U.S. patent number 11,202,723 [Application Number 16/217,144] was granted by the patent office on 2021-12-21 for absorbent articles with improved topsheet dryness.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company. The grantee listed for this patent is The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Ernesto Gabriel Bianchi, Gueltekin Erdem, Silke Kramkowski, Sascha Kreisel, Yi Yuan.
United States Patent |
11,202,723 |
Yuan , et al. |
December 21, 2021 |
Absorbent articles with improved topsheet dryness
Abstract
Absorbent articles having three-dimensional, apertured, liquid
permeable topsheets, acquisition materials, liquid permeable
backsheets, and absorbent cores are disclosed. The absorbent
articles provide improved topsheet dryness, reduced collagen rewet,
and improved modified fluid acquisition.
Inventors: |
Yuan; Yi (Beijing,
CN), Erdem; Gueltekin (Beijing, CN),
Kramkowski; Silke (Bad Soden, DE), Bianchi; Ernesto
Gabriel (Oberursel Hessen, DE), Kreisel; Sascha
(Frankfurt am Main, DE) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Procter & Gamble Company |
Cincinnati |
OH |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
The Procter & Gamble
Company (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
1000006005407 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/217,144 |
Filed: |
December 12, 2018 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20190125595 A1 |
May 2, 2019 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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PCT/CN2016/088095 |
Jul 1, 2016 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F
13/5121 (20130101); A61F 13/51464 (20130101); A61F
13/51104 (20130101); A61F 13/513 (20130101); A61F
13/5123 (20130101); A61F 13/537 (20130101); A61F
2013/51139 (20130101); A61F 13/5116 (20130101); A61F
2013/15463 (20130101); A61F 2013/15544 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61F
13/15 (20060101); A61F 13/511 (20060101); A61F
13/512 (20060101); A61F 13/513 (20060101); A61F
13/537 (20060101); A61F 13/514 (20060101) |
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|
Primary Examiner: Stephens; Jacqueline F
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Best; Christian M.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation, under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120, of
Patent Application No. PCT/CN2016/088095, filed on Jul. 1, 2016,
which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An absorbent article comprising: a three-dimensional, liquid
permeable topsheet comprising: a first nonwoven layer forming a
portion of a wearer-facing surface of the absorbent article,
wherein the first nonwoven layer comprises a hydrophobic material;
and a second nonwoven layer comprising a hydrophilic material,
wherein the first nonwoven layer is joined to the second nonwoven
layer; wherein the topsheet comprises a plurality of recesses, a
plurality of projections, and a plurality of land areas, wherein
the land areas surround at least a majority of the plurality of
projections and a plurality of the recesses, wherein the plurality
of recesses, the plurality of projections, and the plurality of
land areas, together form a first three-dimensional surface on a
first side of the topsheet and a second three-dimensional surface
on a second side of the topsheet, wherein a majority of the
projections have a z-directional height in the range of about 500
.mu.m to about 4000 .mu.m, according to the Projection Height Test,
wherein a majority of the recesses define an aperture at a location
most distal from a top peak of an adjacent projection, and wherein
the majority of the recesses have a z-directional height in the
range of about 500 .mu.m to about 2000 .mu.m, according to the
Recess Height Test; wherein the topsheet has an overall
z-directional height in the range of about 600 .mu.m to about 6000
.mu.m, according to the Overall Substrate Height Test; wherein a
portion of the projections and a portion of the recesses are formed
by a portion of the first nonwoven layer and a portion of the
second nonwoven layer; wherein the apertures are formed through the
first nonwoven layer and through the second nonwoven layer; wherein
the topsheet has a basis weight in the range of about 20 gsm to
about 50 gsm, according to the Basis Weight Test; a liquid
impermeable backsheet; a material positioned at least partially
intermediate the topsheet and the backsheet; and an acquisition
material positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet
and the material; wherein the topsheet comprises a first Median
Absorption Pressure having a first value; wherein the acquisition
material comprises a Median Absorption Pressure having a second
value; wherein the material comprises a third Median Absorption
Pressure having a third value; wherein the second value is
intermediate or equal to the first value and the third value;
wherein the topsheet has an equilibrium capillary suction sorbent
capacity greater than 10 g/g at 100% saturation, according to the
Capillary Sorption Test; and wherein the acquisition material has
an equilibrium capillary suction sorbent capacity less than 7 g/g
at 100% saturation, according to the Capillary Sorption Test.
2. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the material comprises
cross-linked cellulosic fibers, wherein the absorbent article
comprises an absorbent core positioned intermediate the
cross-linked cellulosic fibers and the liquid impermeable
backsheet, wherein the absorbent core comprises an absorbent
material, and wherein the absorbent material comprises at least 85%
superabsorbent polymers by weight of the absorbent material.
3. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the material comprises
an absorbent core.
4. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the absorbent article
has a modified fluid acquisition in the range of about 70 seconds
and about 200 seconds, according to the Modified Fluid Acquisition
Test.
5. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the absorbent article
has a collagen rewet in the range of about 30 mg and about 120 mg,
according to the Collagen Rewet Test.
6. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the absorbent article
has a light touch dryness in the range of about 20 mg to about 80
mg, according to the Light Touch Dryness Test.
7. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first value is in
the range of about 2 cm to about 3 cm, according to the Capillary
Sorption Test, wherein the second value is in the range of about 4
cm to about 7 cm, according to the Capillary Sorption Test, and
wherein the third value is in the range of about 8 cm to about 10
cm, according to the Capillary Sorption Test.
8. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein a majority of the
apertures in the topsheet have an effective aperture area in the
range of about 0.5 mm.sup.2 to about 3 mm.sup.2, according to the
Aperture Test, and wherein the topsheet has a % effective open area
in the range of about 5% to about 25%, according to the Aperture
Test.
9. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first nonwoven
layer of the topsheet comprises a plurality of first fibers,
wherein the second nonwoven layer of the topsheet comprises a
plurality of second fibers, and wherein the first and second fibers
are different.
10. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein four apertures are
formed around each projection, and wherein four projections are
formed around each aperture.
11. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein two adjacent
apertures are separated by a projection and a land area along a
lateral axis of the substrate, wherein two adjacent projections are
separated by an aperture and a land area along the lateral axis of
the substrate, wherein two adjacent apertures are separated by a
projection and a land area along a longitudinal axis of the
substrate, and wherein two adjacent projections are separated by an
aperture and a land area along the longitudinal axis of the
substrate.
12. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein substantially all of
the recesses define an aperture, and wherein substantially all of
the projections comprise a hollow arched portion.
13. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the apertures
comprise a first set of apertures together forming a first line in
the substrate and a second set of apertures together forming a
second line in the substrate, wherein the first line is generally
parallel with the second line, and wherein the apertures are formed
through the first nonwoven layer and the second nonwoven layer.
14. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein a perimeter of the
majority of the apertures forms a first plane of the bottommost
portion of the substrate, wherein a top peak of the majority of the
projections forms a second plane of the topmost portion of the
substrate, and wherein the land areas are positioned intermediate
the first plane and the second plane.
15. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first
three-dimensional surface has a geometric roughness value in the
range of about 3.0 to about 3.6, according to the Descriptive
Analysis Roughness Test.
16. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first nonwoven
layer comprises fibers that are at least 0.5 denier greater than a
denier of the fibers of the second layer.
17. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first nonwoven
layer of the topsheet comprises fibers having a denier in the range
of about 3 to about 5, and wherein the second nonwoven layer of the
topsheet comprises fibers having a denier in the range of about 1
to about 3.
18. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first nonwoven
layer has a basis weight in the range of about 0.4 to about 3 times
greater than a basis weight of the second nonwoven layer.
19. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of
the material is positioned directly under the acquisition
material.
20. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the second value is
intermediate the first value and the third value.
Description
FIELD
The present disclosure is generally related to absorbent articles
and, is more specifically related to absorbent articles with
improved topsheet dryness after one or more insults of bodily
exudates.
BACKGROUND
Absorbent articles for personal hygiene, such as disposable diapers
for infants and small children, training pants for toddlers, adult
incontinence undergarments, and/or sanitary napkins are designed to
absorb and contain bodily exudates, in particular large quantities
of urine, runny BM, and/or menses (together the "fluids" or
"fluid"). These absorbent articles may comprise several layers
providing different functions, for example, a liquid permeable
topsheet, a liquid impermeable backsheet, an absorbent core
disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet, and an acquisition
material disposed between the topsheet and the absorbent core,
among other layers, if desired.
Fluid acquisition of absorbent articles has been researched for
some time. Absorbent article manufactures typically try to improve
fluid acquisition. Furthermore, once the fluid is absorbed through
a topsheet into an absorbent core of an absorbent article, it is
desirable to maintain that fluid within the absorbent core and not
allow the fluid to migrate back up into the topsheet. This concept
of migration back up into the topsheet is known in the art as
rewet. Poor fluid acquisition and rewet, in some instances, may
cause leakage and/or wet or damp topsheets after one or more
insults of fluid. Fluid acquisition and rewet are further
complicated when the topsheet is a three-dimensional, high basis
weight material. Absorbent articles with three-dimensional, high
basis weight materials, in some instances, increase fluid
acquisition, but are typically worse for rewet compared with
absorbent articles with traditional flat topsheets or apertured
flat topsheets.
Current absorbent articles that provide three-dimensional, high
basis weight materials struggle with fluid acquisition and rewet,
thus leading to leakage and/or wet or damp topsheets. Thus,
absorbent articles need to be improved to provide drier topsheets
without compromising fluid acquisition performance and rewet.
SUMMARY
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure solve the problems
of leakage and wet or damp topsheets and provide drier
three-dimensional topsheets after fluid insults through improved
fluid acquisition and reduced rewet. The three-dimensional
topsheets may be apertured and may have large effective open areas
to allow for faster fluid acquisition. Further, by providing
three-dimensional topsheets, fluid may be maintained a distance
away from a wearer's skin (e.g., in recesses of the
three-dimensional topsheets) moments after a fluid insult, thereby
leading to less fluid on the skin. Drier three-dimensional, high
basis weight topsheets may be achieved by providing a Median
Absorption Pressure gradient from the topsheet to the absorbent
core or to a material under an acquisition layer. In general, the
topsheet may have a low Median Absorption Pressure, while the
absorbent core or a material (e.g., a layer of cross-linked
cellulosic fibers) under the acquisition material may have the
highest Median Absorption Pressure. The Median Absorption Pressure
is measured by the Capillary Sorption Test herein. The Median
Absorption Pressure is typically measured by an absorption curve
and a desorption curve between 0% liquid saturation and 100% liquid
saturation. Typically, the desorption curve of the topsheet should
be equal or lower than the absorption curve of the absorbent core
or the material under the acquisition material. Layers, such as one
or more acquisition layers, intermediate the topsheet and the
absorbent core or the material under the acquisition material may
have a Median Absorption Pressure that is intermediate the low
Median Absorption Pressure of the topsheet and the high Median
Absorption Pressure of the absorbent core or the material under the
acquisition material. Therefore, the particular acquisition
material should have its absorption curve higher than or equal to
the desorption curve of the topsheet and its desorption curve lower
than or equal to the absorption curve of the absorbent core or the
material under the acquisition material. Further, the particular
acquisition materials of the present disclosure have a relatively
high Median Absorption Pressure relative to the topsheet to dewater
the three-dimensional topsheets disclosed herein. The
three-dimensional topsheets disclosed herein have significant fluid
holding capacity, owing to their three-dimensional structure, and
provide immediate accessible volume for holding fluid upon fluid
insults. This holding capacity is able to hold fluid until the
fluid is drained from the topsheet by the acquisition material. The
particular air-felt free cores or material under the acquisition
material disclosed herein may contribute to reduced rewet by having
the highest Median Absorption Pressure in the absorbent article.
Thus, the combination of a three-dimensional, high basis weight
topsheet, the acquisition materials described herein, and the
absorbent cores or the materials under the acquisition materials
described herein, and optional other layers, provides an absorbent
article with improved topsheet dryness, caused by faster fluid
acquisition speeds, reduced rewet, and a Median Absorption Pressure
gradient that increases from the topsheet into the absorbent
article.
The dense acquisition materials described herein may retain less
liquid compared to convention acquisition materials (more open
structure, less dense layers). Further, the three-dimensional
topsheets may act a barrier to rewet owing to a hydrophobic layer
in the topsheets. Essentially, the acquisition material acts as a
barrier to fluid transfer (upwards) between the core and the
topsheet and the topsheet acts as a barrier to fluid transfer
(upwards) between the acquisition material and a wearer's skin.
The present disclosure is generally related, in part, to an
absorbent article comprising a three-dimensional, liquid permeable
topsheet. The liquid permeable topsheet comprises a first layer
forming a portion of a wearer-facing surface of the absorbent
article, wherein the first layer comprises a hydrophobic material.
The topsheet comprises a second layer comprising a hydrophilic
material, wherein the first layer is joined to the second layer.
The topsheet comprises a plurality of recesses, a plurality of
projections, and a plurality of land areas. The land areas surround
at least a majority of the plurality of projections and a plurality
of the recesses. The plurality of recesses, the plurality of
projections, and the plurality of land areas, together form a first
three-dimensional surface on a first side of the substrate and a
second three-dimensional surface on a second side of the substrate.
A majority of the projections have a z-directional height in the
range of about 500 .mu.m to about 4000 .mu.m, according to the
Projection Height Test. A majority of the recesses define an
aperture at a location most distal from a top peak of an adjacent
projection. The majority of the recesses have a z-directional
height in the range of about 500 .mu.m to about 2000 .mu.m,
according to the Recess Height Test. The topsheet has an overall
z-directional height in the range of about 600 .mu.m to about 6000
.mu.m, according to the Overall Substrate Height Test. A portion of
the projections and a portion of the recesses are formed by a
portion of the first layer and a portion of the second layer. The
apertures are formed through the first layer and through the second
layer. The topsheet has a basis weight in the range of about 20 gsm
to about 50 gsm, according to the Basis Weight Test. The absorbent
article comprises a liquid impermeable backsheet, a material
positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet and the
backsheet, and an acquisition material positioned at least
partially intermediate the topsheet and the material. The topsheet
comprises a first Median Absorption Pressure having a first value.
The acquisition material comprises a Median Absorption Pressure
having a second value. The material comprises a third Median
Absorption Pressure having a third value. The second value is
intermediate or equal to the first value and the third value.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the
present disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become
more apparent and the disclosure itself will be better understood
by reference to the following description of non-limiting forms of
the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a top view of an absorbent article, wearer-facing surface
facing the viewer, with some layers partially removed in accordance
with the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent article taken
about line 2-2 of FIG. 1 in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent article taken
about line 2-2 of FIG. 2 where the absorbent article has been
loaded with fluid in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a top view of another absorbent article, wearer-facing
surface facing the viewer, with some layers partially removed in
accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent article taken
about line 5-5 of FIG. 4 in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a top view of an absorbent core of the absorbent article
of FIG. 4 with some layers partially removed in accordance the
present disclosure;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent core taken about
line 7-7 of FIG. 6 in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent core taken about
line 8-8 of FIG. 6 in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 9 is a top view of an absorbent article, wearer-facing surface
facing the viewer, that is a sanitary napkin with some of the
layers cut away in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 10 is a top view of an absorbent article, wearer-facing
surface facing the viewer, that comprises a three-dimensional,
liquid permeable substrate in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an absorbent article of FIG. 10 in
accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 12 is an enlarged top view of a portion of the liquid
permeable substrate of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 13 is another enlarged top view of a portion of the liquid
permeable substrate of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a three-dimensional, liquid
permeable substrate positioned on and/or joined to a topsheet for
an absorbent article in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 15 is another schematic illustration of a three-dimensional,
liquid permeable substrate positioned on and/or joined to a
topsheet for an absorbent article in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 16 is another schematic illustration of a three-dimensional,
liquid permeable substrate positioned on and/or joined to a
topsheet for an absorbent article in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 17 is a front view of a portion of a three-dimensional, liquid
permeable substrate, wearer-facing surface facing the viewer in
accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 18 is a front perspective view of the portion of the
three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrate of FIG. 17 in
accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 19 is another front view of a portion of a three-dimensional,
liquid permeable substrate, wearer-facing surface facing the viewer
in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 20 is a front perspective view of the portion of the liquid
permeable substrate of FIG. 19 in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 21 is a back view of a portion of a three-dimensional, liquid
permeable substrate, wearer-facing surface facing the viewer in
accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 22 is a back perspective view of the portion of the
three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrate of FIG. 21 in
accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 23 is another back view of a portion of a three-dimensional,
liquid permeable substrate, wearer-facing surface facing the viewer
in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 24 is a back perspective view of the portion of the liquid
permeable substrate of FIG. 23 in accordance with the present
disclosure;
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid permeable substrate
in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of one example process for
forming the substrates of the present disclosure;
FIG. 27 is a view of intermeshing engagement of portions of first
and second rolls in accordance with the present disclosure;
FIG. 28 is a view of a portion of the first roll in accordance with
the present disclosure;
FIG. 29 is a view of a portion of the second roll in accordance
with the present disclosure;
FIG. 30 is a side view of a package of absorbent articles in
accordance with the present disclosure. The outer surface is
illustrated as transparent for purposes of clarity;
FIG. 31 illustrates an equipment assembly used in the Capillary
Sorption Test;
FIG. 32 illustrates an equipment assembly used in the Capillary
Sorption Test;
FIG. 33 illustrates an apparatus used in the Modified Fluid
Acquisition Test;
FIG. 34A is a side view of the curved component used in the
Modified Fluid Acquisition Test;
FIG. 34B is an end view of the curved component of FIG. 34A;
FIG. 34C is a bottom view of the curved component of FIG. 34A;
FIG. 34D is a bottom perspective view of the curved component of
FIG. 34A;
FIG. 34E is a top perspective view of the curved component of FIG.
