U.S. patent number 11,240,090 [Application Number 16/759,592] was granted by the patent office on 2022-02-01 for receiver, communication apparatus, method and computer program.
The grantee listed for this patent is Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ). Invention is credited to Miguel Lopez, Dennis Sundman, Leif Wilhelmsson.
United States Patent |
11,240,090 |
Wilhelmsson , et
al. |
February 1, 2022 |
Receiver, communication apparatus, method and computer program
Abstract
A receiver receives binary information from a transmission using
a binary amplitude shift keying where information symbols are
represented by a signal including a first power state and a second
power state. A duration of a bit includes a first part where the
second power state is applied irrespective of which binary value is
represented, and a second part where a binary value is represented
by any of the first power and a third power state or a combination
pattern of the first power state and the third power state. A
sampling circuit is arranged to retrieve samples of the received
signal during the second part and discard samples during the first
part. A duration of the retrieving of samples is selected to be a
time corresponding to the duration of the second part plus a time
based on an expected synchronization error.
Inventors: |
Wilhelmsson; Leif (Lund,
SE), Lopez; Miguel (Solna, SE), Sundman;
Dennis (Sollentuna, SE) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) |
Stockholm |
N/A |
SE |
|
|
Family
ID: |
63685991 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/759,592 |
Filed: |
September 26, 2018 |
PCT
Filed: |
September 26, 2018 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/EP2018/076104 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
April 27, 2020 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO2019/086178 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
May 09, 2019 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20200280479 A1 |
Sep 3, 2020 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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62581297 |
Nov 3, 2017 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L
27/3881 (20130101); H04L 27/3809 (20130101); H04L
27/06 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04L
27/38 (20060101); H04L 27/06 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
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Other References
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for International Application No. PCT/EP2018/076087 filed on Sep.
26, 2018, consisting of 9-pages. cited by applicant .
Junghoon Suh, et. al.; "Blank GI choices under Timing Errors"; IEEE
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applicant .
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ETSI EN 300 328 V2.1.1; Wideband transmission systems; Data
transmission equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band and using
wide band modulation techniques; Harmonised Standard covering the
essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive 2014/53/EU; Nov.
2016, consisting of 101-pages. cited by applicant .
Sahin et al.; OOK Waveform Coding Scheme for Frequency Domain
Multiplexing; IEEE802.11-17/1419r0; Sep. 11, 2017, consisting of
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26, 2018, consisting of 13-pages. cited by applicant .
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Primary Examiner: Lugo; David B
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Submission Under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 for
U.S. National Stage Patent Application of International Application
No.: PCT/EP2018/076104, filed Sep. 26, 2018 entitled "RECEIVER,
COMMUNICATION APPARATUS, METHOD AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR RECEIVING
BINARY INFORMATION," which claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application No. 62/581,297, filed Nov. 3, 2017, entitled "RECEIVER,
COMMUNICATION APPARATUS, METHOD AND COMPUTER PROGRAM," the
entireties of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A receiver configured to receive binary information from a
transmission using a binary amplitude shift keying where
information symbols are represented by a signal including a first
power state and a second power state, the first power state having
a higher signal power than the second power state, a duration of a
bit includes a first part where the second power state is applied
irrespective of which binary value is represented, and a second
part where a binary value is represented by one of the first power,
a third power state and a combination pattern of the first power
state and the third power state, the first power state having a
higher signal power than the third power state, the receiver
comprising: a sampling circuit configured to retrieve samples of
the received signal during the second part and discard samples
during the first part, a duration of the retrieving of samples
being selected such that the duration of the retrieving of samples
is a time corresponding to the duration of the second part plus a
time based on an expected synchronization error; and the receiver
being configured to have an indication on channel conditions and
the duration of the sampling being made shorter for worse channel
conditions.
2. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the duration of the second part
is variable to comprise 1/2.sup.n of the duration of the bit, where
n is one of 1, 2 and 3, wherein the sampling circuit is configured
to have a higher sampling rate for shorter duration of the second
part.
3. The receiver of claim 2, wherein the duration of the second part
is derived from an allocated bit rate for the received
transmission.
4. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the indication on channel
conditions are derived by the receiver from a previous
transmission.
5. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the duration of the second part
is variable, and a ratio between the duration of the second part
and the duration of the sampling is decreased when the duration of
the second part is decreased.
6. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the expected synchronization
error is predetermined.
7. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the expected synchronization
error is estimated based on elapsed time since a previous
transmission where synchronization could be established.
8. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the receiver is part of a
communication apparatus.
9. The receiver of claim 8, wherein the receiver is configured to
operate as a wake-up receiver to control on and off states of a
main transceiver of the communication apparatus based on the signal
received by the receiver.
