications manager 705 may be an example of aspects of a
communications manager 515, a communications manager 615, or a
communications manager 810 described herein. The communications
manager 705 may include a location data manager 710, a resource
manager 715, a sequence manager 720, a location area manager 725,
and a coordinates manager 730. Each of these modules may
communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via
one or more buses).
The location data manager 710 may identify location data associated
with a physical location of the transmitting device. In some
examples, the location data manager 710 may determine a physical
location of the transmitting device based on the time-frequency
resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a combination
thereof.
The resource manager 715 may identify a time-frequency resource
within a slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at
least a portion of the location data associated with the physical
location of the transmitting device. In some examples, the resource
manager 715 may transmit the signal using the identified
time-frequency resource to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device. In some examples, the resource manager 715 may
receive a signal from a transmitting device over a time-frequency
resource within a slot.
The sequence manager 720 may generate a sequence based on the
portion of the location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency
resource, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the sequence
manager 720 may encode a signal using the sequence. In some
examples, the sequence manager 720 may attempt to decode the signal
using a set of available sequences, each sequence in the set of
available sequences associated with the time-frequency resource and
the slot. In some examples, the sequence manager 720 may identify a
sequence from the set of available sequences based on successfully
decoding the signal (e.g., correlating the signal) using the
sequence.
The location area manager 725 may determine that the physical
location of the transmitting device lies within a location area of
a set of available location areas, where the sequence is based on
the location area. In some examples, the location area manager 725
may determine that the physical location of the transmitting device
lies within a location area of a set of available location areas,
where the sequence is based on the location area. In some cases,
each location area within the set of available location areas
includes a grid of geographic areas, each geographic area
corresponding to a time-frequency resource.
The coordinates manager 730 may retrieve information identifying
the coordinates from a GPS of the transmitting device. In some
examples, the coordinates manager 730 may identify, based on the
sequence, at least a portion of coordinates associated with the
physical location of the transmitting device. In some examples,
identifying LSBs of the coordinates based on the time-frequency
resource, where the portion of the coordinates includes the LSBs of
the coordinates.
FIG. 8 shows a diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 that
supports collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P
networks in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The
device 805 may be an example of or include the components of device
505, device 605, a UE 115, a transmitting device, a receiving
device, etc., as described herein. The device 805 may include
components for bi-directional voice and data communications
including components for transmitting and receiving communications,
including a communications manager 810, an I/O controller 815, a
transceiver 820, an antenna 825, memory 830, and a processor 840.
These components may be in electronic communication via one or more
buses (e.g., bus 845).
When device 805 is configured as a transmitting device, the
communications manager 810 may identify location data associated
with a physical location of the transmitting device, identify a
time-frequency resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource
corresponding to at least a portion of the location data associated
with the physical location of the transmitting device, transmit the
signal using the identified time-frequency resource to indicate the
physical location of the transmitting device, generate a sequence
based on the portion of the location data, or the slot, or the
time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof, and encode a
signal using the sequence.
When device 605 is configured as a receiving device, the
communications manager 810 may also receive a signal from a
transmitting device over a time-frequency resource within a slot,
attempt to decode the signal using a set of available sequences,
each sequence in the set of available sequences associated with the
time-frequency resource and the slot, identify a sequence from the
set of available sequences based on successfully decoding the
signal (e.g., correlating the signal) using the sequence, and
determine a physical location of the transmitting device based on
the time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
The I/O controller 815 may manage input and output signals for the
device 805. The I/O controller 815 may also manage peripherals not
integrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I/O controller
815 may represent a physical connection or port to an external
peripheral. In some cases, the I/O controller 815 may utilize an
operating system such as iOS.RTM., ANDROID.RTM., MS-DOS.RTM.,
MS-WINDOWS.RTM., OS/2.RTM., UNIX.RTM., LINUX.RTM., or another known
operating system. In other cases, the I/O controller 815 may
represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a
touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I/O controller
815 may be implemented as part of a processor. In some cases, a
user may interact with the device 805 via the I/O controller 815 or
via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 815.
The transceiver 820 may communicate bi-directionally, via one or
more antennas, wired, or wireless links as described above. For
example, the transceiver 820 may represent a wireless transceiver
and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless
transceiver. The transceiver 820 may also include a modem to
modulate the packets and provide the modulated packets to the
antennas for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from
the antennas.
In some cases, the wireless device may include a single antenna
825. However, in some cases the device may have more than one
antenna 825, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or
receiving multiple wireless transmissions.
The memory 830 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only
memory (ROM). The memory 830 may store computer-readable,
computer-executable code 835 including instructions that, when
executed, cause the processor to perform various functions
described herein. In some cases, the memory 830 may contain, among
other things, a basic input/output system (BIOS) which may control
basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with
peripheral components or devices.