34;
FIG. 35A illustrates a top plate assembly used in the Modified
Fluid Acquisition Test; and
FIG. 35B illustrates equipment used in the Modified Fluid
Acquisition Test.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Various non-limiting forms of the present disclosure will now be
described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of
the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the absorbent
articles with improved topsheet dryness disclosed herein. One or
more examples of these non-limiting embodiments are illustrated in
the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will
understand that the absorbent articles with improved topsheet
dryness described herein and illustrated in the accompanying
drawings are non-limiting example forms and that the scope of the
various non-limiting forms of the present disclosure are defined
solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in
connection with one non-limiting form may be combined with the
features of other non-limiting forms. Such modifications and
variations are intended to be included within the scope of the
present disclosure.
Introduction
As used herein, the term "absorbent article" refers to disposable
devices such as infant, child, or adult diapers, adult incontinence
products, training pants, sanitary napkins, and the like which are
placed against or in proximity to a body of a wearer to absorb and
contain the various fluids discharged from the body. Typically,
these absorbent articles comprise a topsheet, backsheet, an
absorbent core, optionally an acquisition system and/or a
distribution system (which may be comprised of one or several
layers), and typically other components, with the absorbent core
normally placed at least partially between the backsheet and the
acquisition and/or distribution system. The absorbent articles
comprising three-dimensional, high basis weight, liquid permeable
substrates of the present disclosure will be further illustrated in
the below description and in the Figures in the form of one or more
components of taped diaper, such as a topsheet. Nothing in this
description should be, however, considered limiting the scope of
the claims. As such the present disclosure applies to any suitable
form of absorbent articles (e.g., diapers, training pants, adult
incontinence products, sanitary napkins).
As used herein, the term "nonwoven web" means a manufactured sheet,
web, or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibers, bonded
by friction, and/or cohesion, and/or adhesion, excluding paper and
products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded
incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling,
whether or not additionally needled. The fibers may be of natural
or man-made origin and may be staple or continuous filaments or be
formed in situ. Commercially available fibers may have diameters
ranging from less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and
may come in several different forms such as short fibers (known as
staple, or chopped), continuous single fibers (filaments or
monofilaments), untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow),
and twisted bundles of continuous filaments (yam). Nonwoven webs
may be formed by many processes such as meltblowing, spunbonding,
solvent spinning, electrospinning, carding, and airlaying. The
basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in grams per
square meter (g/m.sup.2 or gsm).
As used herein, the terms "joined", "bonded", or "attached"
encompasses configurations whereby an element is directly secured
to another element by affixing the element directly to the other
element, and configurations whereby an element is indirectly
secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate
member(s) which in turn are affixed to the other element.
As used herein, the term "machine direction" or "MD" is the
direction that is substantially parallel to the direction of travel
of a substrate as it is made. The "cross direction" or "CD" is the
direction substantially perpendicular to the MD and in the plane
generally defined by the substrate.
As used herein, the term "hydrophilic", refers to a material having
a contact angle less than or equal to 90.degree. according to The
American Chemical Society Publication "Contact Angle, Wettability,
and Adhesion," edited by Robert F. Gould and copyrighted in
1964.
As used herein, the term "hydrophobic", refers to a material or
layer having a contact angle greater than or equal to 90.degree.
according to The American Chemical Society Publication "Contact
Angle, Wettability, and Adhesion," edited by Robert F. Gould and
copyrighted in 1964.
General Description of the Absorbent Article
An example absorbent article in the form of a diaper 20 is
represented in FIGS. 1-3. FIG. 1 is a plan view of the example
diaper 20, in a flat-out state, with portions of the structure
being cut-away to more clearly show the construction of the diaper
20. The wearer-facing surface of the diaper 20 of FIG. 1 is facing
the viewer. This diaper 20 is shown for illustration purpose only
as the three-dimensional substrates of the present disclosure may
be used as one or more components of an absorbent article, such as
a topsheet.
The absorbent article 20 may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet
24, a liquid impermeable backsheet 25, an absorbent core 28
positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet 24 and the
backsheet 25, and barrier leg cuffs 34. The absorbent article may
also comprise an acquisition and/or distribution system ("ADS") 50,
which in the example represented comprises a distribution layer 54
and an acquisition layer 52, which will be further detailed below.
This distribution layer 54 and the absorbent core 28 may be
referred to as a "material" herein and in the claims. The ADS, in
some instances, may only comprise one or more acquisition layers.
The absorbent article may also comprise elasticized gasketing cuffs
32 comprising elastics 33 joined to a chassis of the absorbent
article, typically via the topsheet and/or backsheet, and
substantially planar with the chassis of the diaper.
The figures also show typical taped diaper components such as a
fastening system comprising tabs 42 attached towards the rear edge
of the article and cooperating with a landing zone 44 on the front
of the absorbent article. The absorbent article may also comprise
other typical elements, which are not represented, such as a rear
elastic waist feature, a front elastic waist feature, transverse
barrier cuff(s), and/or a lotion application, for example.
The absorbent article 20 comprises a front waist edge 10, a rear
waist edge 12 longitudinally opposing the front waist edge 10, a
first side edge 3, and a second side edge 4 laterally opposing the
first side edge 3. The front waist edge 10 is the edge of the
absorbent article which is intended to be placed towards the front
of the user when worn, and the rear waist edge 12 is the opposite
edge. The absorbent article 20 may have a longitudinal axis 80
extending from the lateral midpoint of the front waist edge 10 to a
lateral midpoint of the rear waist edge 12 of the article and
dividing the article in two substantially symmetrical halves
relative to the longitudinal axis 80, with the absorbent article
placed flat and viewed from above as in FIG. 1. The absorbent
article may also have a lateral axis 90 extending from the
longitudinal midpoint of the first side edge 3 to the longitudinal
midpoint of the second side edge 4. The length, L, of the article
may be measured along the longitudinal axis 80 from the front waist
edge 10 to the rear waist edge 12. The width, W, of the article may
be measured along the lateral axis 90 from the first side edge 3 to
the second side edge 4. The article may comprise a crotch point C
defined herein as the point placed on the longitudinal axis at a
distance of two fifth ( ) of L starting from the front edge 10 of
the article 20. The article may comprise a front waist region 5, a
rear waist region 6, and a crotch region 7. The front waist region
5, the rear waist region 6, and the crotch region 7 each define 1/3
of the longitudinal length, L, of the absorbent article.
The topsheet 24, the backsheet 25, the absorbent core 28, and the
other article components may be assembled in a variety of
configurations, in particular by gluing or heat embossing, for
example. Example absorbent article configurations are described
generally in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,860,003, 5,221,274, 5,554,145,
5,569,234, 5,580,411, and 6,004,306.
The absorbent core 28 may comprise an absorbent material comprising
at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% by weight
of absorbent material and a core wrap enclosing the superabsorbent
polymers. The core wrap may typically comprise two materials,
substrates, or nonwoven materials 16 and 16' for the top side and
bottom side of the core. The core may comprises one or more
channels, represented in FIG. 1 as the four channels 26, 26' and
27, 27'. The channels 26, 26', 27, and 27' are optional features.
Instead, the core may not have any channels, may only have the
channels 26 and 26', or may have any suitable number of
channels.
These and other components of the example absorbent article will
now be discussed in more details.
Topsheet
In the present disclosure, the topsheet (the portion of the
absorbent article that contacts the wearer's skin and receives the
fluids) may be formed of a portion of, or all of, one or more of
the three-dimensional substrates described herein and/or have one
or more three-dimensional substrates positioned thereon and/or
joined thereto, so that the three-dimensional substrate(s)
contact(s) the wearer's skin. Other portions of the topsheet (other
than the three-dimensional substrates) may also contact the
wearer's skin. The three-dimensional substrates may be positioned
as a strip or a patch on top of the typical topsheet 24, as is
described herein. The three-dimensional substrates will be
described in further detail below.
The topsheet 24 may be joined to the backsheet 25, the core 28
and/or any other layers as is known to those of skill in the art.
Usually, the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25 are joined directly
to each other in some locations (e.g., on or close to the periphery
of the absorbent article) and are indirectly joined together in
other locations by directly joining them to one or more other
elements of the article 20.
Any portion of the topsheet 24 may be coated with a lotion and/or a
skin care composition as is generally disclosed in the art. The
topsheet 24 may also comprise or be treated with antibacterial
agents, some examples of which are disclosed in PCT Publication
WO95/24173.
The topsheet 24 may be apertured as discussed below.
Backsheet
The backsheet 25 is generally that portion of the absorbent article
20 positioned adjacent the garment-facing surface of the absorbent
core 28 and which prevents, or at least inhibits, the fluids
absorbed and contained therein from soiling articles such as
bedsheets and undergarments. The backsheet 25 is typically
impermeable, or at least substantially impermeable, to the fluids.
The backsheet may, for example, be or comprise a thin plastic film
such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of about 0.012 mm
to about 0.051 mm. Example backsheet films include those
manufactured by Tredegar Corporation, based in Richmond, Va., and
sold under the trade name CPC2 film. Other suitable backsheet
materials may include breathable materials which permit vapors to
escape from the absorbent article 20 while still preventing, or at
least inhibiting, fluids from passing through the backsheet 25.
Example breathable materials may include materials such as woven
webs, nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated
nonwoven webs, microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui
Toatsu Co., of Japan under the designation ESPOIR NO and by
Tredegar Corporation of Richmond, Va., and sold under the
designation EXAIRE, and monolithic films such as manufactured by
Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio under the name HYTREL blend
P18-3097.
The backsheet 25 may be joined to the topsheet 24, the absorbent
core 28, and/or any other element of the absorbent article 20 by
any attachment methods known to those of skill in the art.
Outer Cover
An outer cover 23 may cover at least a portion of, or all of, the
backsheet 25 to form a soft garment-facing surface of the absorbent
article. The outer cover 23 may be formed of one or more nonwoven
materials. The outer cover 23 is illustrated in dash in FIG. 2, as
an example. The outer cover 23 may be joined to at least a portion
of the backsheet 25 through mechanical bonding, adhesive bonding,
or other suitable methods of attachment. The outer cover, or
portions thereof, may be an embossed or three-dimensional material.
In some instances, whether planar or three-dimensional, the outer
cover, or portions thereof, may be apertured. Example suitable
outer covers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,408,761, issued on
Aug. 9, 2016, to Xu et al. and U.S. Patent Application Pub. No.
2017/0165127, published on Jun. 15, 2017, to Xu et al. The outer
covers may have a bonding pattern as disclosed in the two patent
applications above. The outer covers may have a basis weight in the
range of about 18 gsm to about 30 gsm, such as 25 gsm or 22 gsm,
according to the Basis Weight Test, for example. The outer covers
may comprise spunbond nonwovens or air through carded nonwovens,
for example.
Absorbent Core
As used herein, the term "absorbent core" refers to the component
of the absorbent article having the most absorbent capacity and
comprising an absorbent material and a core wrap or core bag
enclosing the absorbent material. The absorbent core may be
referred to as a "material" in the claims. The term "absorbent
core" does not include the acquisition and/or distribution system
or any other components of the article which are not either
integral part of the core wrap or core bag or placed within the
core wrap or core bag. The absorbent core may comprise, consist
essentially of, or consist of, a core wrap, an absorbent material
(e.g., superabsorbent polymers) as discussed, and glue.
The absorbent core 28 may comprise an absorbent material with a
high amount of superabsorbent polymers (herein abbreviated as
"SAP") enclosed within the core wrap. The SAP content may represent
70%-100% or at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%, by
weight of the absorbent material, contained in the core wrap. The
core wrap is not considered as absorbent material for the purpose
of assessing the percentage of SAP in the absorbent core. The core
may also contain airfelt or cellulosic fibers with or without
SAP.
By "absorbent material" it is meant a material which has some
absorbency property or liquid retaining properties, such as SAP,
cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Typically, glues
used in making absorbent cores have no or little absorbency
properties and are not considered as absorbent material. The SAP
content may be higher than 80%, for example at least 85%, at least
90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, and even up to and including 100%
of the weight of the absorbent material contained within the core
wrap. This provides a relatively thin core compared to a
conventional core typically comprising between 40-60% SAP and high
content of cellulose fibers. The conventional cores are also within
the scope of the present disclosure. The absorbent material may in
particular comprises less than 15% weight percent or less than 10%
weight percent of natural, cellulosic, or synthetic fibers, less
than 5% weight percent, less than 3% weight percent, less than 2%
weight percent, less than 1% weight percent, or may even be
substantially free of natural, cellulosic, and/or synthetic
fibers.
The example absorbent core 28 of the absorbent article 20 of FIGS.
4-5 is shown in isolation in FIGS. 6-8. The absorbent core 28 may
comprises a front side 280, a rear side 282, and two longitudinal
sides 284, 286 joining the front side 280 and the rear side 282.
The absorbent core 28 may also comprise a generally planar top side
and a generally planar bottom side. The front side 280 of the core
is the side of the core intended to be placed towards the front
waist edge 10 of the absorbent article. The core 28 may have a
longitudinal axis 80' corresponding substantially to the
longitudinal axis 80 of the absorbent article 20, as seen from the
top in a planar view as in FIG. 1. The absorbent material may be
distributed in higher amount towards the front side 280 than
towards the rear side 282 as more absorbency may be required at the
front in particular absorbent articles. The front and rear sides
280 and 282 of the core may be shorter than the longitudinal sides
284 and 286 of the core. The core wrap may be formed by two
nonwoven materials, substrates, laminates, or other materials, 16,
16' which may be at least partially sealed along the sides 284, 286
of the absorbent core 28. The core wrap may be at least partially
sealed along its front side 280, rear side 282, and two
longitudinal sides 284, 286 so that substantially no absorbent
material leaks out of the absorbent core wrap. The first material,
substrate, or nonwoven 16 may at least partially surround the
second material, substrate, or nonwoven 16' to form the core wrap,
as illustrated in FIG. 7. The first material 16 may surround a
portion of the second material 16' proximate to the first and
second side edges 284 and 286 to form what is known as a
C-wrap.
The absorbent core may comprise adhesive, for example, to help
immobilizing the SAP within the core wrap and/or to ensure
integrity of the core wrap, in particular when the core wrap is
made of two or more substrates. The adhesive may be a hot melt
adhesive, supplied, by H. B. Fuller, for example. The core wrap may
extend to a larger area than strictly needed for containing the
absorbent material within.
Cores comprising relatively high amount of SAP with various core
designs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,335 (Goldman), EP
1,447,066 (Busam), WO 95/11652 (Tanzer), U.S. Pat. Publ. No.
2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf), and WO 2012/052172 (Van Malderen).
The absorbent material may be a continuous layer present within the
core wrap. Alternatively, the absorbent material may be comprised
of individual pockets or stripes of absorbent material enclosed
within the core wrap. In the first case, the absorbent material may
be, for example, obtained by the application of a single continuous
layer of absorbent material. The continuous layer of absorbent
material, in particular of SAP, may also be obtained by combining
two absorbent layers having discontinuous absorbent material
application patterns, wherein the resulting layer is substantially
continuously distributed across the absorbent particulate polymer
material area, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No.
2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf), for example. The absorbent core 28 may
comprise a first absorbent layer and a second absorbent layer. The
first absorbent layer may comprise the first material 16 and a
first layer 61 of absorbent material, which may be 100% or less of
SAP. The second absorbent layer may comprise the second material
16' and a second layer 62 of absorbent material, which may also be
100% or less of SAP. The absorbent core 28 may also comprise a
fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material 51 at least partially
bonding each layer of absorbent material 61, 62 to its respective
material 16 or 16'. This is illustrated in FIGS. 7-8, as an
example, where the first and second SAP layers have been applied as
transversal stripes or "land areas" having the same width as the
desired absorbent material deposition area on their respective
substrate before being combined. The stripes may comprise different
amounts of absorbent material (SAP) to provide a profiled basis
weight along the longitudinal axis of the core 80. The first
material 16 and the second material 16' may form the core wrap.
The fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material 51 may be at least
partially in contact with the absorbent material 61, 62 in the land
areas and at least partially in contact with the materials 16 and
16' in the junction areas. This imparts an essentially
three-dimensional structure to the fibrous layer of thermoplastic
adhesive material 51, which in itself is essentially a
two-dimensional structure of relatively small thickness, as
compared to the dimension in length and width directions. Thereby,
the fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material may provide cavities to
cover the absorbent material in the land areas, and thereby
immobilizes this absorbent material, which may be 100% or less of
SAP.
The thermoplastic adhesive used for the fibrous layer may have
elastomeric properties, such that the web formed by the fibers on
the SAP layer is able to be stretched as the SAP swell.
Elastomeric, hot-melt adhesives of these types are described in
more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,066 issued to Korpman on Mar.
15, 1988. The thermoplastic adhesive material may be applied as
fibers.
Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP)
"Superabsorbent polymers" ("SAP"), as used herein, refer to
absorbent materials which are cross-linked polymeric materials that
can absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline
solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)
test (EDANA method WSP 241.2-05E). The SAP used may have a CRC
value of more than 20 g/g, more than 24 g/g, from 20 to 50 g/g,
from 20 to 40 g/g, or from 24 to 30 g/g, specifically reciting all
0.1 g/g increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges
created therein or thereby. The SAP useful with the present
disclosure may include a variety of water-insoluble, but
water-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of
fluids.
The superabsorbent polymer may be in particulate form so as to be
flowable in the dry state. Particulate absorbent polymer materials
may be made of poly(meth)acrylic acid polymers. However,
starch-based particulate absorbent polymer material may also be
used, as well as poly acrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic
anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl
alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch
grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile.
The SAP may be of numerous shapes. The term "particles" refers to
granules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other
shapes and forms known to persons skilled in the art of
superabsorbent polymer particles. The SAP particles may be in the
shape of fibers, i.e., elongated, acicular superabsorbent polymer
particles. The fibers may also be in the form of a long filament
that may be woven. SAP may be spherical-like particles. The
absorbent core may comprise one or more types of SAP.