10. A method performed by a receiver configured to receive binary
information from a transmission using a binary amplitude shift
keying where information symbols are represented by a signal
including a first power state and a second power state, the first
power state having a higher signal power than the second power
state, a duration of a bit includes a first part where the second
power state is applied irrespective of which binary value is
represented, and a second part where a binary value is represented
by one of the first power, a third power state and a combination
pattern of the first power state and the third power state, the
first power state having a higher signal power than the third power
state, the method comprising: retrieving samples of the received
signal during the second part; discarding samples during the first
part; selecting a duration of the retrieving of samples such that
the duration of the retrieving of samples is a time corresponding
to the duration of the second part plus a time based on an expected
synchronization error; acquiring an indication on channel
conditions; and selecting the duration of the sampling to be
shorter for worse channel conditions.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the duration of the second part
is variable to comprise 1/2.sup.n of the duration of the bit, where
n is one of 1, 2 and 3.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising selecting a higher
sampling rate for shorter duration of the second part.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising deriving the
duration of the second part from an allocated bit rate for the
received transmission.
14. The method of claim 10, wherein the acquiring of the indication
on channel conditions comprises estimating channel conditions of a
previous transmission.
15. The method of claim 10, wherein the duration of the second part
is variable, and the method further comprises decreasing a ratio
between the duration of the second part and the duration of the
sampling when the duration of the second part is decreased.
16. The method of claim 10, wherein the expected synchronization
error is predetermined.
17. The method of claim 10, further comprising estimating the
expected synchronization error based on elapsed time since a
previous transmission where synchronization could be
established.
18. A non-transitory computer storage medium storing a computer
program comprising instructions which, when executed on a processor
of a receiver, the receiver configured to receive binary
information from a transmission using a binary amplitude shift
keying where information symbols are represented by a signal
including a first power state and a second power state, the first
power state having a higher signal power than the second power
state, a duration of a bit includes a first part where the second
power state is applied irrespective of which binary value is
represented, and a second part where a binary value is represented
by one of the first power, a third power state and a combination
pattern of the first power state and the third power state, the
first power state having a higher signal power than the third power
state, causes the receiver to perform a method comprising:
retrieving samples of the received signal during the second part;
discarding samples during the first part; selecting a duration of
the retrieving of samples such that the duration of the retrieving
of samples is a time corresponding to the duration of the second
part plus a time based on an expected synchronization error;
acquiring an indication on channel conditions; and selecting the
duration of the sampling to be shorter for worse channel
conditions.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure generally relates to a receiver, a
communication apparatus, methods therefor, and computer programs
for implementing the method. In particular, the disclosure relates
to receiving a wireless signal carrying binary information in a way
less prone to synchronisation errors.
BACKGROUND
The telecommunications domain has often so forth been accompanied
by a significant increase of electrical energy consumption. Demands
on performance, such as spectral efficiency or data rate, have been
met at the expense of more energy consumption. Advances in analogue
and digital electronics have enabled development of low-cost,
low-energy wireless nodes. However, energy consumption remains an
issue for some applications. The approach used for idle mode
listening, especially when used by devices related to the field
commonly referred to as Internet of Things, IoT, in wireless
networks impacts the overall energy consumption for the devices.
This is particularly noticeable when the data traffic is very
sporadic.
Energy reduction may for example be performed by an approach in
which it is possible to switch off a radio frequency main interface
during inactive periods and to switch it on only if a communication
demand occurs. For example, by using a wake-up radio, where a
wake-up signal is sent by using a transmitter, received and decoded
at the device, wherein the main radio is activated, significant
energy consumption reduction may be achieved for many
applications.
Furthermore, efforts to reduce energy consumption may be made at
different levels of the communication stack, such as the medium
access control (MAC) protocol, by dynamically adapting the sleep
and wake times of main radio protocols. Limited complexity signals
and thus limited complexity decoders for the intermittently
presented control signals may improve energy efficiency.
These efforts affect the physical layer (PHY), where control
mechanisms for activation or deactivation of more energy consuming
operations reside, which put demands on lean control
signalling.
An example in the PHY is application of an On-Off Keying, OOK,
signal as illustrated in FIG. 1, which is a modulation scheme where
the presence of a signal represents the ON part or state and the
absence of the signal represents the OFF part or state. For
example, the ON and OFF parts could represent binary digits, or the
transition between ON to OFF state and OFF to ON state could
represent binary digits. OOK is considered the simplest form of
amplitude-shift keying, ASK, that represents digital data at the
presence or absence of a signal. In its simplest form, the presence
of a carrier for a specific duration represents a binary one, while
its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero. Some
more sophisticated schemes vary these durations to convey
additional information. OOK is analogous to unipolar encoding,
which is a special case of a line code. OOK is a suitable
modulation to use whenever the power consumption of the receiver is
a major concern, as the demodulation can be done non-coherently,
with very relaxed requirements on gain control and resolution in
the receiver.
In order to decode OOK, the receiver has to estimate which signal
level corresponds to the presence of a signal and which signal
level corresponds to the absence of a signal. Manchester Coding is
a modulation means used to simplify clock recovery and to simplify
demodulation by ensuring that the average signal level of the
signal carries no information. FIG. 2 illustrates a data bit with
value one is represented by, i.e. encoded to, a logical one
followed by a logical zero, whereas a data bit with value zero is
represented by a logical zero followed by a logical one.