The processor 840 may include an intelligent hardware device,
(e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a
microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a
discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware
component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the
processor 840 may be configured to operate a memory array using a
memory controller. In other cases, a memory controller may be
integrated into the processor 840. The processor 840 may be
configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a
memory (e.g., the memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform
various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting collision
avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks).
The code 835 may include instructions to implement aspects of the
present disclosure, including instructions to support wireless
communications. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitory
computer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of
memory. In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable
by the processor 840 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled
and executed) to perform functions described herein.
FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 900 may be implemented by a UE 115 (e.g., a UE
115 configured as a transmitting device) or its components as
described herein. For example, the operations of method 900 may be
performed by a communications manager as described with reference
to FIGS. 5 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of
instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to
perform the functions described below. Additionally or
alternatively, a UE may perform aspects of the functions described
below using special-purpose hardware.
At 905, the UE may identify location data associated with a
physical location of the transmitting device. The operations of 905
may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some
examples, aspects of the operations of 905 may be performed by a
location data manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
At 910, the UE may identify a time-frequency resource within a
slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a
portion of the location data associated with the physical location
of the transmitting device the operations of 910 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 910 may be performed by a resource
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 915, the UE may generate a sequence based on the portion of the
location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource, or a
combination thereof. The operations of 915 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 915 may be performed by a sequence
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 920, the UE may encode a signal using the sequence. The
operations of 920 may be performed according to the methods
described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of
920 may be performed by a sequence manager as described with
reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 925, the UE may transmit the signal using the identified
time-frequency resource to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device. The operations of 925 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 925 may be performed by a resource
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
FIG. 10 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1000 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1000 may be implemented by a UE 115 (e.g., a
UE 115 configured as a transmitting device) or its components as
described herein. For example, the operations of method 1000 may be
performed by a communications manager as described with reference
to FIGS. 5 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of
instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to
perform the functions described below. Additionally or
alternatively, a UE may perform aspects of the functions described
below using special-purpose hardware.
At 1005, the UE may identify location data associated with a
physical location of the transmitting device. The operations of
1005 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In
some examples, aspects of the operations of 1005 may be performed
by a location data manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
At 1010, the UE may determine that the physical location of the
transmitting device lies within a location area of a set of
available location areas, where the sequence is based on the
location area. The operations of 1010 may be performed according to
the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the
operations of 1010 may be performed by a location area manager as
described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1015, the UE may identify a time-frequency resource within a
slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a
portion of the location data associated with the physical location
of the transmitting device the operations of 1015 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1015 may be performed by a resource
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1020, the UE may generate a sequence based on the portion of the
location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource, or a
combination thereof. The operations of 1020 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1020 may be performed by a sequence
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1025, the UE may encode a signal using the sequence. The
operations of 1025 may be performed according to the methods
described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of
1025 may be performed by a sequence manager as described with
reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1030, the UE may transmit the signal using the identified
time-frequency resource to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device. The operations of 1030 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1030 may be performed by a resource
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1100 may be implemented by a UE 115 (e.g., a
UE 115 configured as a transmitting device) or its components as
described herein. For example, the operations of method 1100 may be
performed by a communications manager as described with reference
to FIGS. 5 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of
instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to
perform the functions described below. Additionally or
alternatively, a UE may perform aspects of the functions described
below using special-purpose hardware.
At 1105, the UE may identify location data associated with a
physical location of the transmitting device. The operations of
1105 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In
some examples, aspects of the operations of 1105 may be performed
by a location data manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
At 1110, the UE may retrieve information identifying the
coordinates from a GPS of the transmitting device. The operations
of 1110 may be performed according to the methods described herein.
In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1110 may be
performed by a coordinates manager as described with reference to
FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1115, the UE may identify a time-frequency resource within a
slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding to at least a
portion of the location data associated with the physical location
of the transmitting device the operations of 1115 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1115 may be performed by a resource
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1120, the UE may generate a sequence based on the portion of the
location data, or the slot, or the time-frequency resource, or a
combination thereof. The operations of 1120 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1120 may be performed by a sequence
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1125, the UE may encode a signal using the sequence. The
operations of 1125 may be performed according to the methods
described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of
1125 may be performed by a sequence manager as described with
reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1130, the UE may transmit the signal using the identified
time-frequency resource to indicate the physical location of the
transmitting device. The operations of 1130 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1130 may be performed by a resource
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1200 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1200 may be implemented by a UE 115 (e.g., a
UE 115 configured as a receiving device) or its components as
described herein. For example, the operations of method 1200 may be
performed by a communications manager as described with reference
to FIGS. 5 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of
instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to
perform the functions described below. Additionally or
alternatively, a UE may perform aspects of the functions described
below using special-purpose hardware.