For most absorbent articles, liquid discharges from a wearer occur
predominately in the front half of the absorbent article, in
particular for a diaper. The front half of the article (as defined
by the region between the front edge and a transversal line placed
at a distance of half L from the front waist edge 10 or rear waist
edge 12 may therefore may comprise most of the absorbent capacity
of the core. Thus, at least 60% of the SAP, or at least 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, or 85% of the SAP may be present in the front half of the
absorbent article, while the remaining SAP may be disposed in the
rear half of the absorbent article. Alternatively, the SAP
distribution may be uniform through the core or may have other
suitable distributions.
The total amount of SAP present in the absorbent core may also vary
according to expected user. Diapers for newborns may require less
SAP than infant, child, or adult incontinence diapers. The amount
of SAP in the core may be about 5 to 60 g or from 5 to 50 g,
specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified
ranges and any ranged formed therein or thereby. The average SAP
basis weight within the (or "at least one", if several are present)
deposition area 8 of the SAP may be at least 50, 100, 200, 300,
400, 500 or more g/m.sup.2. The areas of the channels (e.g., 26,
26', 27, 27') present in the absorbent material deposition area 8
are deduced from the absorbent material deposition area to
calculate this average basis weight.
Core Wrap
The core wrap may be made of a single substrate, material, or
nonwoven folded around the absorbent material, or may comprise two
(or more) substrates, materials, or nonwovens which are attached to
another. Typical attachments are the so-called C-wrap and/or
sandwich wrap. In a C-wrap, as illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 2
and 7, the longitudinal and/or transversal edges of one of the
substrates are folded over the other substrate to form flaps. These
flaps are then bonded to the external surface of the other
substrate, typically by gluing.
The core wrap may be formed by any materials suitable for receiving
and containing the absorbent material. Typical substrate materials
used in the production of conventional cores may be used, in
particular paper, tissues, films, wovens or nonwovens, or laminates
or composites of any of these.
The substrates may also be air-permeable (in addition to being
liquid or fluid permeable). Films useful herein may therefore
comprise micro-pores.
The core wrap may be at least partially sealed along all the sides
of the absorbent core so that substantially no absorbent material
leaks out of the core. By "substantially no absorbent material" it
is meant that less than 5%, less than 2%, less than 1%, or about 0%
by weight of absorbent material escape the core wrap. The term
"seal" is to be understood in a broad sense. The seal does not need
to be continuous along the whole periphery of the core wrap but may
be discontinuous along part or the whole of it, such as formed by a
series of seal points spaced on a line. A seal may be formed by
gluing and/or thermal bonding.
If the core wrap is formed by two substrates 16, 16', four seals
may be used to enclose the absorbent material 60 within the core
wrap. For example, a first substrate 16 may be placed on one side
of the core (the top side as represented in the Figures) and extend
around the core's longitudinal edges to at least partially wrap the
opposed bottom side of the core. The second substrate 16' may be
present between the wrapped flaps of the first substrate 16 and the
absorbent material 60. The flaps of the first substrate 16 may be
glued to the second substrate 16' to provide a strong seal. This so
called C-wrap construction may provide benefits such as improved
resistance to bursting in a wet loaded state compared to a sandwich
seal. The front side and rear side of the core wrap may then also
be sealed by gluing the first substrate and second substrate to
another to provide complete encapsulation of the absorbent material
across the whole of the periphery of the core. For the front side
and rear side of the core, the first and second substrates may
extend and may be joined together in a substantially planar
direction, forming for these edges a so-called sandwich
construction. In the so-called sandwich construction, the first and
second substrates may also extend outwardly on all sides of the
core and be sealed flat, or substantially flat, along the whole or
parts of the periphery of the core typically by gluing and/or
heat/pressure bonding. In an example, neither the first nor the
second substrates need to be shaped, so that they may be
rectangularly cut for ease of production but other shapes are
within the scope of the present disclosure.
The core wrap may also be formed by a single substrate which may
enclose as in a parcel wrap the absorbent material and be sealed
along the front side and rear side of the core and one longitudinal
seal.
SAP Deposition Area
The absorbent material deposition area 8 may be defined by the
periphery of the layer formed by the absorbent material 60 within
the core wrap, as seen from the top side of the absorbent core. The
absorbent material deposition area 8 may have various shapes, in
particular, a so-called "dog bone" or "hour-glass" shape, which
shows a tapering along its width towards the middle or "crotch"
region of the core. In this way, the absorbent material deposition
area 8 may have a relatively narrow width in an area of the core
intended to be placed in the crotch region of the absorbent
article, as illustrated in FIG. 1. This may provide better wearing
comfort. The absorbent material deposition area 8 may also be
generally rectangular, for example as shown in FIGS. 4-6, but other
deposition areas, such as a rectangular, "T," "Y," "sand-hour," or
"dog-bone" shapes are also within the scope of the present
disclosure. The absorbent material may be deposited using any
suitable techniques, which may allow relatively precise deposition
of SAP at relatively high speed.
Channels
The absorbent material deposition area 8 may comprise at least one
channel 26, which is at least partially oriented in the
longitudinal direction of the article 80 (i.e., has a longitudinal
vector component). Other channels may be at least partially
oriented in the lateral direction (i.e., has a lateral vector
component) or in any other direction. In the following, the plural
form "channels" will be used to mean "at least one channel". The
channels may have a length L' projected on the longitudinal axis 80
of the article that is at least 10%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at
least 60%, at least 75% of the length L of the article. The
channels may be formed in various ways. For example, the channels
may be formed by zones within the absorbent material deposition
area 8 which may be substantially free of, or free of, absorbent
material, in particular SAP. In addition or alternatively, the
channel(s) may also be formed by continuously or discontinuously
bonding the top side of the core wrap to the bottom side of the
core wrap through the absorbent material deposition area 8. The
channels may be continuous but it is also envisioned that the
channels may be intermittent. The acquisition-distribution system
or layer 50, or another layer of the article, may also comprise
channels, which may or not correspond to the channels of the
absorbent core.
In some instances, the channels may be present at least at the same
longitudinal level as the crotch point C or the lateral axis 60 in
the absorbent article, as represented in FIG. 1 with the two
longitudinally extending channels 26, 26'. The channels may also
extend from the crotch region 7 or may be present in the front
waist region 5 and/or in the rear waist region 6 of the
article.
The absorbent core 28 may also comprise more than two channels, for
example, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 or more.
Shorter channels may also be present, for example in the rear waist
region 6 or the front waist region 5 of the core as represented by
the pair of channels 27, 27' in FIG. 1 towards the front of the
article. The channels may comprise one or more pairs of channels
symmetrically arranged, or otherwise arranged relative to the
longitudinal axis 80.
The channels may be particularly useful in the absorbent core when
the absorbent material deposition area is rectangular, as the
channels may improve the flexibility of the core to an extent that
there is less advantage in using a non-rectangular (shaped) core.
Of course channels may also be present in a layer of SAP having a
shaped deposition area.
The channels may be completely oriented longitudinally and parallel
to the longitudinal axis or completely oriented transversely and
parallel to the lateral axis, but also may have at least portions
that are curved.
In order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the longitudinal
main channels may not extend up to any of the edges of the
absorbent material deposition area 8, and may therefore be fully
encompassed within the absorbent material deposition area 8 of the
core. The smallest distance between a channel and the closest edge
of the absorbent material deposition area 8 may be at least 5
mm.
The channels may have a width We along at least part of their
length which is at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, at least 4 mm, up to
for example 20 mm, 16 mm, or 12 mm, for example. The width of the
channel(s) may be constant through substantially the whole length
of the channel or may vary along its length. When the channels are
formed by absorbent material-free zone within the absorbent
material deposition area 8, the width of the channels is considered
to be the width of the material free zone, disregarding the
possible presence of the core wrap within the channels. If the
channels are not formed by absorbent material free zones, for
example mainly though bonding of the core wrap through the
absorbent material zone, the width of the channels is the width of
this bonding.
At least some or all of the channels may be permanent channels,
meaning their integrity is at least partially maintained both in
the dry state and in the wet state. Permanent channels may be
obtained by provision of one or more adhesive materials, for
example, the fibrous layer of adhesive material or construction
glue that helps adhere a substrate with an absorbent material
within the walls of the channel. Permanent channels may also be
formed by bonding the upper side and lower side of the core wrap
(e.g., the first substrate 16 and the second substrate 16') and/or
the topsheet 24 to the backsheet 25 together through the channels.
Typically, an adhesive may be used to bond both sides of the core
wrap or the topsheet and the backsheet through the channels, but it
is possible to bond via other known processes, such as pressure
bonding, ultrasonic bonding, heat bonding, or combination thereof.
The core wrap or the topsheet 24 and the backsheet 25 may be
continuously bonded or intermittently bonded along the channels.
The channels may advantageously remain or become visible at least
through the topsheet and/or backsheet when the absorbent article is
fully loaded with a fluid. This may be obtained by making the
channels substantially free of SAP, so they will not swell, and
sufficiently large so that they will not close when wet.
Furthermore, bonding the core wrap to itself or the topsheet to the
backsheet through the channels may be advantageous.
In some instances, channels may be embossed into the absorbent
material and/or the core bag. In such an instance, these channels
will be densified regions of the absorbent material and/or the core
bag.
Barrier Leg Cuffs
The absorbent article may comprise a pair of barrier leg cuffs 34.
Each barrier leg cuff may be formed by a piece of material which is
bonded to the article so it may extend upwards from a wearer-facing
surface of the absorbent article and provide improved containment
of fluids and other body exudates approximately at the junction of
the torso and legs of the wearer. The barrier leg cuffs are
delimited by a proximal edge 64 joined directly or indirectly to
the topsheet 24 and/or the backsheet 25 and a free terminal edge
66, which is intended to contact and form a seal with the wearer's
skin. The barrier leg cuffs 34 extend at least partially between
the front waist edge 10 and the rear waist edge 12 of the absorbent
article on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis 80 and are at
least present at the level of the crotch point (C) or crotch
region. The barrier leg cuffs may be joined at the proximal edge 64
with the chassis of the article by a bond 65 which may be made by
gluing, fusion bonding, or a combination of other suitable bonding
processes. The bond 65 at the proximal edge 64 may be continuous or
intermittent. The bond 65 closest to the raised section of the leg
cuffs delimits the proximal edge 64 of the standing up section of
the leg cuffs.
The barrier leg cuffs may be integral with the topsheet 24 or the
backsheet 25 or may be a separate material joined to the article's
chassis. Each barrier leg cuff 34 may comprise one, two or more
elastic strings 35 close to the free terminal edge 66 to provide a
better seal.
In addition to the barrier leg cuffs 34, the article may comprise
gasketing cuffs 32, which are joined to the chassis of the
absorbent article, in particular to the topsheet 24 and/or the
backsheet 25 and are placed externally relative to the barrier leg
cuffs. The gasketing cuffs 32 may provide a better seal around the
thighs of the wearer. Each gasketing leg cuff may comprise one or
more elastic strings or elastic elements 33 in the chassis of the
absorbent article between the topsheet 24 and backsheet 25 in the
area of the leg openings. All, or a portion of, the barrier leg
cuffs and/or gasketing cuffs may be treated with a lotion or
another skin care composition.
Acquisition-Distribution System
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may comprise an
acquisition-distribution layer or system 50 ("ADS"). One function
of the ADS is to quickly acquire one or more of the fluids and
distribute them to the absorbent core in an efficient manner. The
ADS may comprise one, two or more layers, which may form a unitary
layer or may remain as discrete layers which may be attached to
each other. In an example, the ADS may comprise two layers: a
distribution layer 54 and an acquisition layer 52 disposed between
the absorbent core and the topsheet, but the present disclosure is
not so limited.
In an example, only one layer of the ADS may be provided, such as
the distribution layer only or the acquisition layer only. When one
of the three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrates of the
present disclosure is used as a portion of, or all of, a topsheet,
or positioned on a topsheet, dryness performance of the
three-dimensional liquid permeable substrates may be improved if
only one or two layers of the ADS are present. This is owing to the
fact that fluids are easily able to wick through the liquid
permeable substrates into one or two layers of the ADS and then
into the absorbent core.
Distribution Layer
The distribution layer or "material" of the ADS may comprise at
least 50% by weight of cross-linked cellulose fibers. The
cross-linked cellulosic fibers may be crimped, twisted, or curled,
or a combination thereof including crimped, twisted, and curled.
This type of material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Publ. No.
2008/0312622 A1 (Hundorf). The cross-linked cellulosic fibers
provide higher resilience and therefore higher resistance to the
first absorbent layer against the compression in the product
packaging or in use conditions, e.g., under wearer weight. This may
provide the core with a higher void volume, permeability, and
liquid absorption, and hence reduced leakage and improved
dryness.
The distribution layer comprising the cross-linked cellulose fibers
of the present disclosure may comprise other fibers, but this layer
may advantageously comprise at least 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%,
or 90%, or even up to 100%, by weight of the layer, of cross-linked
cellulose fibers (including the cross-linking agents). Examples of
such mixed layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise
about 70% by weight of chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers,
about 10% by weight polyester (PET) fibers, and about 20% by weight
untreated pulp fibers. In another example, the layer of
cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight
chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 20% by weight
lyocell fibers, and about 10% by weight PET fibers. In still
another example, the layer may comprise about 68% by weight
chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 16% by weight
untreated pulp fibers, and about 16% by weight PET fibers. In yet
another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may
comprise from about 90 to about 100% by weight chemically
cross-linked cellulose fibers. This distribution layer may also
comprise other materials, such as nonwoven materials.
Acquisition Layer
The ADS 50 may comprise an acquisition layer 52. The acquisition
layer 52 may be disposed between the distribution layer 54 and the
topsheet 24 or between the topsheet 24 and the absorbent core 28 if
a distribution layer is not provided. The acquisition layer 52 may
be or may comprise a nonwoven material, such a carded resin bonded
nonwoven material, a carded air-through bonded nonwoven material,
or a spunlace material, for example. The acquisition layer 52 may
have a basis weight in the range of about 8 gsm to about 100 gsm,
about 20 gsm to about 100 gsm, about 20 gsm to about 80 gsm, about
20 gsm to about 65 gsm, about 35 gsm to about 55 gsm, about 40 gsm
to about 50 gsm, about 40 gsm to about 45 gsm, about 42 gsm, about
43 gsm, or about 44 gsm, for example, according to the Basis Weight
Test herein, specifically reciting all 0.1 gsm increments within
the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. The
acquisition layer may be formed of one or more layers. If more than
one layer is provided, the basis weight ranges provided above are
for the total basis weight of the layers together. The acquisition
layer 52 may comprise about 0% to about 60%, about 20% to about
50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 25% to about 35%, about 50%, or
about 30% PET solid round, shaped, and/or trilobal fibers that have
a denier of about 3 to about 5, preferably about 4, and about 40%
to about 100%, about 30% to about 90%, about 50% to about 80%,
about 60% to about 80%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% PET
solid round, shaped, and/or trilobal fibers that have a denier of
about 0.5 to about 3, preferably about 1.5. All 0.1% increments
within the above-specified ranges, and all ranges formed therein or
thereby, are specifically disclosed, but not written out for
brevity. Denier is defined as the mass in grams per 9000 meters of
a fiber length. Trilobal or shaped fibers may be used in some cases
to enhance the masking ability of the acquisition layer 52. The
fibers may also have other deniers for different situations.
Some example acquisition layer compositions of the present
disclosure are presented in Table 1 below compared to a prior art
acquisition material. Note that the density of the samples of the
present disclosure have a higher density than the density of the
prior art sample.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Prior Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Option Art
ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 6 den (%) 50 Fiber basis 15.05 weight
(gsm) 9 den (%) 50 Fiber basis 15.05 weight (gsm) 4 den (%) 100 70
50 30 Fiber basis 30.1 21.07 15.05 9.03 weight (gsm) 1.5 den (%) 0
30 50 70 100 Fiber basis 9.03 15.05 21.07 30.1 weight (gsm) Total
Fiber 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 basis weight (gsm) Binder
add-on 30 30 30 30 30 30 level (%) Binder basis 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9
12.9 12.9 weight (gsm) Total Material 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0
Basis weight gsm) Capillary Sorption Average H20 2.5 2.7 4.2 5.8
6.4 6.9 (cm) Density @ 0.5 0.045 0.055 0.066 0.087 0.086 0.118 kPa
Pressure
The acquisition layer 52 may comprise a binder (e.g., a latex
binder) to join or hold the fibers together. The binder may be
about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 20% to about
30%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or about 35%, by
weight of the acquisition layer 52, specifically reciting all 0.1%
increments with the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed
therein or thereby. The acquisition materials of the present
disclosure may comprise less than 50%, by weight of the acquisition
material, of the latex binder, and may comprise less than 45%, or
less than 40%, or less than 35%, by weight of the acquisition
materials, of the latex binder.
The binder may have a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about
-60.degree. C. to about 0.degree. C., about -50.degree. C. to about
-20.degree. C., about -45.degree. C. to about -30.degree. C., about
-45.degree. C. to about -35.degree. C., or about -40.degree. C.,
specifically reciting all 0.1.degree. C. increments within the
specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
A suitable latex binder may be prepared by a process comprising the
steps of:
(1) polymerizing a monomer mixture comprising styrene, itaconic
acid, surfactant and water soluble free radical initiator to form a
seed;
(2) sequentially adding equal increments of a monomer mixture of
styrene, butadiene and acrylic acid to the seed under emulsion
polymerization conditions to form a styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid
copolymer; and then
(3) neutralizing the styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid copolymer to a
pH of about 4.5 to 7 to form the latex binder.
The binder may be applied onto the autogenously bonded carded
fibrous web (e.g., precursor acquisition material). Subsequently,
the latex binder may be cured, using methods known to those of
skill in the art, such as by application of heat or radiation. The
term "cured" refers to the latex binder being cross-linked. The
curing of the treated staple fibers is affected by a temperature
above the glass transition temperature of the binder.
The latex binder may be prepared by conventional emulsion
polymerization techniques using one or more ethylenically
unsaturated monomers and a polymeric surfactant as herein disclosed
and additional conventional additives such as free-radical
initiators, optional chain transfer agents, chelating agents and
the like may be utilized as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,259 to
Schmeing et al.