Alternatively, the encoding can be swapped so that a data bit with
value one is represented by a logical zero followed by a logical
one, etc.
Clock recovery is simplified because there will always be a
transition from zero to one or vice versa in the middle of each
symbol irrespectively of what the data is.
The decoding of the Manchester coded symbol is essentially done by
comparing the first and the second half of the symbols and deciding
in favour of a logical one if the first half of the symbol has
larger energy than the second half of the same symbol, or vice
versa. Instead of energy, one can also use other means of measuring
the signal level, for example absolute signal-envelope averaged
over the symbol duration.
For example, Manchester coded OOK is being standardized within the
IEEE 802.11ba task group (TG). TG 802.11ba develops a standard for
wake-up radios (WUR), targeting to significantly reduce the power
consumption in devices based on the 802.11 standard. It is proposed
to generate the wake-up signal (WUS) by using an inverse fast
Fourier transform (IFFT), as this block is already available in
Wi-Fi transmitters supporting e.g. 802.11a/g/n/ac. Specifically, an
approach discussed for generating the OOK is to use the 13
sub-carriers in the centre, possibly excluding the DC carrier, and
then populating these with some signal to represent ON and to not
transmit anything at all to represent OFF.
As an alternative to OOK and textbook Manchester coded OOK, as
shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, it is feasible to zero-pad a portion of the
ON part of the signal to further improve the performance. FIGS. 3
to 5 illustrate such approaches, where T.sub.Z and T.sub.NZ denote
the time when the ON signal, i.e. where the signal is ON in the
examples given in FIGS. 1 and 2, is zero and non-zero,
respectively. FIG. 3 illustrates to the left a traditional
Manchester OOK and to the right an adapted keying with zero-padded
parts T.sub.Z. The potential improvement comes from that the same
energy is received during a shorter time T.sub.NZ. Since the noise
energy is proportional to that time, the signal-to-noise ratio,
SNR, may be increased correspondingly upon properly arranged
reception of the signal. Thus, FIG. 4 illustrates a signal with
modified OOK by zero-padding of a portion T.sub.Z of the symbol
time T.sub.b, and FIG. 5 illustrates a signal with modified
Manchester OOK by zero-padding a portion T.sub.Z of the signal part
that traditionally would have been ON.
Hypothetically, the SNR can in this way be made infinite. This is
impossible in practice though. There are technical and regulatory
aspects that may prevent the SNR from becoming arbitrarily
large.
With a signal having extensive zero-padding and a desire to obtain
SNR gain as indicated above, there is a desire to provide a
suitable receiver approach.
SUMMARY
The disclosure is based on the inventors' understanding that
sampling of a zero-padded signal to obtain SNR gain connected
therewith should be done wisely, and in particular wisely in view
of expected synchronisation errors.
According to a first aspect, there is provided a receiver arranged
to receive binary information from a transmission using a binary
amplitude shift keying where information symbols are represented by
a signal including a first power state and a second power state.
The first power state having a higher signal power than the second
power state. A duration of a bit includes a first part where the
second power state is applied irrespective of which binary value
being represented, and a second part where a binary value is
represented by any of the first power and a third power state or a
combination pattern of the first power state and the third power
state. The first power state has a higher signal power than the
third power state. The receiver comprises a sampling circuit
arranged to retrieve samples of the received signal during the
second part and discard samples during the first part. A duration
of the retrieving of samples is selected such that it is a time
corresponding to the duration of the second part plus a time based
on an expected synchronization error.
The duration of the second part may be variable to comprise
1/2.sup.n of the duration of the bit, where n is any of 1, 2 or 3,
wherein the sampling circuit may be arranged to have higher
sampling rate for shorter duration of the second part, and vice
versa. The duration of the second part may be derived from an
allocated bit rate for the received transmission.
The sum of the duration of the first part and the second part is
usually equal to the duration the bit.
The receiver may be arranged to have an indication on channel
conditions, wherein the duration of the sampling may be made
shorter for worse channel conditions, and vice versa. The
indication on channel conditions may be derived by the receiver
from a previous transmission.
The duration of the second part may be variable, and a ratio
between the duration of the second part and the duration of the
sampling may be decreased when the duration of the second part is
decreased, and vice versa.
The expected synchronization error may be predetermined, or the
expected synchronization error may be estimated based on elapsed
time since a previous transmission where synchronization could be
established.
According to a second aspect, there is provided a method performed
by a receiver arranged to receive binary information from a
transmission using a binary amplitude shift keying where
information symbols are represented by a signal including a first
power state and a second power state. The first power state has a
higher signal power than the second power state. A duration of a
bit includes a first part where the second power state is applied
irrespective of which binary value being represented, and a second
part where a binary value is represented by any of the first power
and a third power state or a combination pattern of the first power
state and the third power state. The first power state has a higher
signal power than the third power state. The method comprises
retrieving samples of the received signal during the second part,
and discarding samples during the first part. The method comprises
selecting a duration of the retrieving of samples such that it is a
time corresponding to the duration of the second part plus a time
based on an expected synchronization error.