At 1205, the UE may receive a signal from a transmitting device
over a time-frequency resource within a slot. The operations of
1205 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In
some examples, aspects of the operations of 1205 may be performed
by a resource manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
At 1210, the UE may attempt to decode the signal using a set of
available sequences, each sequence in the set of available
sequences associated with the time-frequency resource and the slot.
The operations of 1210 may be performed according to the methods
described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of
1210 may be performed by a sequence manager as described with
reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1215, the UE may identify a sequence from the set of available
sequences based on successfully decoding the signal (e.g.,
correlating the signal) using the sequence. The operations of 1215
may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some
examples, aspects of the operations of 1215 may be performed by a
sequence manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through
8.
At 1220, the UE may determine a physical location of the
transmitting device based on the time-frequency resource, or the
slot, or the sequence, or a combination thereof. The operations of
1220 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In
some examples, aspects of the operations of 1220 may be performed
by a location data manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supports
collision avoidance and implicit location encoding in V2P networks
in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1300 may be implemented by a UE 115 (e.g., a
UE 115 configured as a receiving device) or its components as
described herein. For example, the operations of method 1300 may be
performed by a communications manager as described with reference
to FIGS. 5 through 8. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of
instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to
perform the functions described below. Additionally or
alternatively, a UE may perform aspects of the functions described
below using special-purpose hardware.
At 1305, the UE may receive a signal from a transmitting device
over a time-frequency resource within a slot. The operations of
1305 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In
some examples, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed
by a resource manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
At 1310, the UE may attempt to decode the signal using a set of
available sequences, each sequence in the set of available
sequences associated with the time-frequency resource and the slot.
The operations of 1310 may be performed according to the methods
described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of
1310 may be performed by a sequence manager as described with
reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1315, the UE may identify a sequence from the set of available
sequences based on successfully decoding the signal (e.g.,
correlating the signal) using the sequence. The operations of 1315
may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some
examples, aspects of the operations of 1315 may be performed by a
sequence manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through
8.
At 1320, the UE may identify, based on the sequence, at least a
portion of coordinates associated with the physical location of the
transmitting device. The operations of 1320 may be performed
according to the methods described herein. In some examples,
aspects of the operations of 1320 may be performed by a coordinates
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5 through 8.
At 1325, the UE may determine a physical location of the
transmitting device based on the time-frequency resource, or the
slot, or the sequence, or a combination thereof. The operations of
1325 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In
some examples, aspects of the operations of 1325 may be performed
by a location data manager as described with reference to FIGS. 5
through 8.
It should be noted that the methods described herein describe
possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may
be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations
are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may
be combined.
Aspects of the following examples may be combined with any of the
previous embodiments or aspects described herein. Thus, example 1
is a method for wireless communication at a transmitting device,
comprising: identifying location data associated with a physical
location of the transmitting device; identifying a time-frequency
resource within a slot, the time-frequency resource corresponding
to at least a portion of the location data associated with the
physical location of the transmitting device; generating a sequence
based at least in part on the portion of the location data, or the
slot, or the time-frequency resource, or a combination thereof;
encoding a signal using the sequence; and transmitting the signal
using the identified time-frequency resource to indicate the
physical location of the transmitting device.
In example 2, the method of example 1 may include: determining that
the physical location of the transmitting device lies within a
location area of a set of available location areas, wherein the
sequence is based at least in part on the location area.
In example 3, the method of examples 1-2 may include each location
area within the set of available location areas comprising a grid
of geographic areas, each geographic area corresponding to a
time-frequency resource.
In example 4, the method of examples 1-3 may include the location
data comprises coordinates, comprising: retrieving information
identifying the coordinates from a GPS of the transmitting
device.
In example 5, the method of examples 1-4 may include the location
data comprising coordinates, comprising: identifying the LSBs of
the coordinates, wherein the portion of the location data comprises
the LSBs.
Example 6 is a method for wireless communication at a receiving
device, comprising: receiving a signal from a transmitting device
over a time-frequency resource within a slot; attempting to decode
the signal using a set of available sequences, each sequence in the
set of available sequences associated with the time-frequency
resource and the slot; identifying a sequence from the set of
available sequences based at least in part on successfully decoding
the signal using the sequence; and determining a physical location
of the transmitting device based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, or the slot, or the sequence, or a
combination thereof.
In example 7, the method of example 6 may include: determining that
the physical location of the transmitting device lies within a
location area of a set of available location areas, wherein the
sequence is based at least in part on the location area.