The latex is prepared by polymerizing a monomer mixture comprising
styrene, itaconic acid, surfactant and a water soluble free radical
initiator to form a seed. A monomer mixture is then added
incrementally to the seed under emulsion polymerization conditions.
The monomer mixture includes styrene, butadiene, and acrylic acid.
The acrylic acid may help in the cross-linking process of the
binder upon curing. The monomer mixture may be added incrementally
to the seed to form a styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid copolymer. The
mixture may comprise about 34 wt % to about 70 wt % styrene of the
total composition. The monomer mixture may also comprise about 0.5
wt % to about 2.5 wt % itaconic acid, or about 2 wt % itaconic acid
of the total composition, about 20 wt % to about 55 wt % butadiene
and acrylic acid in an amount of about 6 wt % to about 10 wt %, or
about 8 wt %.
A surfactant is added to the monomer mixture in an amount of about
0.05 wt % to about 2.0 wt %. The surfactant may be most any
suitable emulsifier, soap, or the like known in the art and
suitable at the pH of the latex. Examples of suitable emulsifiers
and surfactants include alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfosuccinates,
alkyl aryl sulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, fatty or rosin acid
salts, only or octyl phenol reaction products of ethylene oxide and
the like. Other surfactants that may be used include those
identified in Surface Active Agents, Schwartz and Berry, Vol. 1,
Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1958; Surface Activity,
Moilet, Collie and Black, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York,
1961; Organic Chemistry, Feiser and Feiser, D.C. Heath and Company,
Boston, 1944; and The Merck Index, Seventh Edition, Merck &
Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., 1960.
The copolymer may then be neutralized to a pH of about 4.5 to 7.0
to form the latex. The pH of the latex is neutralized by addition
of a base. Examples of a suitable base comprise potassium
hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide
and the like. The amount of base added to the latex may be adjusted
to obtain the desired pH range as is generally known in the
art.
Polymerization is typically carried out from about 65.degree. C. to
about 75.degree. C. Polymerization is generally conducted for about
4 to about 24 hours, however polymerization conditions may vary as
desired to provide different conversion levels of monomer to
copolymer. The monomer mixture is allowed to react until
substantially constant solids at which time at least 99% of the
monomers have been converted.
Gradient of Median Absorption Pressure
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may have a
gradient of Median Absorption Pressure that generally increases
from the topsheet to the absorbent core or a material under the
acquisition layer (e.g., the distribution layer). The topsheet may
have a Median Absorption Pressure in the range of about 1 cm to
about 4 cm, or about 2 cm to about 3 cm, according to the Capillary
Sorption Test herein. The acquisition layer may have a Median
Absorption Pressure in the range of about 3 cm to about 8 cm, or
about 4 cm to about 7 cm, according to the Capillary Sorption Test
herein. A material under the acquisition layer (e.g., an absorbent
core or a distribution layer) may have a Median Absorption Pressure
of about 8 cm to about 11 cm, or about 8 cm to about 10 cm,
according to the Capillary Sorption Test herein. If a material is
provided under the acquisition layer and an absorbent core is
provided under the material, the material and/or the absorbent core
may have a Median Absorption Pressure of about 8 cm to about 11 cm,
or about 8 cm to about 10 cm, according to the Capillary Sorption
Test herein. All ranges in this paragraph specifically include any
smaller ranges formed therein and specifically recite all 0.1 cm
increments within the specified ranges.
Fastening System
The absorbent article may include a fastening system. The fastening
system may be used to provide lateral tensions about the
circumference of the absorbent article to hold the absorbent
article on the wearer as is typical for taped diapers. This
fastening system may not be necessary for training pant articles
since the waist region of these articles is already bonded. The
fastening system may comprise a fastener such as tape tabs, hook
and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs
& slots, buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or hermaphroditic
fastening components, although any other suitable fastening
mechanisms are also within the scope of the present disclosure. A
landing zone 44 is normally provided on the garment-facing surface
of the front waist region 5 for the fastener to be releasably
attached thereto.
Front and Rear Ears
The absorbent article may comprise front ears 46 and rear ears 40.
The ears may be an integral part of the chassis, such as formed
from the topsheet 24 and/or backsheet 26 as side panels.
Alternatively, as represented on FIG. 1, the ears may be separate
elements attached by gluing, heat embossing, and/or pressure
bonding. The rear ears 40 may be stretchable to facilitate the
attachment of the tabs 42 to the landing zone 44 and maintain the
taped diapers in place around the wearer's waist. The rear ears 40
may also be elastic or extensible to provide a more comfortable and
contouring fit by initially conformably fitting the absorbent
article to the wearer and sustaining this fit throughout the time
of wear well past when absorbent article has been loaded with
fluids or other bodily exudates since the elasticized ears allow
the sides of the absorbent article to expand and contract.
Elastic Waist Feature
The absorbent article 20 may also comprise at least one elastic
waist feature (not represented) that helps to provide improved fit
and containment. The elastic waist feature is generally intended to
elastically expand and contract to dynamically fit the wearer's
waist. The elastic waist feature may extend at least longitudinally
outwardly from at least one waist edge of the absorbent core 28 and
generally forms at least a portion of the end edge of the absorbent
article. Disposable diapers may be constructed so as to have two
elastic waist features, one positioned in the front waist region
and one positioned in the rear waist region.
Relations Between the Layers
Typically, adjacent layers and components may be joined together
using conventional bonding methods, such as adhesive coating via
slot coating or spraying on the whole or part of the surface of the
layer, thermo-bonding, pressure bonding, or combinations thereof.
This bonding is not represented in the Figures (except for the
bonding between the raised element of the leg cuffs 65 with the
topsheet 24) for clarity and readability, but bonding between the
layers of the article should be considered to be present unless
specifically excluded. Adhesives may be used to improve the
adhesion of the different layers between the backsheet 25 and the
core wrap. The glue may be any suitable hotmelt glue known in the
art.
Sanitary Napkin
The three-dimensional substrates of the present disclosure may form
a portion of a topsheet, form the topsheet, form a portion of, or
all of a secondary topsheet, or be positioned on or joined to at
least a portion of the topsheet of a sanitary napkin. Referring to
FIG. 9, the absorbent article may comprise a sanitary napkin 300.
The sanitary napkin 300 may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet
314, a liquid impermeable, or substantially liquid impermeable,
backsheet 316, and an absorbent core 308. The absorbent core 308
may have any or all of the features described herein with respect
to the absorbent cores 28 and, in some forms, may have a secondary
topsheet instead of the acquisition-distribution system disclosed
above. The sanitary napkin 300 may also comprise wings 320
extending outwardly with respect to a longitudinal axis 380 of the
sanitary napkin 300. The sanitary napkin 300 may also comprise a
lateral axis 390. The wings 320 may be joined to the topsheet 314,
the backsheet 316, and/or the absorbent core 308. The sanitary
napkin 300 may also comprise a front edge 322, a rear edge 324
longitudinally opposing the front edge 322, a first side edge 326,
and a second side edge 328 longitudinally opposing the first side
edge 326. The longitudinal axis 380 may extend from a midpoint of
the front edge 322 to a midpoint of the rear edge 324. The lateral
axis 390 may extend from a midpoint of the first side edge 326 to a
midpoint of the second side edge 328. The sanitary napkin 300 may
also be provided with additional features commonly found in
sanitary napkins as is generally known in the art, such as a
secondary topsheet 319, for example.
Three-Dimensional Substrates
The three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrates of the present
disclosure may comprise substrates that have first elements (e.g.,
projections) that have a first z-directional height and at least
second elements (e.g., land areas) that have a second z-directional
height. The substrates may also have a plurality of apertures. The
substrates may also have at least third elements having at least a
third z-directional height. Owing to such structures, fluids may be
quickly moved away from the skin of a wearer, leaving primarily the
first elements having the first z-directional heights contacting
the skin of the wearer, thereby making the wearer feel dryer. The
fluids may flow via gravity or via capillary gradient into the
second elements having the second z-directional heights and/or into
and through the apertures, so that the fluids may be absorbed into
the absorbent articles. By providing the three-dimensional
substrates of the present disclosure, fluid/skin contact and the
time that fluids are in contact with the skin of a wearer may be
reduced. Further, the first elements having the first z-directional
heights may act as a spacer between the fluids and the skin of the
wearer while the fluids are being absorbed into the absorbent
article. The three-dimensional substrates may be used as topsheets
or outer cover materials.
Referring to FIGS. 10-13, a three-dimensional, liquid permeable
substrate 400 (referred to herein both as a three-dimensional
substrate or a liquid permeable substrate) is illustrated an on
absorbent article 402. FIG. 10 is a top view of the absorbent
article 402 with the wearer-facing surface facing the viewer. FIG.
11 is a perspective view of the absorbent article 402 with the
wearer-facing surface facing the viewer. FIG. 12 is a top view of a
portion of the liquid preamble substrate 400 on the absorbent
article with the wearer-facing surface facing the viewer. FIG. 13
is another top view of a portion of the liquid permeable substrate
400 on the absorbent article 402 with the wearer-facing surface
facing the viewer.
In one form, the liquid permeable substrate 400, or other liquid
permeable substrates described herein, may comprise a patch or
strip positioned on and/or joined to a topsheet of the absorbent
article 402. The patch or strip may be bonded to the topsheet,
adhesively attached to the topsheet, cold-pressure welded to the
topsheet, ultrasonically bonded to the topsheet, and/or otherwise
joined to the topsheet. Alternatively, the liquid permeable
substrates of the present disclosure may comprise the topsheet
(e.g., topsheet 24), form all of the topsheet, or form a portion of
the topsheet. Also, the topsheet 24 may be comprised only of one or
more of the liquid permeable substrates of the present disclosure.
In any of the various configurations, the liquid permeable
substrates of the present disclosure are intended to form at least
a portion of the wearer-facing surface of an absorbent article and
be in at least partial contact with the skin of a wearer.
Referring to FIGS. 14-16, the liquid permeable substrate 400, or
other liquid permeable substrates described herein, in a patch or
strip form joined to the topsheet 24, may have a cross machine
directional width of W1, while the topsheet 24 may have a cross
machine directional width of W2. W1 may be less than, the same as,
substantially the same as, or greater than (not illustrated) the
width W2. The width W1 may also vary or be constant throughout a
longitudinal length of the liquid permeable substrates. Still
referring to FIGS. 14-16, the liquid permeable substrate 400, or
other liquid permeable substrates described herein, in a patch or
strip form, may have a machine directional length of L1, while the
topsheet 24 may have a machine directional length of L2. L1 may be
less than, the same as, substantially the same as, or greater than
(not illustrated) the length L2. The length L1 may vary or be
constant across the width W1 of the liquid permeable substrates.
Although not illustrated in FIGS. 14-16, the lengths and widths of
the topsheet 24 and the liquid permeable substrates may be the
same, or substantially the same.
Although the patch or strip of the liquid permeable substrate 400
is illustrated as being rectangular in FIGS. 14-16, the liquid
permeable substrates of the present disclosure may also have any
other suitable shapes, such a front/back profiled shape (i.e.,
wider in the front, wider in the back, and/or narrower in the
crotch), a square shape, an ovate shape, or other suitable shape.
The side edges 404 and/or the end edge 406 of the liquid permeable
substrate 400 may have one or more arcuate portions, designs,
and/or shapes cut out from them to provide an aesthetically
pleasing look to the liquid permeable substrate 400. One side edge
404 may be symmetrical or asymmetrical to another side edge 404
about a longitudinal axis, 408, of the topsheet 24. Likewise, one
end edge 406 may be symmetrical or asymmetrical to another side
edge 406 about a lateral axis, 410 of the topsheet 24.
The liquid permeable substrate 400 may comprise one or more layers.
If more than one layer is provided, the layers may be joined
together or attached to each other through mechanical bonding,
adhesive bonding, pressure bonding, heat bonding, passing heated
air through both layers, or by other methods of joining to form the
multilayer substrate 400. Alternatively, the layers are formed in
subsequent fiber laydown steps, such as a first and a second
carding operation for a first type and a second type of staple
fibers or two subsequent beams of spunlaying polymeric filaments
comprising additives. The first layer may comprise one or more
hydrophobic materials, or may be fully hydrophobic, and the second
layer may comprise one or more hydrophilic materials, or may be
fully hydrophilic. Instead of one layer comprising a hydrophobic
material and the other layer comprising a hydrophilic material, one
layer may comprise a material that is more hydrophobic or more
hydrophilic than the material that comprises the other layer (e.g.,
both layers are hydrophilic, but one layer is more hydrophilic or
both layers are hydrophobic, but one layer is more hydrophobic).
The first layer may comprise a hydrophobic layer and the second
layer may comprise a hydrophilic layer or vice versa. The first
layer may be used as a portion of, or all of, the wearer-facing
surface of the absorbent article. Alternatively, the second layer
may be used as a portion of, or all of, the wearer-facing surface
of the absorbent article.
The rationale for having the first layer (or wearer-facing layer)
being comprised of a hydrophobic material is twofold. First, if the
liquid permeable substrate is apertured, the hydrophobic layer will
not retain as much liquid as the hydrophilic second layer and thus,
there will be less fluid (e.g., urine) in direct contact with the
skin of a wearer. Second, projections (described below) in the
first and second layers generally form hollow portions or arches on
a garment-facing side of the liquid permeable substrate that do not
have direct contact with the ADS or core, so fluids can get caught
in the hollow arches. Without good connectivity of the hollow
arches to the ADS or the core, the liquid permeable substrate may
retain more fluid and feel wetter to the wearer. With a hydrophobic
first layer, however, any liquid that is wicked into the hollow
arches will be mostly on the garment-facing, or downward-facing
hydrophilic side of the liquid permeable substrate, thereby leaving
the first hydrophobic layer dryer. In principle, this may be
achieved with a hydrophilic or capillary gradient from the first
layer to the second layer (e.g. finer fibers in the second layer
with same hydrophilic properties (i.e., contact angle with the
liquid)). The apertures in the substrate may play an important role
to enable initial and fast fluid flow (strike-through) despite the
first hydrophobic layer. Therefore, the first hydrophobic layer
works in concert with the protrusions, hollow arches, and the
apertures to reduce wetness on the wearer-facing surface of the
liquid permeable substrate. In other instances, the second layer
may be used as a portion of the wearer-facing surface.
The first layer may comprise a plurality of first fibers and/or
filaments (hereafter together referred to as fibers). The plurality
of first fibers may comprise fibers that are the same,
substantially the same, or different in size, shape, composition,
denier, fiber diameter, fiber length, and/or weight. The second
layer may comprise a plurality of second fibers. The plurality of
second fibers may comprise fibers that are the same, substantially
the same, or different in size, shape, composition, denier, fiber
diameter, fiber length, and/or weight. The plurality of first
fibers may be the same as, substantially the same as, or different
than the plurality of second fibers. Additional layers may have the
same or different configurations.
The first layer and/or the second layer may comprise bicomponent
fibers having a sheath and a core. The sheath may comprise
polyethylene and the core may comprise polyethylene terephthalate
(PET). The sheath and the core may also comprise any other suitable
materials known to those of skill in the art. The sheath and the
core may each comprise about 50% of the fibers by weight of the
fibers, although other variations (e.g., sheath 60%, core 40%;
sheath 30%, core 70% etc.) are also within the scope of the present
disclosure. The bicomponent fibers or other fibers that make up the
first and/or second layers may have a denier in the range of about
0.5 to about 6, about 0.5 to about 4, about 0.5 to about 3, about 1
to about 3, about 1.0 to about 4, about 1.5 to about 4, about 1.5
to about 3, about 1.5 to about 2.5, or about 2, specifically
including all 0.1 denier increments within the specified ranges and
all ranges formed therein or thereby. Denier is defined as the mass
in grams per 9000 meters of a fiber length. In other instances, the
denier of the fibers of the first layer may be in the range of
about 1.5 denier to about 6 denier or about 2 denier to about 4
denier and the denier of the fibers of the second layer may be in
the range of about 1.2 denier to about 3 denier or about 1.5 denier
to about 3 denier, specifically reciting all 0.1 denier increments
within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby. In certain instances, the fibers of the first layer may be
at least 0.5 denier, at least 1 denier, at least 1.5 denier, or at
least 2 denier greater than the denier of the fibers of the second
layer depending at least in part on the particular acquisition
and/or distribution system in use in a certain absorbent article.
By providing the fibers of the first layer with a denier higher
than a denier of the fibers of the second layer, a pore gradient is
provided in the liquid permeable substrate. This pore gradient may
provide better dryness and/or acquisition in the liquid permeable
substrate. The fibers having the larger denier in the first layer
provide larger pores than the fibers having the smaller denier in
the second layer, thereby producing the pore gradient between the
layers.
The plurality of first and second fibers may also comprise any
other suitable types of fibers, such as polypropylene fibers, other
polyolefins, other polyesters besides PET such as polylactic acid,
thermoplastic starch-containing sustainable resins, other
sustainable resins, bio-PE, bio-PP, and Bio-PET, viscose fibers,
rayon fibers, or other suitable nonwoven fibers, for example. These
fibers may have any suitable deniers or denier ranges and/or fiber
lengths or fiber length ranges. In an instance where the plurality
of first and second fibers are the same or substantially the same,
the plurality of second fibers may be treated with a hydrophilic
agent, such as a surfactant, to cause the plurality of second
fibers to become hydrophilic or at least less hydrophobic. The
plurality of first fibers may not be treated with the surfactant
such that they remain in their natural hydrophobic state or the
plurality of first fibers may be treated with a surfactant to
become less hydrophobic.
The first layer may have a basis weight in the range of about 10
gsm to about 25 gsm. The second layer may have a basis weight in
the range of about 10 gsm to about 45 gsm. The basis weight of the
substrate (both first and second layers) may be in the range of
about 20 gsm to about 70 gsm, about 20 gsm to about 50 gsm, about
20 gsm to about 60 gsm, about 25 gsm to about 50 gsm, about 30 gsm
to about 40 gsm, about 30 gsm, about 35 gsm, or about 40 gsm, for
example.