The duration of the second part may be variable to comprise
1/2.sup.n of the duration of the bit, where n is any of 1, 2 or 3.
The method may comprise selecting a higher sampling rate for
shorter duration of the second part, and vice versa. The method may
comprise deriving the duration of the second part from an allocated
bit rate for the received transmission.
The method may comprise acquiring an indication on channel
conditions, and selecting the duration of the sampling to be
shorter for worse channel conditions, and vice versa. The acquiring
of the indication on channel conditions may comprise estimating
channel conditions of a previous transmission.
The duration of the second part may be variable, and the method may
comprise decreasing a ratio between the duration of the second part
and the duration of the sampling when the duration of the second
part is decreased, and vice versa.
The expected synchronization error may be predetermined, or the
method may comprise estimating the expected synchronization error
based on elapsed time since a previous transmission where
synchronization could be established.
According to a third aspect, there is provided a computer program
comprising instructions which, when executed on a processor of a
receiver, causes the receiver to perform the method according to
the second aspect.
According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a communication
apparatus comprising a receiver according to the first aspect.
The receiver may be arranged to operate as a wake-up receiver
arranged to control on and off states of a main transceiver of the
communication apparatus based on the signal received by the
receiver.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above, as well as additional objects, features and advantages
of the present disclosure, will be better understood through the
following illustrative and non-limiting detailed description of
preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, with reference to
the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an on-off keying signal.
FIG. 2 illustrates a data bit with value representation.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a modified value
representation.
FIG. 4 illustrates a signal with modified OOK by zero-padding of a
portion T.sub.Z of the symbol time T.sub.b.
FIG. 5 illustrates a signal with modified Manchester OOK by
zero-padding a portion T.sub.Z of the signal part that
traditionally would have been ON.
FIG. 6 is a signal diagram of a received zero-padded signal where
sampling occasions are schematically illustrated.
FIG. 7 is a signal diagram which illustrates an example of a
synchronisation error.
FIG. 8 is a signal diagram which illustrates a signal for no
synchronisation error and a receiver window.
FIG. 9 illustrates an example where a receiver window is applied,
and where a received signal has a slight synchronisation error and
finite rise and fall times wherein the timing happens to be such
that two out of the three samples provides inappropriate
values.
FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an input-output characteristic of
a power amplifier.
FIG. 11 illustrates a signal scheme for plain OOK.
FIG. 12 illustrates a signal scheme Manchester coding.
FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a receiver according to an
embodiment.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a
communication device according to an embodiment.
FIG. 15 is a flow chart schematically illustrating methods
according to embodiments.
FIG. 16 schematically illustrates a computer-readable medium and a
processing device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 6 is a signal diagram of a received zero-padded signal where
sampling occasions are schematically illustrated. Here, a zero
timing error is assumed. It is also assumed that the receiver is
aware of the degree of zero-padding, and the receiver can thus
easily only retrieve those samples (filled circles) that
corresponds to the non-zero-padded part of the signal which results
in that any samples of noise in the zero-padded part is not
retrieved (empty circles). The SNR gain is thus fully achieved.
FIG. 7 is a signal diagram which illustrates an example of a
synchronisation error. The diagram of FIG. 7 illustrates the actual
received signal (solid line), i.e. with synchronisation error and a
corresponding signal (dashed line) for no synchronisation error.
The dashed line may also be seen as the placement of the receiver
window. The synchronisation error can thus be represented with the
timing difference T.sub.e. Here, it can be seen that with a same
sampling retrieving as for FIG. 6, one of the samples will not
contain the first power state signal and instead mainly consist of
noise since the second power state is zero or close to zero power.
If the ideal high-power part, as indicated by the dashed line, is
considered a receiving window, i.e. irrespective of how retrieved
samples happen to be in relation to the signal, a loss caused by
the synchronisation error can be seen as
##EQU00001##
where 0.ltoreq.T.sub.e<T.sub.NZ. Combining this with the ideal
SNR power gain that is obtainable from using the zero-padded OOK,
the overall gain including a synchronisation error is
.times. ##EQU00002##
where 0.ltoreq.T.sub.e.ltoreq.T.sub.NZ. Consider a numerical
example where T.sub.b=8 .mu.s, T.sub.NZ=2 .mu.s, and T.sub.e=0.5
.mu.s. In such case, the gain is
.times. ##EQU00003##
That is, the ideal gain of a factor of 4, i.e. 6 dB, is reduced to
a factor of 3, i.e. 4.8 dB, losing 1.2 dB. For the case the
synchronisation error is larger, e.g. 1.5 .mu.s, the gain is
.times. ##EQU00004##
i.e. resulting in no gain at all. From this, when the duration of
the high power part decreases, the gain quickly decreases upon
increasing synchronisation error, and if the synchronisation error
is larger than the time of high power, the sampling will miss the
present signal and no decoding is possible. It is therefore
suggested a more robust approach, as will be demonstrated
below.