In example 8, the method of examples 6-7 may include each location
area within the set of available location areas comprising a grid
of geographic areas, each geographic area corresponding to a
time-frequency resource.
In example 9, the method of examples 6-8 may include determining
the physical location of the transmitting device comprising:
identifying, based at least in part on the sequence, at least a
portion of coordinates associated with the physical location of the
transmitting device.
In example 10, the method of examples 6-9 may include: identifying
LSBs of the coordinates based at least in part on the
time-frequency resource, wherein the portion of the coordinates
comprises the LSBs of the coordinates.
Techniques described herein may be used for various wireless
communications systems such as code division multiple access
(CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division
multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple
access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access
(SC-FDMA), and other systems. A CDMA system may implement a radio
technology such as CDMA2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(UTRA), etc. CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards.
IS-2000 Releases may be commonly referred to as CDMA2000 1.times.,
1.times., etc. IS-856 (TIA-856) is commonly referred to as CDMA2000
1.times.EV-DO, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), etc. UTRA includes
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA. A TDMA system may
implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM).
An OFDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Ultra
Mobile Broadband (UMB), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE
802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are
part of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). LTE,
LTE-A, and LTE-A Pro are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA,
E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, and GSM are described in
documents from the organization named "3rd Generation Partnership
Project" (3GPP). CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from
an organization named "3rd Generation Partnership Project 2"
(3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for the
systems and radio technologies mentioned herein as well as other
systems and radio technologies. While aspects of an LTE, LTE-A,
LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example,
and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of
the description, the techniques described herein are applicable
beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR applications.
A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area
(e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted
access by UEs with service subscriptions with the network provider.
A small cell may be associated with a lower-powered base station,
as compared with a macro cell, and a small cell may operate in the
same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed, etc.) frequency
bands as macro cells. Small cells may include pico cells, femto
cells, and micro cells according to various examples. A pico cell,
for example, may cover a small geographic area and may allow
unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the
network provider. A femto cell may also cover a small geographic
area (e.g., a home) and may provide restricted access by UEs having
an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a closed
subscriber group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, and the like).
An eNB for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro eNB. An eNB
for a small cell may be referred to as a small cell eNB, a pico
eNB, a femto eNB, or a home eNB. An eNB may support one or multiple
(e.g., two, three, four, and the like) cells, and may also support
communications using one or multiple component carriers.
The wireless communications systems described herein may support
synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation,
the base stations may have similar frame timing, and transmissions
from different base stations may be approximately aligned in time.
For asynchronous operation, the base stations may have different
frame timing, and transmissions from different base stations may
not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used
for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.
Information and signals described herein may be represented using
any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For
example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits,
symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the
description may be represented by voltages, currents,
electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields
or particles, or any combination thereof.
The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection
with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a
general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA, or other
programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,
discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed
to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose
processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the
processor may be any conventional processor, controller,
microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be
implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a
combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a
DSP core, or any other such configuration).
The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware,
software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination
thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the
functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more
instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples
and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and
appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software,
functions described herein can be implemented using software
executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or
combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may
also be physically located at various positions, including being
distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at
different physical locations.
Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer
storage media and communication media including any medium that
facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to
another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available
medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose
computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory
computer-readable media may include random-access memory (RAM),
read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM
(EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk
storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,
or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or
store desired program code means in the form of instructions or
data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or
special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose
processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a
computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is
transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a
coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber
line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and
microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair,
DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and
microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc,
as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital
versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks
usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data
optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included
within the scope of computer-readable media.
As used herein, including in the claims, "or" as used in a list of
items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as "at least
one of" or "one or more of") indicates an inclusive list such that,
for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C
or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used
herein, the phrase "based on" shall not be construed as a reference
to a closed set of conditions. For example, an exemplary step that
is described as "based on condition A" may be based on both a
condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of
the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase
"based on" shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase
"based at least in part on."
In the appended figures, similar components or features may have
the same reference label. Further, various components of the same
type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a
dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar
components. If just the first reference label is used in the
specification, the description is applicable to any one of the
similar components having the same first reference label
irrespective of the second reference label, or other subsequent
reference label.
The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended
drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent
all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the
scope of the claims. The term "exemplary" used herein means
"serving as an example, instance, or illustration," and not
"preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The detailed
description includes specific details for the purpose of providing
an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques,
however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some
instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block
diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the
described examples.
The description herein is provided to enable a person skilled in
the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the
disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art,
and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other
variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs
described herein, but is to be accorded the broadest scope
consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed
herein.
* * * * *
References