In a form, the basis weight of the substrate may be about 30 gsm to
about 40 gsm or about 35 gsm. In such an example, the first layer
may have a basis weight in the range of about 10 gsm to about 20
gsm, or about 15 gsm, and the second layer may have a basis weight
in the range of about 15 gsm to about 25 gsm, or about 20 gsm. In
another example, the basis weight of the substrate may be about 20
gsm. In such an example, the first layer may have a basis weight of
about 10 gsm and the second layer may have a basis weight of about
10 gsm. In still another example, the basis weight of the substrate
may be about 60 gsm. In such an example, the first layer may have a
basis weight of about 24 gsm, and the second layer may have a basis
weight of 36 gsm. All other suitable basis weight ranges for the
first and second layers and the substrates are within the scope of
the present disclosure. Accordingly, the basis weight of the layers
and the substrates may be designed for specific product
requirements.
Specifically recited herein are all 0.1 gsm increments within the
above-specified ranges of basis weight and all ranges formed
therein or thereby.
In some instances, it may be desirable to have a higher basis
weight in the first layer compared to the second layer. For
instance, the first layer's basis weight may be at least about 1 to
about 4 times, at least about 1 to about 3.5 times, about 1.5 to
about 3 times, about 1.5 times to about 3 times, about 2 times,
about 2.5 times, or about 3 times greater than the second layer's
basis weight. In some instances, the basis weight of the first
layer may be in the range of about 20 gsm to about 30 gsm, and the
basis weight of the second layer may be in the range of about 10
gsm to about 20 gsm, for example. Specifically recited herein are
all 0.1 gsm increments within the above-specified ranges of basis
weight and all ranges formed therein or thereby. By providing the
first layer (hydrophobic) with a higher basis weight than the
second layer (hydrophilic), more hydrophobic material than
hydrophilic material is provided in the liquid permeable substrate.
Upon information and belief, more hydrophobic material and less
hydrophilic material in the liquid permeable substrate provides for
better acquisition and/or dryness. The surface tension of the
hydrophilic layer may be reduced to at least inhibit the
hydrophilic layer (second layer) from contaminating the hydrophobic
layer (first layer) (and making it more hydrophilic) upon the
liquid permeable substrate receiving one or more gushes.
The liquid permeable substrates of the present disclosure may also
form a portion of, or all of, the outer cover 23 which is joined to
at least a portion of the backsheet 25. In other instances, the
outer cover 23 may comprise a pattern (e.g., embossed pattern,
printed pattern) and/or three-dimensional structure that is the
same as, or similar in appearance to, the liquid permeable
substrates of the present disclosure. In general, the appearance of
at least a portion of a liquid permeable substrate on the
wearer-facing surface may match, or substantially match, at least a
portion of the outer cover 23 or another portion of absorbent
article.
FIG. 17 is a front view of a portion of a three-dimensional, liquid
permeable substrate, wearer-facing surface facing the viewer. FIG.
18 is a front perspective view of the portion of the
three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrate of FIG. 17. FIG. 19
is another front view of a portion of a three-dimensional, liquid
permeable substrate, wearer-facing surface facing the viewer. FIG.
20 is a front perspective view of the portion of the liquid
permeable substrate of FIG. 19. FIG. 21 is a back view of a portion
of a three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrate, wearer-facing
surface facing the viewer. FIG. 22 is a back perspective view of
the portion of the three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrate of
FIG. 21. FIG. 23 is another back view of a portion of a
three-dimensional, liquid permeable substrate, wearer-facing
surface facing the viewer. FIG. 24 is a back perspective view of
the portion of the liquid permeable substrate of FIG. 23. FIG. 25
is a cross-sectional view of the liquid permeable substrate.
Referring generally to FIGS. 17-25, the liquid permeable substrate
400 may comprise a first layer and a second layer, or more than two
layers or one layer. The substrate 400 may comprise a plurality of
land areas 412, a plurality of recesses 414, and a plurality of
projections 416. The plurality of projections 416 may form the
first elements having the first z-directional height, and the land
areas 412 may form the second elements having the second
z-direction height, as described above. The plurality of land areas
412, the plurality of recesses 414, and the plurality of
projections 416 may together form a first three-dimensional surface
on a first side 418 of the substrate 400. The plurality of land
areas 412, the plurality of recesses 414, and the plurality of
projections 416 may also form a second three-dimensional surface on
a second side 420 of the substrate 400. The projections 416 may be
generally dome shaped on a wearer-facing surface of the liquid
permeable substrate 400 and may be hollow arch-shaped on the
garment-facing surface of the substrate 400. All of, or a majority
of (i.e., more than 50% of, or more than 75% of), or substantially
all of, the recesses 414 may define an aperture 422 therein at a
location most distal from a top peak 425 of an adjacent projection
416. A perimeter 423 of a majority of, or all of, the apertures 422
may form a bottommost portion or plane of the substrate 400, while
the top peak 425 (i.e., uppermost portion) of a majority of, or all
of, the projections 416 may form a topmost portion or plane of the
substrate 400. In other instances, the substrate may not have
apertures within the recesses 414 and the portion of the recesses
414 most distal from the top peaks 425 of the projections 416 may
form the bottommost portion or plane of the substrate 400. The
apertures 422 may extend through the first and the second layers of
the substrate 400.
The land areas 412 may be positioned intermediate: (1) adjacent
projections 416, (2) adjacent recesses 414 and/or adjacent
apertures 422. The land areas 412 may also surround at least a
portion of, or all of, a majority of, or all of, the recesses 414
and/or the apertures and at least a majority of, or all of, the
projections 416. The land areas 412 may be positioned between a
plane of a perimeter of at least a majority of the apertures 422
and a plane of at least a majority of the top peaks 425 of the
projections 416.
The projections 416 may alternate with the recesses 414 and/or the
apertures 422 in a direction generally parallel with a lateral axis
424 of the liquid permeable substrate 400. The lateral axis 424 is
generally parallel with the lateral axis 410 illustrated in FIGS.
14-16. The projections 416 may also alternate with the recesses 414
and/or apertures 422 in a direction generally parallel with a
longitudinal axis 426 of the liquid permeable substrate 400. The
longitudinal axis 426 is generally parallel with the longitudinal
axis 408 illustrated in FIGS. 14-16. In such a configuration, in a
direction generally parallel with the lateral axis 424 or in a
direction generally parallel with the longitudinal axis 426, the
projections 416 and the recesses 414 and/or apertures 422 alternate
(i.e., projection, recess and/or apertures, projection, recess
and/or aperture). This feature provides better softness to the
substrate 400 in that there is a soft projection peak 425
intermediate most of, or all of, adjacent recesses 414 and/or
apertures 422. This feature also helps maintain the skin of a
wearer away from fluids in the land areas 412 and/or the recesses
414, since the projections 416 essentially create a spacer between
the skin and the fluids.
Two or more adjacent projections 416 may be separated from each
other by a recess 414 and/or an aperture 422 and one or more land
areas 412 in a direction generally parallel to the lateral axis 424
or in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis 426.
Two or more adjacent recesses 414 and/or apertures 422 may be
separated by a projection 416 and one or more land areas 412 in a
direction generally parallel to the lateral axis 424 or in a
direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis 426. The land
areas 412 may fully surround the apertures 422 and the projections
416. The land areas 412 may together form a generally continuous
grid through the substrate 400, while the projections 416 and the
recesses 414 and/or the apertures 422 may be discrete elements
throughout the substrate.
In some instances, two or more, such as four projections 416 may be
positioned around at least a majority of, substantially all of, or
all of, the recesses 414 and/or the apertures 422 (this does not
include the land areas 412 intermediate the projections 416 and the
recesses 414 and/or the apertures 422). Two or more recesses 414
and/or apertures 422, such as four, may be positioned around at
least a majority of, substantially all of, or all of, the
projections 416 (this does not include the land areas 412
intermediate the recesses 414 and/or the apertures 422 and the
projections 416). The projections 416, recesses 414, apertures 422,
and land areas 412 may all be formed of portions of the first and
second layers of the substrate. If more than two layers are
provided in a substrate, the projections 416, recesses 414,
apertures 422, and land areas 412 may all be formed of portions of
the first, second and third layers of the substrate. The same may
be true if more than three layers are provided in a particular
substrate. In other instances, the land areas 412 may only be
formed in the first layer.
The apertures 422 and/or the recesses 414 may comprise a first set
of apertures and/or recesses 414 together forming a first line in
the substrate 400 and a second set of apertures 422 and/or recesses
414 together forming a second line in the substrate 400. The first
line may be generally parallel with or generally perpendicular to
the second line. The first line may also form an acute or obtuse
angle with the second line. The projections 416 may comprise a
first set of projections 416 together forming a first line in the
substrate 400 and a second set of projections 416 together forming
a second line in the substrate 400. The first line may be generally
parallel with or generally perpendicular to the second line. The
first line may also form an acute or obtuse angle with the second
line.
The substrate 400 may be generally symmetrical about the lateral
axis 424 and/or generally symmetrical about the longitudinal axis
426. In other instances, the substrate may not be symmetrical about
the lateral axis 424 and/or the longitudinal axis 426.
In one form, the substrate 400 may comprise a first line comprising
alternating apertures 422 and projections 416 extending in a
direction parallel to the lateral axis 424 and a second adjacent
line comprising alternating apertures 422 and projections 416
extending in the direction generally parallel to the lateral axis
424. The lines will run through the center of the apertures 422 and
the projections 416. See for, example, FIG. 17, lines A and B. If a
line, C, is drawn in a direction generally parallel to the
longitudinal axis 426 and that intersects lines A and B, an
aperture 422 will be located at the intersection of lines A and C
and a projection 416 will be located at the intersection of the
lines B and C. The same is true if lines A and B are drawn in a
direction parallel to the longitudinal axis 426 and line C is draw
in a direction generally parallel to the lateral axis 424, as
illustrated in FIG. 19. If the lines are drawn at different
locations, the intersection of lines A and C may have a projection
416 and the intersection of lines B and C may have an aperture 422.
The main point being that the rows of apertures and the rows of
projections are staggered. By staggering the apertures and
projections in this fashion, better softness is achieved in the
wearer-facing surface of the substrate 400 owing to a soft
projection or projection crest being intermediate two
apertures.
Parameters of the Three-Dimensional Substrates (or Topsheets)
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may have a
modified fluid acquisition less than about 250 seconds, less than
about 200 seconds, less than about 175 seconds, less than about 160
seconds, less than about 150 seconds, less than about 140 seconds,
less than about 135 seconds, less than about 130 seconds, less than
about 125 seconds, less than about 120 seconds, less than about 115
seconds, less than about 110 seconds, or may be in the range of
about 50 seconds to about 250 seconds, about 70 seconds to about
200 seconds, about 70 seconds to about 175 seconds, about 70
seconds to about 150 seconds, about of about 70 seconds to about
140 seconds, about 80 seconds to about 140 seconds, about 90
seconds to about 135 seconds, or about 100 seconds to about 130
seconds, all according to the Modified Fluid Acquisition Test
herein, specifically reciting all 0.5 second increments with the
above specified-ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby.
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may have a
collagen rewet less than about 140 mg, less than about 130 mg, less
than about 120 mg, less than about 110 mg, less than about 100 mg,
less than about 90 mg, less than about 80 mg, less than about 75
mg, less than about 70 mg, less than about 68 mg, less than about
65 mg, less than about 63 mg, or may be in the range of about 25 mg
to about 140 mg, about 30 mg to about 120 mg, about 30 mg to about
110 mg, about 30 mg to about 100 mg, about 35 mg to about 90 mg,
about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 50 mg to about 75 mg, or about 55
mg to about 70 mg, all according to the Collagen Rewet Test herein,
specifically reciting all 0.1 mg increments with the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby.
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may have a light
touch dryness of less than about 100 mg, less than about 90 mg,
less than about 80 mg, less than about 70 mg, less than about 60
mg, less than about 55 mg, less than about 50 mg, less than about
45 mg, less than about 40 mg, less than about 36 mg, or may be in
the range of about 10 mg to about 90 mg, about 15 mg to about 80
mg, about 20 mg to about 70 mg, about 20 mg to about 60 mg, about
20 mg to about 50 mg, about 25 mg to about 45 mg, or about 30 mg to
about 40 mg, all according to the Light Touch Dryness Test herein,
specifically reciting all 0.1 mg increments with the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby.
All or a majority of the projections 416 may have a z-directional
height in the range of about 300 .mu.m to about 6000 .mu.m, about
500 .mu.m to about 5000 .mu.m, about 500 .mu.m to about 4000 .mu.m,
about 300 .mu.m to about 3000 .mu.m, about 500 .mu.m to about 3000
.mu.m, about 500 .mu.m to about 2000 .mu.m, about 750 .mu.m to
about 1500 .mu.m, about 800 .mu.m to about 1400 .mu.m, about 900
.mu.m to about 1300 .mu.m, about 1000 .mu.m to about 1300 .mu.m,
about 1100 .mu.m to about 1200 .mu.m, about 1165, about 1166, about
1167, or about 1150 .mu.m to about 1200 .mu.m, specifically
reciting all 1 .mu.m increments within the above-specified ranges
and all ranges formed therein or thereby. The z-directional height
of the projections 416 are measured according to the Projection
Height Test described herein.
All or a majority of the recesses 414 may have a z-directional
height in the range of about 200 .mu.m to about 3000 .mu.m, about
300 .mu.m to about 2000 .mu.m, about 100 .mu.m to about 2000 .mu.m,
about 500 .mu.m to about 2000 .mu.m, about 500 .mu.m to about 1500
.mu.m, about 700 .mu.m to about 1300 .mu.m, about 800 .mu.m to
about 1200 .mu.m, about 900 .mu.m to about 1100 .mu.m, about 900
.mu.m to about 1000 .mu.m, about 970 .mu.m, or about 950 .mu.m to
about 1000 .mu.m, specifically reciting all 1 .mu.m increments
within the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby. The z-directional height of the recesses 416 are measured
according to the Recess Height Test described herein.
The substrate (or topsheet), 400, or portions thereof, may have an
overall z-directional height in the range of about 500 .mu.m to
about 6000 .mu.m, about 600 .mu.m to about 6000 .mu.m, about 750
.mu.m to about 4000 .mu.m, about 1000 .mu.m to about 6000 .mu.m,
about 1500 .mu.m to about 6000 .mu.m, about 1000 .mu.m to about
3000 .mu.m, about 1500 .mu.m to about 2500 .mu.m, about 1750 .mu.m
to about 2300 .mu.m, about 1900 .mu.m to about 2300 .mu.m, about
2000 .mu.m to about 2300 .mu.m, about 2100 .mu.m to about 2250
.mu.m, about 2136 .mu.m, or about 2135 .mu.m, specifically reciting
all 1 .mu.m increments within the above-specified ranges and all
ranges formed therein or thereby. The overall z-directional height
of the substrate 400, or portions thereof, is measured according to
the Overall Substrate Height Test described herein.
The topsheet 24 may have an Equilibrium Capillary Suction Sorbent
Capacity (CSSC) greater than 10 g/g at 100% saturation, according
to the Capillary Sorption Test herein. The topsheet 24 may have a
CSSC greater than 10 g/g at 100% saturation and less than 35 g/g at
100% saturation, according to the Capillary Sorption Test herein,
specifically reciting all 0.1 g/g increments within the specified
range. The acquisition layer 52, or layer under the topsheet, may
have a CSSC of less than 7 g/g at 100% saturation, according to the
Capillary Sorption Test herein. The acquisition layer 52, or other
material under the topsheet, may have a CSSC of less than 7 g/g at
100% saturation and greater than 1 g/g at 100% saturation,
according to the Capillary Sorption Test herein, specifically
reciting all 0.1 g/g increments within the specified range. The
topsheet 24 may have a greater CSSC at 100% saturation than the
CSSC at 100% saturation of the acquisition layer 52 or other
material under the topsheet.
A majority of, or all of, the apertures 422 may have an effective
aperture area in the range of about 0.4 mm.sup.2 to about 10
mm.sup.2, about 0.5 mm.sup.2 to about 8 mm.sup.2, about 0.5
mm.sup.2 to about 3 mm.sup.2, about 0.5 mm.sup.2 to about 4
mm.sup.2, about 0.5 mm.sup.2 to about 5 mm.sup.2, about 0.7
mm.sup.2 to about 6 mm.sup.2, about 0.7 mm.sup.2 to about 3
mm.sup.2, about 0.8 mm.sup.2 to about 2 mm.sup.2, about 0.9
mm.sup.2 to about 1.4 mm.sup.2, about 1 mm.sup.2, about 1.1
mm.sup.2, about 1.2 mm.sup.2, about 1.23 mm.sup.2, about 1.3
mm.sup.2, or about 1.4 mm.sup.2, specifically reciting all 0.1
mm.sup.2 increments within the above-specified ranges and all
ranges formed therein or thereby. The effective aperture area of
the apertures is measured according to the Aperture Test described
herein.
A majority of, or all of, the apertures 422 may have a feret
(length of aperture) in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 4 mm,
about 0.8 mm to about 3 mm, about 1 mm to about 2 mm, about 1.2 mm
to about 1.8 mm, about 1.4 mm to about 1.6 mm, about 1.49, or about
1.5 mm specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The aperture feret is measured according to the Aperture Test
described herein.
A majority of, or all of, the apertures 422 may have a minimum
feret (width of aperture) in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 4
mm, about 0.7 mm to about 3 mm, about 0.8 mm to about 2 mm, about
0.9 mm to about 1.3 mm, about 1 mm to about 1.2 mm, about 1 mm,
about 1.1 mm, about 1.11 mm, about 1.2 mm, or about 1.3 mm,
specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The aperture minimum feret is measured according to the Aperture
Test described herein.