FIG. 8 is a signal diagram which illustrates a signal (dashed line)
for no synchronisation error and a receiver window (solid line)
which is based on the time of the signal to be observed for
achieving the gain, e.g. T.sub.NZ for the zero-padded OOK discussed
above, and on an expected synchronisation error T.sub.e. The
receiver window is thus widened to make sure that the received
signal is captured. That is, assuming that the synchronisation
error is not larger than the expected synchronisation error, the
entire desired signal will fall within the receiver window. On the
other hand, the widening of the receiver window will collect more
noise, and will to some extent degrade the benefits of the
zero-padded approach. The gain will thus be reduced from
##EQU00005##
to
.times. ##EQU00006##
where the receiver window is arranged to handle a synchronisation
error of +/- T.sub.e.
Taking the first numerical example used above, i.e. T.sub.b=8
.mu.s, T.sub.NZ=2 .mu.s, and T.sub.e=0.5 .mu.s, the gain will
be
##EQU00007##
i.e. 4.3 dB and thus a loss of 1.7 in view of ideal gain and 0.5 in
view of the example demonstrated with reference to FIG. 7. However,
for the second numerical example used above, i.e. T.sub.b=8 .mu.s,
T.sub.NZ=2 .mu.s, and T.sub.e=1.5 .mu.s, the gain will be
##EQU00008##
i.e. 2 dB and thus still a gain where the example above gave no
gain at all. Robustness is thus achieved at the expense of lower
gain for small synchronisation errors. From the analysis above, it
can also be seen that by choosing the window widening wisely, i.e.
by having a good estimate of expected synchronisation error, gain
may be achieved for most situations.
In a practical implementation of a receiver, the received signal
may be sampled and quantized in an analog-to-digital converter,
ADC. To keep energy consumption low, it is desirable to operate the
ADC at as low sampling frequency as possible and with as few bits
of resolution as possible. As indicated above, this may have impact
on the effects of the synchronisation error.
Considering again the example where T.sub.b=8 .mu.s, T.sub.NZ=2
.mu.s, and T.sub.e=0.5 .mu.s, and suppose that the ADC uses a
sampling rate of 1 MHz so that each bit time T.sub.b is sampled 8
times, i.e. every 1 .mu.s. Thus, two samples of each ON period
should be obtained, but due to natural existing deviations and
imperfections, the ON period may be registered properly by only one
sample. One example is illustrated in FIG. 9 where a receiver
window of width T.sub.NZ+2T.sub.e is applied, and where signal has
a slight synchronisation error, which is handled by the receiver
window, and finite rise and fall times wherein the timing happens
to be such that two out of the three samples provides inappropriate
values. Many other examples may be considered where different
effects play a role. This may reduce performance, and it is
particularly present when the high-power part is very short. One
way to alleviate this is to use an increased sampling rate, e.g.
such that at least a predetermined number of samples are taken
during the time T.sub.NZ for the high-power part, e.g. at least
four samples.
Thus, a duration of the retrieving of samples, i.e. the receiver
window, is selected such that it is a time corresponding to the
duration of the second part T.sub.NZ plus a time based on an
expected synchronisation error T.sub.e. For example, the receiver
window may be selected to be based on the synchronisation error
such that is becomes T.sub.NZ+2T.sub.e, i.e. symmetric widening of
the receiver window, or be based on the synchronization error such
that it becomes T.sub.NZ+T.sub.e with asymmetric widening. The
expected synchronisation error may for example be based on a
previous transmission and/or on when a last successful
synchronisation was made, i.e. the longer time that has elapsed
from a successful synchronisation, the larger expected
synchronisation error. The synchronisation error may also be based
on a type of clock signal that has been used lately in the
receiver, i.e. if an accurate (and reasonably energy consuming)
clock has been used, the expected synchronisation error is chosen
to be smaller than if a less accurate (and less energy consuming)
clock has been used. Other aspects, such as channel conditions may
also be part of the consideration when assigning the receiver
window. For example, if it is determined that noise level is very
low, the receiver window may be widened without much loss. On the
other hand, if it is determined that harsh conditions, including
reflection paths of the signal, the synchronisation error may be
expected to be large, i.e. a delayed reflection may be the
strongest signal. Thus, the expected synchronisation error may be
derived by more or less complex considerations, and the assignment
of the receiver window based on the expected synchronisation error
may be made on more or less complex information and assumptions
about how the synchronisation error will affect the reception of
the transmission. Considering a least complex approach, the
expected synchronisation error T.sub.e is predetermined, e.g. from
knowledge at design of the communication system, and the assignment
of the receiver window is fixed to T.sub.NZ+2T.sub.e with symmetric
widening of the receiver window.
For the understanding of nature of the zero-padded signal, examples
of how a transmitter is providing such zero-padded signal will be
briefly given here. In practice, there is a limit on the maximum
peak power that can be used for the transmissions. One limitation
may be set by a power amplifier used by the transmitter. For this
limitation, it needs to be considered how much power back-off is
typically needed in order to ensure that the power amplifier is
operating in a sufficiently linear range. FIG. 10 illustrates an
example of an input-output characteristic of a power amplifier. In
short, if the modulation uses a large peak-to-average ratio (PAR) a
higher back-off is normally required than if a smaller
peak-to-average ratio is used. Another limitation may be from radio
transmission regulations or the used transmission system or radio
access technology, i.e. regulatory limitations.
As an example, in IEEE 802.11, when evaluation of performance is
made, it can be assumed that average transmission power is limited
to 17 dBm and saturation power for the power amplifier can
typically be 25 dBm. This means that the back-off is 8 dB. Here the
back-off is related to the saturation power, but alternatively the
back-off is related to 1 dB compression point, which is the point
where the output power of the power amplifier is 1 dB less than
would have been the ideal case with a linear input-output
relationship.
Thus, with an aim of selecting T.sub.NZ as large as possible
without exceeding a certain average output power or of selecting
T.sub.NZ as small as possible keeping the average power maximized
by increasing the peak power, a distinguishable decodable signal
should reasonably be provided. For example, consider a bit time
T.sub.b of 8 .mu.s, average power P.sub.Avg of 16 dBm, peak power
P.sub.peak of 25 dBm, P.sub.OFF is zero, i.e. no transmission, and
probabilities of logical ones and zeroes are equal. The ratio
between peak power and average power P.sub.peak/P.sub.Avg is 8,
i.e. corresponding to about 9 dB. For a modified OOK, e.g. as
illustrated in FIG. 4, and with equal probability of a one and a
zero being transmitted, the average power limitation of 16 dBm will
be fulfilled if T.sub.NZ is 2 .mu.s, i.e. 1/4 of T.sub.b. i.e. in
average the high-power signal is transmitted 2/16 of the time
(observing a one and a zero; 2 .mu.s of high-power signal and total
time of 16 .mu.s). Signal-to-noise gain of 6 dB can thus be
achieved at the receiver end. A similar effect is achieved for
modified Manchester coded OOK as illustrated in FIG. 5 for any bit
value probability with T.sub.NZ of 1 .mu.s for respective bit value
representation, i.e. in average the high-power signal is
transmitted 1/8 of the time (observing any of a one and a zero; 1
.mu.s of high-power signal and total time of 8 .mu.s).
The approach above may be used for lean or extremely lean
transmissions, such as for wake-up signal to a wake-up radio in a
receiver, where the wake-up radio has the purpose of receiving the
wake-up signal and upon proper decoding thereof initiate operation
of a main transceiver of the receiving entity, wherein the main
transceiver commences traffic exchange with e.g. a network node.
Here, the network node may be the entity comprising the transmitter
discussed above. Features of receivers of such lean or extremely
lean transmissions are often that they are low complexity and low
power consuming. This normally leads to that they are specified for
low bitrate communication. An example is that they are arranged to
operate with a bitrate of 1/2.sup.n of what is normally or in
feasible operation modes used on a channel between the network node
and the receiving entity, where n is for example 1, 2 or 3, at
least for the extremely lean transmissions. That is, bit time
T.sub.b may be relatively long. According to a traditional
approach, signal energy is distributed along the bit time T.sub.b,
but as demonstrated above, signal-to-noise gain can be achieved by
concentrating signal energy to a part of the bit time T.sub.b. One
approach of doing this is to provide a signal having a first power
state, a second power state, and a third power state. The first
power state is the above referred high-power state, or ON-state,
which then has a higher signal power than the second and third
power states. The second power state is assigned to a first part of
the bit time T.sub.b, where the power may be zero or close to zero
irrespective of which bit value is conveyed during the bit time
T.sub.b. During a second part of the bit time T.sub.b, either the
first or the third power states are applied, i.e. in case of OOK,
or a pattern of the first and third power states are applied, e.g.
as the above demonstrated Manchester code, for representing the
respective bit values. Typically, the power levels of the second
and third power states are equal, but may differ for achieving
certain effects that will be demonstrated below. Here, the first
and second parts may be transmitted in either order, and the first
part may even be divided into two portions with one portion
transmitted before the second part and the rest transmitted after
the second part. The term transmitted is here used also for the
first part although that part may be silent. The first part
constitutes at least half of the bit time T.sub.b.
The second and the third power states have signal powers that are
zero or close to zero. An advantage of having for example the
second power state, and also the third power state, non-zero may
for example be when being applied in a radio frequency spectrum
where a listen-before-talk, LBT, approach is applied. That may
facilitate for other entities to spot that the channel is occupied.
Another advantage may be for the receiver to distinguish the signal
or roughly determine synchronisation of the signal.