A majority of, or all of, the apertures 422 may have a feret to
minimum feret ratio in the range of about 0.3 to about 2.5, about
0.5 to about 2, about 0.8 to about 1.6, about 1 to about 1.5, about
1.1 to about 1.5, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.35, about 1.4, or
about 1.5, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The feret ratio is calculated by dividing the aperture feret by the
aperture minimum feret.
The average lateral axis center-to-center aperture spacing of a
majority of, or all of, adjacent apertures, measuring across a
projection, is in the range of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, about 2
mm to about 15 mm, about 3 mm to about 12 mm, about 3 mm to about
10 mm, about 3 mm to about 8 mm, about 3 mm to about 7 mm, about 4
mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm,
about 5 mm to about 6 mm, about 4.8 mm, about 4.9 mm, about 5.0 mm,
about 5.1 mm, about 5.2 mm, about 5.3 mm, about 5.4 mm, about 5.5
mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, or about 5.9 mm,
specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The average lateral axis center-to-center spacing of adjacent
apertures is measured according to the Average Aperture Spacing
Test (Lateral Axis Aperture Spacing) described herein.
The average longitudinal axis center-to-center aperture spacing of
a majority of, or all of, adjacent apertures, measuring across a
projection, is in the range of about 2 mm to about 20 mm, about 2
mm to about 15 mm, about 3 mm to about 12 mm, about 3 mm to about
10 mm, about 3 mm to about 8 mm, about 3 mm to about 7 mm, about 4
mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm,
about 5 mm to about 6 mm, about 4.8 mm, about 4.9 mm, about 5.0 mm,
about 5.1 mm, about 5.2 mm, about 5.3 mm, about 5.4 mm, about 5.5
mm, about 5.6 mm, about 5.7 mm, about 5.8 mm, or about 5.9 mm,
specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The average longitudinal axis center-to-center spacing of adjacent
apertures is measured according to the Average Aperture Spacing
Test (Longitudinal Axis Aperture Spacing) described herein.
A majority of, or all of, the projections 416 may have a widest
cross-sectional diameter, taken in a direction parallel to the
lateral axis of the absorbent article, in the range of about 1, to
about 15 mm, about 1 mm to about 10 mm, about 1 mm to about 8 mm,
about 1 mm to about 6 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 6 mm, about 2 mm to
about 5 mm, specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby.
A majority of, or all of, the projections 416 may have a widest
cross-sectional diameter, taken in a direction parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the absorbent article, in the range of about 1
mm to about 15 mm, about 1 mm to about 10 mm, about 1 mm to about 8
mm, about 1 mm to about 6 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 6 mm, about 2
mm to about 5 mm, specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments
within the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby.
The substrates or topsheets of the present disclosure may have a %
effective open area in the range of about 1% to about 50%, about 1%
to about 40%, about 3% to about 35%, about 5% to about 25%, about
5% to about 20%, about 6% to about 18%, about 5% to about 15%,
about 5%, about 8%, about 9%, about 9.5%, about 10%, about 10.5%,
about 11%, or about 12%, specifically reciting all 0.1% increments
within the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby. The % effective open area of the substrates is measured
according to the Aperture Test described herein.
The substrates or topsheets of the present disclosure may have
apertures having a perimeter in the range of about 1 mm to about 50
mm, about 1 mm to about 30 mm, about 2 mm to about 20 mm, about 2
mm to about 15 mm, about 2 mm to about 10 mm, about 3 mm to about 8
mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 5.42 mm, about 6 mm, or about 7
mm, specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The perimeter of the apertures is measured according to the
Aperture Test described herein.
The first side 418 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure
may have geometric roughness value in the range of about 2 to about
4.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 3 to about 4, about 3.1 to about
3.5, about 3.2, about 3.3, about 3.31, about 3.35, about 3.4, or
about 3.5, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The geometric roughness values of the first side 418 of the
substrates 400 of the present disclosure are measured according to
the Descriptive Analysis Roughness Test described herein. The first
side 418 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure may have a
coefficient of friction value in the range of about 0.2 to about
0.4, about 0.25 to about 0.35, about 0.27 to about 0.31, about
0.27, about 0.28, about 0.29, about 0.30, or about 0.31,
specifically reciting all 0.01 increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The coefficient of friction values of the first side 418 of the
substrates 400 of the present disclosure are measured according to
the Descriptive Analysis Roughness Test described herein. The first
side 418 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure may have a
slip stick value in the range of about 0.010 to about 0.025, about
0.015 to about 0.020, about 0.015, about 0.016, about 0.017, about
0.018, or about 0.019, specifically reciting all 0.001 increments
within the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby. The coefficient of friction values of the first side 418
of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure are measured
according to the Descriptive Analysis Roughness Test described
herein.
The second side 420 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure
may have geometric roughness value in the range of about 2 to about
4.0, about 2.3 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 3.3, about 2.6 to
about 3.1, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.83, about 2.9,
or about 3.0, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The geometric roughness values of the second side 420 of the
substrates 400 of the present disclosure are measured according to
the Descriptive Analysis Roughness Test described herein. The
second side 420 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure may
have a coefficient of friction value in the range of about 0.2 to
about 0.4, about 0.25 to about 0.35, about 0.27 to about 0.31,
about 0.27, about 0.28, about 0.29, about 0.30, or about 0.31,
specifically reciting all 0.01 increments within the
above-specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The coefficient of friction values of the second side 420 of the
substrates 400 of the present disclosure are measured according to
the Descriptive Analysis Roughness Test described herein. The
second side 420 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure may
have a slip stick value in the range of about 0.010 to about 0.025,
about 0.011 to about 0.018, about 0.012, about 0.013, about 0.014,
about 0.015, or about 0.016, specifically reciting all 0.001
increments within the above-specified ranges and all ranges formed
therein or thereby. The coefficient of friction values of the
second side 420 of the substrates 400 of the present disclosure are
measured according to the Descriptive Analysis Roughness Test
described herein.
Ratios
The ratio of the height of the projections (.mu.m) to the %
effective open area may be in the range of about 70 to about 160,
about 80 to about 150, about 100 to about 145, about 95 to about
150, about 100 to about 140, about 110 to about 130, about 115 to
about 130, about 118 to about 125, about 120, about 121, about 122,
about 122.74, about 123, or about 124, specifically reciting all
0.1 increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed
therein or thereby.
The ratio of the overall substrate height (.mu.m) to the %
effective open area may be in the range of about 125 to about 350,
about 150 to about 300, about 175 to about 275, about 200 to about
250, about 215 to about 235, about 220 to about 230, or about 225,
specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified
ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The ratio of the height of the projections (.mu.m) to the geometric
roughness of a surface (e.g., first or second; 418 or 420) of the
three-dimensional substrates may be in the range of about 250 to
about 600, about 300 to about 500, about 325 to about 450, about
325 to about 425, about 350, about 352, about 410, or about 412,
specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified
ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby.
The ratio of the overall substrate height (.mu.m) to the geometric
roughness of a surface (e.g., first or second; 418 or 420) of the
three-dimensional substrates may be in the range of about 500 to
about 900, about 600 to about 800, about 645, about 650, about 700,
about 750 m, or about 755, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments
within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or
thereby.
The substrates or topsheets of the present disclosure may comprise
one or more colors, dyes, inks, indicias, patterns, embossments,
and/or graphics. The colors, dyes, inks, indicias, patterns, and/or
graphics may aid the aesthetic appearance of the substrates.
The substrates of the present disclosure may be used as a portion
of, or all of, any suitable products, such as dusters, wipes (wet
or dry), makeup removal substrates, paper towels, toilet tissue,
facial tissue, medical gowns, surgical substrates, wraps,
filtration substrates, or any other suitable products.
EXAMPLES
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Product P&G-- Kao Present P&G
Greater Greater Disclosure Greater China (Flat China and China and
Topsheet) Japan Japan (Three (Apertured Dimesional Topsheet)
Topsheet) Brand Name Pampers Merries NA Pampers Premium Premium
Care Care (Japan import) Product July 2015 2012 March 2016
Acquisition Date from Market ModifiedFluid 126.8 sec 518.9 sec
119.8 sec 191.1 sec Acquisition Test (seconds) Collagen 74 mg 121
mg 62 mg 42 (10) mg Rewet (mg) Light Touch 102 mg 25 mg 35 mg N/A
Dryness (mg)
As can been seen in Table 2 above, three commercially available
products were tested and compared to the absorbent articles of the
present disclosure. All of the absorbent articles tested were size
2. The absorbent articles of the present disclosure achieved the
fastest modified fluid acquisition test, a decent collagen rewet,
and a low light touch dryness ("LTD") (i.e., dryness of the
topsheet). The methods for Modified Fluid Acquisition Test,
Collagen Rewet, and Light Touch Dryness are set forth below.
Method of Making the Three-Dimensional Substrates or Absorbent
Articles Comprising the Three-Dimensional Substrates
The three-dimensional substrates and absorbent articles comprising
three-dimensional substrates of the present disclosure may be made
by any suitable methods known in the art. In particular, the
articles may be hand-made or industrially produced at high
speed.
FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of one example process for
forming the substrates of the present disclosure. FIG. 27 is a view
of intermeshing engagement of portions of first and second rolls.
FIG. 28 is a view of a portion of the first roll. FIG. 29 is a view
of a portion of the second roll.
Referring to FIGS. 26-29, the substrates of the present disclosure
may be formed by passing a one or more layer substrate 399
(non-three dimensional) through a nip 502 formed by two
intermeshing rolls 504 and 506 to form a three-dimensional
substrate 400. The rolls 504 and 506 may be heated. A first roll
504 may create the apertures 422 and the recesses 414 in the
substrate 400 (in combination with the second roll) and a second
roll 506 may create the projections 416 in the substrate 400 (in
combination with the first roll). The first roll 504 may comprise a
plurality of conically-shaped protrusions 508 extending radially
outwardly from the first roll 504. The first roll 504 may also
comprise a plurality of recesses 510 formed in a radial outer
surface of the first roll 504. The second roll 506 may comprise a
plurality of dome-shaped protrusions 512 extending radially
outwardly from the second roll 506. The second roll 506 may also
comprise a plurality of recesses 514 formed in the radial outer
surface of the second roll 506. The protrusions 508 on the first
roll 504 may have a different size, shape, height, area, width
and/or dimension than the protrusions 512 on the second roll 506.
The recesses 510 formed in the first roll 504 may have a different
size, shape, height, area, width, and/or dimension than the
recesses 514 formed in the second roll 506. The recesses 510 in the
first roll 504 may be configured to at least partially receive the
dome-shaped protrusions 512, thereby creating the projections 414
in the substrate 400. The recesses 510 may be deep enough so that
the portions of the substrate forming the projections 414 and
projection peaks 425 will not be compressed, or sufficiently
compressed. Specifically, as the dome-shaped protrusions 512 engage
into the recesses 510, there is sufficient depth left in the space
between the surfaces in a radial direction so that the thickness of
the substrate in the projections 414 is higher than the thickness
of the recesses 510. This feature provides projections 414 with a
softer feel and a greater height compared to compressing the
portions of the substrate forming the projections. The recesses 514
in the second roll 506 may be configured to at least partially
receive the conically-shaped protrusions 508 thereby creating the
recesses 414 and the apertures 422 in the substrate 400.
The substrates of the present disclosure may also be formed by any
other suitable methods known to those of skill in the art.
The Topsheet
Packages
The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may be placed into
packages. The packages may comprise polymeric films and/or other
materials. Graphics and/or indicia relating to properties of the
absorbent articles may be formed on, printed on, positioned on,
and/or placed on outer portions of the packages. Each package may
comprise a plurality of absorbent articles. The absorbent articles
may be packed under compression so as to reduce the size of the
packages, while still providing an adequate amount of absorbent
articles per package. By packaging the absorbent articles under
compression, caregivers can easily handle and store the packages,
while also providing distribution savings to manufacturers owing to
the size of the packages.
Accordingly, packages of the absorbent articles of the present
disclosure may have an In-Bag Stack Height of less than about 110
mm, less than about 105 mm, less than about 100 mm, less than about
95 mm, less than about 90 mm, less than about 85 mm, less than
about 80 mm, less than about 78 mm, less than about 76 mm, less
than about 74 mm, less than about 72 mm, or less than about 70 mm,
specifically reciting all 0.1 mm increments within the specified
ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby, according to the
In-Bag Stack Height Test described herein. Alternatively, packages
of the absorbent articles of the present disclosure may have an
In-Bag Stack Height of from about 70 mm to about 110 mm, from about
70 mm to about 105 mm, from about 70 mm to about 100 mm, from about
70 mm to about 95 mm, from about 70 mm to about 90 mm, from about
70 mm to about 85 mm, from about 72 mm to about 80 mm, or from
about 74 mm to about 78 mm, specifically reciting all 0.1 mm
increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed
therein or thereby, according to the In-Back Stack Height Test
described herein.
FIG. 30 illustrates an example package 1000 comprising a plurality
of absorbent articles 1004. The package 1000 defines an interior
space 1002 in which the plurality of absorbent articles 1004 are
situated. The plurality of absorbent articles 1004 are arranged in
one or more stacks 1006.
Test Methods
Condition all samples at about 23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree. and
about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior to testing.
Aperture Test
Aperture dimensions, effective aperture area, and % effective open
area measurements are performed on images generated using a
flat-bed scanner capable of scanning in reflectance mode at a
resolution of 6400 dpi and 8 bit grayscale (a suitable scanner is
the Epson Perfection V750 Pro, Epson, USA). Analyses are performed
using ImageJ software (v.s 1.46, National Institute of Health, USA)
and calibrated against a ruler certified by NIST. A steel frame
(100 mm square, 1.5 mm thick with an opening 60 mm square) is used
to mount the specimen and a black glass tile (P/N 11-0050-30,
available from HunterLab, Reston, Va.) is used as the background
for the scanned images.
Take the steel frame and place double-sided adhesive tape on the
bottom surface surrounding the interior opening. To obtain a
specimen, lay the absorbent article flat on a lab bench with the
wearer-facing surface directed upward. Remove the release paper of
the tape, and adhere the steel frame to the topsheet (substrates
described herein may only form a portion of the topsheet, e.g., by
being positioned on the topsheet--the three-dimensional material is
what is sampled) of the absorbent article. Using a razor blade,
excise the top sheet from the underling layers of the absorbent
article around the outer perimeter of the frame. Carefully remove
the specimen such that its longitudinal and lateral extension is
maintained. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control
Company, Houston Tex.) can be used to remove the topsheet specimen
from the underling layers, if necessary. Five replicates obtained
from five substantially similar absorbent articles are prepared for
analysis.
Place the ruler on the scanner bed, close the lid and acquire a 50
mm by 50 mm calibration image of the ruler in reflectance mode at a
resolution of 6400 dpi and 8 bit grayscale. Save the image as an
uncompressed TIFF format file. Lift the lid and remove the ruler.
After obtaining the calibration image, all specimens are scanned
under the same conditions and measured based on the same
calibration file. Next, place the framed specimen onto the center
of the scanner bed with the wearer-facing surface of the specimen
facing the scanner's glass surface. Place the black glass tile on
top of the frame covering the specimen, close the lid and acquire a
scanned image. In like fashion scan the remaining four
replicates.
Open the calibration file in ImageJ and perform a linear
calibration using the imaged ruler, with the scale set to Global so
that the calibration will be applied to subsequent specimens. Open
a specimen image in ImageJ. View the histogram and identify the
gray level value for the minimum population located between the
dark pixel peak of the holes and the lighter pixel peak of the
nonwoven. Threshold the image at the minimum gray level value to
generate a binary image. In the processed image, the apertures
appear as black and nonwoven as white.
Select the analyze particles function. Set the minimum aperture
area exclusion limit to 0.3 mm.sup.2 and for the analysis to
exclude the edge apertures. Set the software to calculate:
effective aperture area, perimeter, feret (length of the aperture)
and minimum feret (width of the aperture). Record the average
effective aperture area to the nearest 0.01 mm.sup.2, and the
average perimeter to the nearest 0.01 mm. Again select the analyze
particles function, but his time set the analysis to include the
edge holes as it calculates the effective aperture areas. Sum the
effective aperture areas (includes whole and partial apertures) and
divide by the total area included in the image (2500 mm.sup.2).
Record as the % effective open area to the nearest 0.01%.
In like fashion analyze the remaining four specimen images.
Calculate and report the average effective aperture area to the
nearest 0.01 mm.sup.2, the average aperture perimeter to the
nearest 0.01 mm, feret and minimum feret to the nearest 0.01 mm,
and the % effective open area to the nearest 0.01% for the five
replicates.
Height Tests
Substrate projection heights and overall substrate heights are
measured using a GFM MikroCAD Premium instrument commercially
available from GFMesstechnik GmbH, Teltow/Berlin, Germany. The GFM
MikroCAD Premium instrument includes the following main components:
a) a DLP projector with direct digital controlled micro-mirrors; b)
a CCD camera with at least a 1600.times.1200 pixel resolution; c)
projection optics adapted to a measuring area of at least 60
mm.times.45 mm; d) recording optics adapted to a measuring area of
at least 60 mm.times.45 mm; e) a table tripod based on a small hard
stone plate; f) a blue LED light source; g) a measuring, control,
and evaluation computer running ODSCAD software (version 6.2, or
equivalent); and h) calibration plates for lateral (x-y) and
vertical (z) calibration available from the vendor.
The GFM MikroCAD Premium system measures the surface height of a
sample using the digital micro-mirror pattern fringe projection
technique. The result of the analysis is a map of surface height
(z-directional or z-axis) versus displacement in the x-y plane. The
system has a field of view of 60.times.45 mm with an x-y pixel
resolution of approximately 40 microns. The height resolution is
set at 0.5 micron/count, with a height range of +/-15 mm. All
testing is performed in a conditioned room maintained at about
23.+-.2.degree. C. and about 50.+-.2% relative humidity.