The non-zero approach may enable a receiver to distinguish all
parts of a signal sequence from when no signal is provided. It is
reasonable to assume that a receiver is able to detect a signal at
the low-power state(s) which is 30 dB below the high-power state
representing the equivalence to the ON state of OOK, or higher,
e.g. somewhere between 20 dB and 30 dB below the high-power state.
The ratio between the high-power state and the low-power state(s)
is kept high such that the states are distinguishably decodable,
preferably with a ratio corresponding to at least 20 dB.
On the other hand, the zero approach has the advantage of consuming
less power and generating less interference, although the
difference may be small to the small power intended for the second
and/or third power states of the non-zero approach, but for an
average power limitation as discussed above, also the contributions
by the second and third power states need to be taken into account
for the non-zero approach.
With the above demonstrated features and options, a tangible
example will be demonstrated with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12,
which illustrate signal schemes for plain OOK and Manchester
coding, respectively, according to the suggested approaches.
Consider a system operating at for example 250 kbits/s and also has
a low-rate mode where it operates for example a wake-up radio on
62.5 kbits/s. The bitrate when operating on 250 kbits/s is
illustrated by dot-dash lines along the time line, while the
bitrate when operating on 62.5 kbits/s is illustrated by dashed
lines along the time line. Consider also that the numerical example
demonstrated above applies in sense of relations between average
power and peak power. The reason of mentioning the faster bitrate
system in this example is that the skilled reader will recognize
that existing mechanisms such as timing, sampling, etc. may be
reused when implementing the suggested embodiment, wherein for the
selection of durations of the first and second parts, this
short-cut to implementation by reusing such mechanisms may be taken
into account. Thus, as indicated in the numerical example above,
the OOK as illustrated in FIG. 11 is silent (or close to zero when
applying the non-zero approach demonstrated above) the whole bit
time when transmitting one of the binary values, e.g. "0" as
illustrated in FIG. 11, and when transmitting the other of the
binary values, e.g. "1" as illustrated in FIG. 11, the signal is
silent (or close to zero) the first 3/4 of the bit time and then
the high-power state is applied for the last 1/4 of the bit time. A
similar approach is provided for the Manchester coding approach in
FIG. 12, but where the last 1/4 of the bit time is used for
providing the pattern for respective binary value of the symbol. It
should be noted that the last 1/4 of the bit time is here used for
easier understanding of a tangible example, but the part having the
high-power state or the indicative pattern may of course be present
anywhere during the bit pattern that is determined for the system,
and thus known by both the transmitter and the receiver. However,
with a handy implementation in mind for the example above, it may
be chosen taking the timings of the higher bitrate system into
account, and for example put the high-power state in the first 1/4
of the bit time in FIG. 11 and the pattern in the first 1/4 of the
bit time in FIG. 8. Furthermore, if the relation between average
power limitation and peak power are not sufficient to provide the
signal energy within 1/4 of the bit time, the division between the
always silent (or close to zero) part and the other part may be
changed to 1/2 to 1/2. Similar, if the peak power is sufficient,
the division may be selected to be 7/8 to 1/8. The short second
part will as discussed above provide a signal-to-noise gain. Here,
although the peak power is sufficient for a very short second part,
the second part is reasonably not made too short since
synchronisation and sampling issues at a receiver may degrade the
improved performance by the herein demonstrated achievements.
Considering reasonable implementations, the second part preferably
should comprise 1/2.sup.n of the duration of the bit, where n is
any of 1, 2 or 3.
A further consideration is that when the above demonstrated
approaches are used in a radio frequency spectrum where LBT is to
be applied, the long silent (or close to zero) parts may impose
problems for other entities to spot that the channel is occupied.
This may be solved by for example dividing the second part into
portions, e.g. two portions, which are distributed over the bit
time. The time T.sub.NZ and thus the energy is thus distributed
such that a remote entity is more likely to spot that the channel
is occupied.
Thus, as discussed for the practical allocation of the second part,
which may be static or dynamic following certain rules set up for
the system such that the transmitter and receiver agrees, there may
be a mapping of the second part, and thus indirectly the first
part, to the bit time.