A steel frame (100 mm square, 1.5 mm thick with an opening 70 mm
square) is used to mount the specimen. Take the steel frame and
place double-sided adhesive tape on the bottom surface surrounding
the interior opening. To obtain a specimen, lay the absorbent
article flat on a bench with the wearer-facing surface directed
upward. Remove the release paper of the tape, and adhere the steel
frame to the topsheet (substrates described herein may only form a
portion of the topsheet, e.g., by being positioned on the
topsheet--the three-dimensional material is what is sampled) of the
absorbent article. Using a razor blade, excise the topsheet from
the underling layers of the absorbent article around the outer
perimeter of the frame. Carefully remove the specimen such that its
longitudinal and lateral extension is maintained. A cryogenic spray
(such as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston Tex.) can be used to
remove the topsheet specimen from the underling layers, if
necessary. Five replicates obtained from five substantially similar
absorbent articles are prepared for analysis.
Calibrate the instrument according to manufacturer's specifications
using the calibration plates for lateral (x-y axis) and vertical (z
axis) available from the vendor.
Place the steel plate and specimen on the table beneath the camera,
with the wearer-facing surface oriented toward the camera. Center
the specimen within the camera field of view, so that only the
specimen surface is visible in the image. Allow the specimen to lay
flat with minimal wrinkles.
Collect a height image (z-direction) of the specimen by following
the instrument manufacturer's recommended measurement procedures.
Select the Technical Surface/Standard measurement program with the
following operating parameters: Utilization of fast picture
recording with a 3 frame delay. Dual phaseshifts are used with 1)
16 pixel stripe width with a picture count of 12 and 2) 32 pixel
stripe width with a picture count of 8. A full Graycode starting
with pixel 2 and ending with pixel 512. After selection of the
measurement program, continue to follow the instrument
manufacturer's recommended procedures for focusing the measurement
system and performing the brightness adjustment. Perform the 3D
measurement then save the height image and camera image files.
Load the height image into the analysis portion of the software via
the clipboard. The following filtering procedure is then performed
on each image: 1) removal of invalid points; 2) removal of peaks
(small localized elevations); 3) polynomial filtering of the
material part with a rank of n=5, with exclusion of 30% of the
peaks and 30% of the valleys from the material part, and 5
cycles.
Projection Height Test
Draw a line connecting the peaks of a series of projections, with
the line crossing a non-apertured land area located between each of
the projections. Generate a sectional image of the height image
along the drawn line. Along the sectional line, measure the
vertical height (z-direction) difference between the peak of the
projection and the adjacent valley of the land area. Record the
height to the nearest 0.1 .mu.m. Average together 10 different
projection peak to land area height measures and report this value
to the nearest 0.1 .mu.m. This is the projection height.
Recess Height Test
Subtract the projection height from the overall substrate height to
obtain the recess height. This should be done with each of the ten
measurements from the Projection Height Test and the Overall
Substrate Height Test. Average together the ten recess heights and
report this value to the nearest 0.1 .mu.m. This is the recess
height.
Overall Substrate Height Test
Draw a line connecting the peaks of a series of projections, with
the line crossing the center of an aperture located between each of
the projections and within a recess. Generate a sectional image of
the height image along the drawn line. Along the sectional line,
measure the vertical height difference between the peak of the
projection and the adjacent base of the recess. Record the height
to the nearest 0.1 .mu.m. Average together 10 different projection
peak to base of recess height measures and report this value to the
nearest 0.1 .mu.m. This is the overall substrate height.
Average Aperture Spacing Test
Lateral Axis Aperture Spacing and Longitudinal Axis Aperture
Spacing are performed on images generated using a flatbed scanner
capable of scanning in reflectance mode at a resolution of 6400 dpi
and 8 bit grayscale (a suitable scanner is the Epson Perfection
V750 Pro, Epson, USA). Analyses are performed using ImageJ software
(v.s 1.46, National Institute of Health, USA) and calibrated
against a ruler certified by NIST. A steel frame (100 mm square,
1.5 mm thick with an opening 60 mm square) is used to mount the
specimen and a black glass tile (P/N 11-0050-30, available from
HunterLab, Reston, Va.) is used as the background for the scanned
images. Testing is performed at about 23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree.
and about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity.
Take the steel frame and place double-sided adhesive tape on the
bottom surface surrounding the interior opening. To obtain a
specimen, lay the absorbent article flat on a lab bench with the
wearer-facing surface directed upward. Remove the release paper of
the tape, and adhere the steel frame to the topsheet of the
absorbent article. Using a razor blade excise the topsheet (i.e.,
the three dimensional substrate that forms all of or part of the
wearer-facing surface) from the underling layers of the absorbent
article around the outer perimeter of the frame. Carefully remove
the specimen such that its longitudinal and lateral extension is
maintained. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control
Company, Houston Tex.) can be used to remove the topsheet specimen
from the underling layers, if necessary. Five replicates obtained
from five substantially similar absorbent articles are prepared for
analysis. Condition the samples at about 23.degree. C..+-.2
C..degree. and about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior
to testing.
Place the ruler on the scanner bed, close the lid and acquire a 50
mm by 50 mm calibration image of the ruler in reflectance mode at a
resolution of 6400 dpi and 8 bit grayscale. Save the image as an
uncompressed TIFF format file. Lift the lid and remove the ruler.
After obtaining the calibration image, all specimens are scanned
under the same conditions and measured based on the same
calibration file. Next, place the framed specimen onto the center
of the scanner bed with the wearer-facing surface of the specimen
facing the scanner's glass surface. Place the black glass tile on
top of the frame covering the specimen, close the lid and acquire a
scanned image. In a like fashion, scan the remaining four
replicates.
Open the calibration file in ImageJ and perform a linear
calibration using the imaged ruler, with the scale set to Global so
that the calibration will be applied to subsequent specimens. Open
a specimen image in ImageJ and perform the following measures:
Lateral Axis Aperture Spacing
Measure from a center point of one aperture to a center point of an
adjacent aperture on the other side of a projection, wherein the
projection is positioned between the two apertures. The measurement
will be taken in a direction parallel to a lateral axis of the
specimen across the projection. Report each distance to the nearest
0.1 mm. Take 5 random measurements in the specimen. Average the
five values to and report the average lateral axis center to center
spacing to the nearest 0.1 mm. Repeat this procedure for the
additional four samples.
Longitudinal Axis Aperture Spacing
Measure from a center point of one aperture to a center point of an
adjacent aperture on the other side of a projection, wherein the
projection is positioned between the two apertures. The measurement
will be taken in a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the
specimen across the projection. Report each distance to the nearest
0.1 mm. Take 5 random measurements in the specimen. Average the
five values to and report the average longitudinal axis center to
center spacing to the nearest 0.1 mm. Repeat this procedure for the
additional four samples.
Basis Weight Test
Basis weight of the three-dimensional substrates may be determined
by several available techniques but a simple representative
technique involves taking an absorbent article, removing any
elastic which may be present and stretching the absorbent article
to its full length. A punch die having an area of 45.6 cm.sup.2 is
then used to cut a piece of the substrate forming a topsheet,
positioned on the topsheet, or forming a portion of the topsheet
(the "topsheet" in this method), from the approximate center of the
diaper or absorbent product in a location which avoids to the
greatest extent possible any adhesive which may be used to fasten
the topsheet to any other layers which may be present and removing
the topsheet layer from other layers (using cryogenic spray, such
as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston, Tex. if needed). The
sample is then weighed and dividing by the area of the punch die
yields the basis weight of the topsheet. Results are reported as a
mean of 5 samples to the nearest 0.1 gram per square meter.
Descriptive Analysis Roughness Method
Surface Geometrical Roughness is measured using a Kawabata
Evaluation System KES FB4 Friction tester with Roughness Sensor
(available from Kato Tech Co., Japan). The instrument measures both
surface friction and geometric roughness simultaneously, but herein
only the geometric roughness (SMD value) is reported. All testing
is performed at about 23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree. and about
50%.+-.2% relative humidity. Samples are preconditioned at about
23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree. and about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity
for 2 hours prior to testing. The instrument is calibrated as per
the manufacturer's instructions.
The absorbent article is placed, wearer-facing surface upward, onto
a lab bench. The absorbent article's cuffs are clipped with
scissors to facilitate the article lying flat. With scissors or a
scalpel excise a specimen of the topsheet 20 cm long in the
longitudinal direction of the absorbent article and 10 cm wide in
the lateral direction of the absorbent article. Care should be
taken in removing the specimen as to not distort the dimensions in
either the longitudinal or lateral direction. Specimens are
collected from a total of five substantially identical absorbent
articles.
Turn on the KES FB4. The instrument should be allowed to warm up
for at least 10 minutes before use. Set the instrument to a SMD
sensitivity of 2.times.5, a testing velocity of 0.1, and a
compression area of 2 cm. The roughness contractor compression
(contact force) is adjusted to 10 gf. Place the topsheet specimen
on the tester with the wearer-facing surface facing upward and the
longitudinal dimension aligned with the test direction of the
instrument. Clamp the specimen with an initial tension of 20 gf/cm.
Initiate the test. The instrument will automatically take 3
measurements on the specimen. Record the MIU (Coefficient of
Friction), MMD (Slip Stick), and SMD (Geometrical Roughness) value
from each of the three measurements to the nearest 0.001 micron.
Repeat in like fashion for the remaining four specimens.
Report Coefficient of Friction as an average of the 15 recorded
values to the nearest 0.01. Report Slip Stick as an average of the
15 recorded values to the nearest 0.001. Report the Geometrical
Roughness as an average of the 15 recorded values to the nearest
0.01 micron.
In-Bag Stack Height Test
The in-bag stack height of a package of absorbent articles is
determined as follows:
Equipment
A thickness tester with a flat, rigid horizontal sliding plate is
used. The thickness tester is configured so that the horizontal
sliding plate moves freely in a vertical direction with the
horizontal sliding plate always maintained in a horizontal
orientation directly above a flat, rigid horizontal base plate. The
thickness tester includes a suitable device for measuring the gap
between the horizontal sliding plate and the horizontal base plate
to within .+-.0.5 mm. The horizontal sliding plate and the
horizontal base plate are larger than the surface of the absorbent
article package that contacts each plate, i.e. each plate extends
past the contact surface of the absorbent article package in all
directions. The horizontal sliding plate exerts a downward force of
850.+-.1 gram-force (8.34 N) on the absorbent article package,
which may be achieved by placing a suitable weight on the center of
the non-package-contacting top surface of the horizontal sliding
plate so that the total mass of the sliding plate plus added weight
is 850.+-.1 grams.
Test Procedure
Absorbent article packages are equilibrated at 23.+-.2.degree. C.
and 50.+-.5% relative humidity prior to measurement.
The horizontal sliding plate is raised and an absorbent article
package is placed centrally under the horizontal sliding plate in
such a way that the absorbent articles within the package are in a
horizontal orientation (see FIG. 30). Any handle or other packaging
feature on the surfaces of the package that would contact either of
the plates is folded flat against the surface of the package so as
to minimize their impact on the measurement. The horizontal sliding
plate is lowered slowly until it contacts the top surface of the
package and then released. The gap between the horizontal plates is
measured to within .+-.0.5 mm ten seconds after releasing the
horizontal sliding plate. Five identical packages (same size
packages and same absorbent articles counts) are measured and the
arithmetic mean is reported as the package width. The "In-Bag Stack
Height"=(package width/absorbent article count per stack).times.10
is calculated and reported to within .+-.0.5 mm.
Thickness Test
The thickness of the material sample is measured using a dial gauge
or digital equivalent with a resolution of .+-..degree.10 .mu.m and
a circular "foot" having a flat bottom circular surface with a
diameter of 56 mm. The gauge is mounted over a base having a
horizontal flat rigid upper surface, such that the entire bottom
surface of the foot contacts the upper surface of the base.
The downward force exerted by the foot on the base or on a material
sample inserted between the foot and the base is depending on the
weight of the foot, i.e. depending on the exact equipment used.
The weight exerted by the foot of the gauge can be measured by
mounting the gauge over a suitable top-loading balance such that
the balance pan is in the same relative position to the gauge as
the base. It is independent of the thickness of the material
sample. The force is adjusted by adding weight to the foot such
that the total weight is 518 g, i.e. the pressure exerted by the
foot of 56 mm diameter is 2065.+-.10 Pa.
The gauge is calibrated according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
The material sample is cut from a respective topsheet or
acquisition layer precursor material as a circle of 6 cm diameter.
Such material sample is placed on the base such that the foot is
completely in contact with the material sample.
The thickness of the material sample is determined by reading the
gauge with the foot resting on the base (G0). The foot of the gauge
is then raised and the material sample is laid flat on the base.
The foot is lowered gently onto the material sample and the gauge
reading is taken 5 seconds after that the foot comes into contact
with the material sample (GT). The thickness of the material sample
at that location is the difference between the two readings
(GT-G0). The thickness is the average of three replicates and is
reported in millimeters rounded to the nearest 0.01 mm.
Capillary Sorption Test
The phenomenon of capillary sorption is well recognized. See A. A.
Burgeni and C. Kapur, "Capillary Sorption Equilibria in Fiber
Masses," Textile Research Journal, 37 (1967), pp. 356-366, and P.
K. Chatterjee, Absorbency, Textile Science and Technology Vol. 7,
Chapter II, "Mechanism of Liquid Flow and Structure Property
Relationships", pp. 29-84, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1985
for a discussion of capillary sorption of absorbent structures.
A porous glass frit is connected via an uninterrupted column of
fluid to a fluid reservoir, monitored on a balance. The test fluid
is degassed 0.9% saline. The sample, mounted on the porous glass
frit, is maintained under constant confining pressure during the
experiment. As the porous structure absorbs/desorbs fluid, the
weight of the balance reservoir is recorded. The data are used to
determine equilibrium capacity as a function of capillary suction
height. Absorption occurs during the incremental lowering of the
frit (i.e. decreasing capillary suction height). Desorption occurs
during the incremental raising of the frit (i.e., increasing
capillary suction height). The data are corrected for the capillary
sorption of the porous frit and for evaporation of fluid during the
experiment.
The capillary sorption equipment, as shown in FIG. 31, is set up
and operated under lab conditions (23.+-.2.degree. C., 50.+-.5%
RH). The sample is placed in a movable sample assembly 2002 that is
connected hydraulically to a fluid reservoir 2006 that rests on a
balance 2007. The balance 2007 should read to within .+-.0.001 g
and be capable of being interfaced to a computer system 2010 for
collection of data. A suitable balance is available from Mettler
Toledo as PR1203. The specific fluid path of the system is as
follows: The bottom of the sample assembly 2002 is connected to a
three-way glass stopcock 2004a via Tygon.RTM. tubing 2003. The
stopcock 2004a is connected either to drain or via glass tubing
2004c to a second three-way glass stopcock 2004b. This stopcock
2004b switches between a filling reservoir 2005 or the balance
reservoir 2006.
The balance reservoir 2006 is a lightweight dish of 11 cm diameter
and has a plastic cover 2008. The cover 2008 has a hole in its
center through which the glass tubing 2004d contacts the fluid in
the balance reservoir 2006. The hole is slightly larger than the
outer diameter of the glass tubing 2004d. The glass tubing 2004d
must not touch the cover 2008, or the balance reading will be
invalid. The balance 2007 and balance reservoir 2006 are further
enclosed in a Plexiglas.RTM. box 2012 to minimize evaporation of
the test fluid from the reservoir 2006 and enhance balance
stability during the procedure. The box 2012 has a top and walls,
where the top has a hole through which the tubing 2004d is
inserted. The hole is as small as practicable in order to minimize
evaporation.
As shown in FIG. 32, the sample assembly 2002 comprises a Buchner
type funnel 2009a fitted with a glass fritted disc 2009b, and a
weight/cylinder apparatus 2009c, 2009d that provides a small
confining pressure to a test sample 2009g. The fritted disc funnel
2009a has a capacity of approximately 500 mL with the glass fritted
disc 2009b specified as having 10-16 .mu.m pores (available from
ROBU VitaPOR.RTM. Glasfilter POR4). The pores are fine enough to
keep the frit surface wetted at the capillary suction heights
specified (i.e., the fritted disc does not allow air to enter the
continuous column of test liquid below the frit).
The cylinder apparatus 2009d is fabricated from Lexan.RTM. or
similar rigid material, and has an outer diameter of 7.0 cm, an
inner diameter of 6.0 cm and a height of 6.5 cm. The weight
apparatus 2009c applies a pressure of 2.1 Kpa (0.3 psi) and has a
diameter of about 0.020 cm less than the inner diameter of cylinder
2009d. To prevent excessive evaporation of test fluid, a lid 2009f
covers the fritted disc funnel 2009a. In order to allow for
pressure equilibration, lid 2009f should not form an air-tight seal
with fritted disc funnel 2009a. This may require a pin-hole or
equivalent small opening in the lid.
As shown in FIG. 31, the sample assembly 2002 is mounted on a
vertical slide 2001 which is used to adjust the vertical height of
the sample. The vertical slide 2001 may be a rodless actuator under
computer control. A preferred actuator and motor drive control
interface unit is available from Parker Hannifin Corp (5500
Business Park Drive, Rohnert Park, Calif. 94928; as item Compumotor
SX83-135).
Data from the balance are collected via computer 2010 throughout
the capillary sorption experiment. While the sample is at each
capillary suction height, balance readings are taken every 5
seconds. When the change in weight of the balance reservoir 2006 is
less than 0.008 g per 5 second interval for 20 consecutive
intervals, the system is considered to have reached
equilibrium.
A topsheet or an acquisition material is used for the test method.
A test specimen for these materials is obtained by punching out a 6
cm diameter circle from the materials, using an arch punch. In most
cases, the materials will first have to be separated from an
absorbent article using freeze spray.