Returning to the receiver, FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a
receiver 1300 which is arranged to receive binary information which
uses the binary amplitude shift keying demonstrated above with
reference to the different embodiments. Information symbols 1302
are represented by a received signal 1304 including the power
states demonstrated above. The receiver 1300 is thus arranged to
receive the signal 1304 where the first power state has a higher
signal power than the second power state, and the second power
state is used during all of a first part 1306 of a bit time 1308,
where the first part 1306 is the zero-padded as referred to
above.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a
communication device 1400 according to an embodiment. The
communication device comprises an antenna arrangement 1402, a
receiver 1404 connected to the antenna arrangement 1402, a
transmitter 1406 connected to the antenna arrangement 1402, a
processing element 1408 which may comprise one or more circuits,
one or more input interfaces 1410 and one or more output interfaces
1412. The interfaces 1410, 1412 can be operator interfaces and/or
signal interfaces, e.g. electrical or optical. The communication
device 1400 may be arranged to operate in a cellular communication
network. In particular, by the processing element 1408 being
arranged to perform the embodiments demonstrated with reference to
FIGS. 1 to 9 and 15, the communication device 1400 is capable of
transmitting a signal as demonstrated above. The receiver 1404 is
here to be regarded as either a single receiver used for both the
signal demonstrated above, e.g. wake-up signal, paging signal,
control signal, etc., and for other traffic, e.g. associated with a
cellular or wireless local area network, or as a receiver
arrangement comprising one receiver arranged for traffic associated
with e.g. a cellular or wireless local area network, and another
receiver arranged and dedicated to receive the signal demonstrated
above. The processing element 1408 can also fulfil a multitude of
tasks, ranging from signal processing to enable reception and
transmission since it is connected to the receiver 1404 and
transmitter 1406, executing applications, controlling the
interfaces 1410, 1412, etc.
FIG. 15 is a flow chart schematically illustrating methods
according to embodiments. The method is performed by a receiver,
e.g. any of the receivers 1300, 1404 demonstrated with reference to
FIGS. 13 and 14, respectively, to receive binary information which
uses binary amplitude shift keying where information symbols are
represented by a signal including a first power state and a second
power state. The first power state has a higher signal power than
the second power state. A duration of a bit includes a first part
where the second power state is applied irrespective of which
binary value being represented, and a second part where a binary
value is represented by any of the first power and a third power
state or a combination pattern of the first power state and the
third power state. The first power state has a higher signal power
than the third power state. Furthermore, the signal may apply any
of the options demonstrated above and imply any of the issues
demonstrated above.
The method comprises sampling 1500 a received signal having the
propertied as of above. A receiver window is selected 1502, wherein
samples from the receiver window are retrieved 1504 and samples
outside the receiver window are discarded 1506. The selection 1502
may include selecting a duration of the retrieving 1502 of samples,
i.e. the receiver window, is selected such that it is a time
corresponding to the duration of the second part T.sub.NZ plus a
time based on an expected synchronisation error T.sub.e. According
to one example, the receiver window may be selected to be based on
the synchronisation error such that is becomes T.sub.NZ+2T.sub.e,
i.e. symmetric widening of the receiver window, or be based on the
synchronization error such that it becomes T.sub.NZ+T.sub.e with
asymmetric widening, e.g. if it is known that only timing delays of
the received signal are an issue. The expected synchronisation
error may for example be based on a previous transmission and/or on
when a last successful synchronisation was made, i.e. the longer
time that has elapsed from a successful synchronisation, the larger
expected synchronisation error. The synchronisation error may also
be based on a type of clock signal that has been used lately in the
receiver, i.e. if an accurate (and reasonably energy consuming)
clock has been used, the expected synchronisation error is chosen
to be smaller than if a less accurate (and less energy consuming)
clock has been used. Other aspects, such as channel conditions may
also be part of the consideration when assigning the receiver
window. For example, if it is determined that noise level is very
low, the receiver window may be widened without much loss. On the
other hand, if it is determined that harsh conditions, including
reflection paths of the signal, the synchronisation error may be
expected to be large, i.e. a delayed reflection may be the
strongest signal. Thus, the expected synchronisation error may be
derived by more or less complex considerations, and the assignment
of the receiver window based on the expected synchronisation error
may be made on more or less complex information and assumptions
about how the synchronisation error will affect the reception of
the transmission. Considering a least complex approach, the
expected synchronisation error T.sub.e is predetermined, e.g. from
knowledge at design of the communication system, and the assignment
of the receiver window is fixed to T.sub.NZ+2T.sub.e with symmetric
widening of the receiver window.
The methods according to the present disclosure are suitable for
implementation with aid of processing means, such as computers
and/or processors, especially for the case where the processing
element 1408 demonstrated above comprises a processor handling the
selection of duration of the second part and the selection of
signal power for the first power state, and possibly for the
mapping of the second part. Therefore, there is provided computer
programs, comprising instructions arranged to cause the processing
means, processor, or computer to perform the steps of any of the
methods according to any of the embodiments described with
reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 and 15. The computer programs preferably
comprise program code which is stored on a computer readable medium
1600, as illustrated in FIG. 16, which can be loaded and executed
by a processing means, processor, or computer 1602 to cause it to
perform the methods, respectively, according to embodiments of the
present disclosure, preferably as any of the embodiments described
with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 and 15. The computer 1602 and
computer program product 1600 can be arranged to execute the
program code sequentially where actions of the any of the methods
are performed stepwise, or be made to perform the actions on a
real-time basis. The processing means, processor, or computer 1602
is preferably what normally is referred to as an embedded system.
Thus, the depicted computer readable medium 1600 and computer 1602
in FIG. 16 should be construed to be for illustrative purposes only
to provide understanding of the principle, and not to be construed
as any direct illustration of the elements.
* * * * *