A test specimen for the distribution material is also obtained from
a disposable absorbent article by attaching the absorbent product
to a flat surface in a taut planar configuration with the topsheet
side facing up. Any leg or cuff elastics are severed in order to
allow the absorbent product to lie flat. The midpoint of the
longitudinal centerline of the product is marked. Using scissors,
two longitudinal cuts are made through all layers above the storage
core (i.e. the layer containing more than 20% of superabsorbent
polymer by total weight of the absorbent material) along the
complete length of the diaper. Two transverse cuts are made though
the same layers near the front and back waist edges. The central
portion of the topsheet and any other layers above the storage core
are then removed without perturbing the structure. Freeze spray
(e.g. CRC Freeze Spray manufactured by CRC Industries, Inc. 885
Louis Drive, Warminster, Pa. 18974, USA), or equivalent aid may be
used to facilitate removal of the uppermost layers from the
absorbent product. The distribution layer is then separated from
any other layers using freeze spray if necessary. A test specimen
of the distribution layer is obtained by punching out a 6 cm
diameter circle from the separated distribution layer centered on
the midpoint of the longitudinal centerline of the article, using
an arch punch.
After all layers above the absorbent core have been removed, remove
the film backsheet and nonwoven outer cover from the core using
freeze spray, as needed. A test specimen of the core is obtained by
punching out a 6 cm diameter circle from the separated core layer
centered on the midpoint of the longitudinal centerline of the
article, using an arch punch.
The thickness of the test specimen for the topsheet, for the
acquisition layer, for the distribution layer, and for the
absorbent core is measured according to the Thickness Test. If the
thickness of the test specimen is 0.50 mm or greater, the specimen
is tested as-is. If the thickness of the test specimen is less than
0.50 mm, then four additional test specimens are obtained as
described above from identical absorbent products, and the five
specimens are stacked in the same orientation as they occur in the
product. The stack of 5 layers is then used as the test
specimen.
In the test method, the term "test sample" refers to test specimen
for the topsheet, for the acquisition layer or for the test
specimen for the distribution layer.
The Capillary Sorption Test is done on the test specimen for the
topsheet, on the test specimen for the acquisition layer, the test
specimen for the distribution layer, and the test specimen for the
absorbent core.
Experimental Set-Up:
Saline Degassing
1. The water in an ultrasonic water bath (e.g. Bandelin Sonorex
Super 10P DK514BP; volume 18.7 L, 325.times.300.times.200 mm) is
heated up to 50.degree. C. 2. A 10 L volumetric flask, filled with
about 9 L of 0.9% saline solution, loosely covered with
Parafilm.RTM., is placed in 50.degree. C. ultrasonic water bath.
About 2/3 of saline solution should be covered by 50.degree. C.
water. Ultrasound is applied for at least 90 minutes. 3. Degassed
saline is cooled down to room temperature before use. Fritted Disc
Funnel 9a Degassing 1. A large plastic container, filled with
degassed 0.9% Saline, is placed in a vacuum desiccator. 2. The
cleaned fritted disc funnel 2009a is placed inside the container
and covered completely with degassed saline. Then a vacuum of 8
mbar or below is applied. 3. From time to time, the vacuum in the
desiccator is released, allowing air bubbles inside the glass frit
2009b to escape. Air bubbles below the glass frit 2009b are removed
by turning the frit upside down. 4. Degassing is completed after 5
hours. Set-Up 1. Set up the apparatus components as shown in FIG.
31, with the exception of the sample assembly 2002. 2. Place the
balance reservoir 2006 on the balance 2007. Place the
Plexiglas.RTM. box 20012 over the balance and fluid reservoir,
aligning the holes such that the glass tube 2004d can be inserted
down through the box 2012 and through the cover 2008 without
touching the balance reservoir 2006 or the cover 2008. 3. Fill
filling reservoir 2005 with degassed 0.9% saline. Turn stopcocks
2004a and 2004b to allow tubing 2003, 2004c and 2004d, and balance
reservoir 2006 to be filled with liquid. Allow any air bubbles to
escape through the drain of stopcock 2004a. Close stopcocks 2004a
and 2004b. 4. Connect the cleaned and degassed fritted disc funnel
2009a to the Tygon.RTM. tubing 2003 without introducing bubbles.
Open stopcocks 2004a and 2004b to flush frit 2009b with the saline
solution from filling reservoir 2005. During the flushing
procedure, the frit 2009b is kept at lower height than the filling
reservoir 2005. Fluid is removed from the funnel 2009a (after
passing through frit 2009b) by inverting the funnel. Approximately
150 ml of fluid is used to flush the frit. 5. Attach the fritted
disc funnel 2009a to the vertical slide 2001. 6. Relevel the glass
frit 2009b using a small level that can fit inside the sample
funnel 2009a and on the actual surface of the glass frit. 7. Turn
stopcocks 2004a, 2004b to connect the fritted disc funnel 2009a
with the balance reservoir 2006. 8. Zero the glass frit 2009b such
that the surface of the fluid in the balance reservoir 2006 is
level with the top surface of the glass frit 2009b. This may be
achieved by connecting a suitable glass tube with an inner diameter
of about 2006 mm to the "waste" outlet of stopcock 2004a via
flexible tubing. The glass tube is held vertically alongside funnel
2009a and stopcock 2004a is set to allow fluid to flow from
reservoir 2006 into the glass tube and fritted disc funnel. The top
surface of the glass frit 2009b is adjusted to be at the same
height as the fluid in the glass tube or less than 1 mm above the
fluid in the glass tube. To accomplish this, either adjust the
amount of liquid in the balance reservoir 2006, or reset the zero
position on the vertical slide 2001. (This establishes the zero
capillary suction height position of the frit). Raising the frit
from this position by 10 cm would create a capillary suction height
of 10 cm. The capillary suction height is the vertical distance
between the top surface of the glass frit 2009b and the surface of
the fluid in the balance reservoir when the top surface of the frit
is at the same height or above the fluid in the balance reservoir).
Once the height of the glass frit 200b has been adjusted, stopcock
2004a is reset to connect only the fritted disc funnel 2009a with
the balance reservoir 2006. The glass tube and flexible tubing used
to aid in adjusting the frit height may be removed. 9. Close the
top of the fritted disc funnel 2009a with lid 2009f. 10. Wait for
10 minutes to reach equilibrium, then record the balance 2007 value
in grams at 0 cm height. Capillary Sorption Procedure 1. Position
the fritted disc funnel 2009a at 80 cm capillary suction height.
Verify that stopcocks 2004a and 2004b connect the fritted disc
funnel 2009a with the balance reservoir 2006. (The filling
reservoir 2005 is isolated by stopcock 2004b, and the drain is
isolated by stopcock 2004a.) Equilibrate fritted disc funnel 2009a
for 10 minutes. 2. Place the test sample 2009g concentrically in
the cylinder 2009d and both concentrically on the surface of the
glass frit 2009b. Insert the weight 2009c (having same diameter as
the sample) into the cylinder 2009d. 3. Begin balance and time
readings. 4. After reaching equilibrium (determined as described
above), the equilibrium balance reading (g), sample time (s) and
capillary suction height (cm) are recorded, and the height of the
sample assembly 2002 is adjusted to the next capillary suction
height in the absorption/desorption cycle. The last balance reading
at each capillary suction height is taken as the equilibrium
balance reading for that height. The elapsed time between the first
balance reading and the last balance reading at each specified
capillary suction height is the sample time for that height. The
capillary suction heights are as follows (all heights in cm): 80,
70, 60, 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4.5, 4.0,
3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0. Equilibrium Capillary
Absorption Values are derived from the data acquired during the
decrease in capillary suction height from 80 to 0 cm. The Maximum
Capillary Sorption Value is obtained at 0 cm capillary suction
height. Desorption data may be obtained by an analogous procedure
using the capillary suction heights listed above in reverse order,
i.e. starting at 0 cm and ending at 80 cm. Evaporation Rate Even
after taking all appropriate precautions listed above, some
evaporative loss will occur. The evaporation rate is measured for
each newly installed glass frit 2009b. 1. Move the sample assembly
2002 such that the glass frit 2009b is at 0 cm. Turn stopcocks
2004a and 2004b to connect the glass frit 2009b with the balance
reservoir 2006. Allow the system to equilibrate for 10 minutes. 2.
Place the cylinder 2009d concentrically on glass frit 2009b. 3.
Record balance reading and time for 5.0 hours. Glass Frit
Correction Since the glass frit 2009b is a porous structure, its
equilibrium capillary sorption value at each capillary suction
height must be determined and subtracted from the measured
equilibrium capillary sorption value in order to obtain the
absolute equilibrium sample capillary sorption value at that
capillary suction height. The glass frit correction should be
performed for each new glass frit used. Run the capillary sorption
procedure as described above, except without test sample, to obtain
the blank equilibrium balance reading (g) and blank time (s) at
each specified capillary suction height (cm). Calculations Measured
According to the Capillary Sorption Procedure Section Above:
Equilibrium Capillary Sorption Value(g) at capillary suction
heighth=Tare balance reading(g)-equilibrium balance reading(g) at
suction heighth Measured According to Evaporation Rate Section
Above:
.times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..ti-
mes..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times.-
.times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times.
##EQU00001## Measured According to the Glass Frit Correction
Section Above: Blank Capillary Sorption Value(g) at capillary
suction heighth=Tare balance reading(g)-blank equilibrium balance
reading(g) at suction heighth Frit Correction Value(g) at
heighth=Blank Capillary Sorption Value(g)-(Blank
Time(s).times.Evaporation Rate(g/sec)) Equilibrium Capillary
Suction Sorbent Capacity (CSSC): CSSC(g/g) at capillary suction
heighth=(Equilibrium Sorption Value(g)-(Sample Time(s).times.Sample
Evaporation(g/sec)-Frit Correction Value(g))/Dry Weight of
Sample(g) The CSSC is expressed in grams of test liquid absorbed
per gram of dry sample and is calculated for each capillary suction
height for absorption. The Maximum Equilibrium Capillary Sorption
Capacity is the CSSC value at 0 cm capillary suction height. Median
Absorption Pressure: The Median Absorption Pressure (MAP) is the
Capillary Suction Height at which the material has 50% of its
Maximum Equilibrium Capillary Sorption Capacity in the absorption
phase of the measurement, and is expressed in cm (of test fluid).
Modified Fluid Acquisition Test
The Modified Fluid Acquisition ("MFA") Test is designed to measure
the speed at which 0.9% saline solution is absorbed into an
absorbent article that is compressed at 2.07 kPa. A known volume is
introduced four times, each successive dose starting five (5)
minutes after the previous dose has absorbed. Times needed to
absorb each dose are recorded. All testing is performed in a room
also maintained at about 23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree. and about
50%.+-.2% relative humidity. The test fluid is 0.9% w/v saline
solution and is prepared by weighing 9.0 g.+-.0.05 g of NaCl into a
weigh boat, transferring it into a 1 L volumetric flask, and
diluting to volume with de-ionized water.
The MFA apparatus is depicted in FIG. 33 through FIG. 35b. The MFA
apparatus comprises a bladder assembly 3001 and a top plate
assembly 3200 that includes a deposition assembly 3100. A
controller 3005 is used to 1) monitor the impedance across
electrodes 3106, recording the time interval 0.9% saline solution
is in a cylinder 3102, 2) interface with a liquid pump 3004 to
start/stop dispensing, and 3) time intervals between dosing. The
controller 3005 is capable of recording time events to .+-.0.01
sec. A house air supply 3014 is connected to a pressure regulator
3006 capable of delivering air at a suitable flow/pressure to
maintain 2.07 kPa in the bladder assembly 3001. A liquid pump 3004
(Ismatec MCP-Z gear pump, available from Cole Palmer, Vernon Hills,
Ill. or equivalent) capable of delivering a flow of 10-80 mL at a
rate of 3-15 mL/s is attached to a steel tube 3104 of the
deposition assembly 3100 via tygon tubing 3015.
The bladder assembly 3001 is constructed of 12.7 mm Plexiglas with
an overall dimension of 80 cm long by 30 cm wide by 10 cm tall. A
manometer 3007 to measure the pressure inside the assembly and a
pressure gauge 3006 to regulate the introduction of air into the
assembly are installed through two holes through the right side. A
bladder 3013 is assembled by draping a 50 mm by 100 mm piece of
silicone film, (thickness 0.02'', Shore A durometer value of 20,
available as Part #86435K85 from McMaster-Carr, Cleveland, Ohio)
over the top of the box with enough slack that the film touches the
bottom of the box at its center point. An aluminum frame 3003 with
a flange is fitted over the top of the film and secured in place
using mechanical clamps 3010. When in place, the assembly should be
leak free at a pressure of 3.45 kPa. A front 3008 and back 3009
sample support 5 cm by 30 cm by 1 mm are used to anchor the sample.
The absorbent article is attached to the top surface of the sample
supports by either adhesive tape or mechanical "hook" fasteners.
These supports can be adjusted along the length of the aluminum
frame 3003 via a simple pin and hole system to accommodate
different size absorbent articles and to correctly align their
loading point.
The top plate assembly 3200 is constructed of an 80 cm by 30 cm
piece of 12.7 mm Plexiglas reinforced with an aluminum frame 3109
to enhance rigidity. The plate has a cutout 170 mm wide by 201 mm
long centered laterally on the plate, 170 mm from the front of the
plate 3201 for mounting of the deposition assembly. In addition,
the top plate has thirty-six (36) 3.2 mm diameter holes drilled
through it distributed as shown in FIG. 35A. The holes prevent air
from being trapped under the top plate as the bladder is inflated.
The top plate assembly 3200 is connected to the bladder assembly
3001 via two hinges 3012. During use, the top assembly is closed
onto the bladder assembly and locked into place using a mechanical
clamp 3011.
The deposition assembly 3100 is fitted into the top plate 3200 and
includes 1) a liquid introduction cylinder 3102, 2) a curved
surface 3101 at the loading point of the absorbent article and 3)
electrodes 3106 that are used to detect fluid in the cylinder 3102.
The detailed dimensions of the curved component are provided in
FIG. 34A to FIG. 34E. FIG. 34A is a side view of the curved
component. FIG. 34B is an end view of the curved component. FIG.
34C is a bottom view of the curved component. FIG. 34D is a bottom
perspective view of the curved component. FIG. 34E is a top
perspective view of the curved component. This curved component can
be milled or 3D printed. The top portion of the introduction
cylinder is a 50.8 mm O.D. Plexiglas cylinder 3102 with a 38.1 mm
I.D. This is fitted into the curved component to give the
introduction cylinder a total height of 100 mm. Imbedded electrodes
run from connectors on the upper surface of the curved component
and terminate flush with an inside wall of the introduction
cylinder, 2 mm from the bottom of the cylinder. The two electrodes
are positioned 180 degrees apart. A nylon screen 3107 is cut and
affixed flush with the bottom of the cylinder such that the sample
cannot swell into the cylinder. A 5 mm semi-circle is cut in the
screen in the immediate area of the two electrodes. The deposition
assembly is inserted into the top plate as shown in FIG. 35A such
that the curved surface is flush with the bottom of the top-plate
assembly 3200. The introduction cylinder 3102 is topped with a
loose-fitting nylon cap 3103. The cap has a 6.35 mm O.D. steel tube
3104 inserted through its center. When the cap is in place, the
bottom of the tube ends 20 mm above the screen 3107. The cap also
has an air hole 3105 to ensure negative pressure does not impede
the absorption speed.
All sample articles are conditioned at 23.degree. C..+-.2
C..degree. and about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity for two hours
prior to testing. The absorbent article is first prepared by
excising any inner or outer leg cuffs, waist caps, elastic ears or
side panels, taking care not to disturb the top sheet that resides
above the article's core region. Place the absorbent article flat
onto a lab bench and identify the intersection of the longitudinal
centerline with the size dependent loading point (as defined in
Table 3).
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Loading Points, Volumes, and Flow rate for
Acquisition Testing: Loading Point from Single Approximate front of
Core* Dose Flow Diaper Baby Weight Boy Girl Volume Rate Size Pounds
mm mm mL mL/s 1 8 to 13 64 64 24 8 2 13 to 17 76 89 24 8 3 17 to 28
89 114 50 10 4-6 28+ 102 127 75 15 *The boy loading point is used
for unisex diapers.
Attach the front end of the absorbent article to the top surface of
the front sample plate 3008 by either adhesive tape or mechanical
"hook" fasteners with the top sheet facing upward. The placement is
such that just the chassis and not the absorptive core overlays the
plate. The sample plate 3008 is attached to the aluminum frame 3003
such that the size-dependent Loading Point (as defined in Table 2)
of the absorbent article will be centered longitudinally and
laterally within the cylinder 3102 when the top plate assembly has
been closed. The back end of the absorbent article is secured to
the back sample plate 3009 by either adhesive tape or mechanical
"hook" fasteners, once again ensuring that only the chassis and not
the absorptive core overlays the plate. The back sample plate 3009
is then attached to the aluminum frame 3003 such that the article
is taunt but not stretched. The top plate assembly is closed and
fastened, and the bladder is inflated to 2.07 kPa.+-.0.07 kPa. The
pressure is maintained at this level during the complete loading
sequence of the test.
The pump 3004 is primed and then calibrated to deliver the
size-dependent volume and flow rate selected from Table 2. Volume
and flow rate must be within .+-.2% of target. The cap 3103 is
placed into the cylinder 3102. The controller 3005 is started,
which in turn delivers the first dose of 0.9% saline solution.
After the volume has been absorbed, the controller waits for 5.0
minutes before addition of the next dose. This cycle is repeated
for a total of four doses. If the fluid leaks out of or around the
article (i.e., is not absorbed into the article) then the test is
aborted. Also if any acquisition time exceeds 1200 seconds, the
test is aborted. The acquisition time is defined as the difference
between the start time (i.e., when the 0.9% saline is first
introduced into the cylinder and that conducting fluid completes
the circuit between the electrodes) and the stop time (i.e., when
the fluid has completely drained from the cylinder and the circuit
between the electrodes is broken). Acquisition times are recorded
by the controller for each dose to the nearest 0.01 second. After
the last dose is acquired, pressure is applied for an additional 10
minutes. Open the pressure relief valve 3016 to deflate the bladder
and then remove the sample from the acquisition system.
In like fashion, run a total of five (5) replicates for each
absorbent article to be evaluated. Calculate and report the
Acquisition Times (sec) for each dose as the arithmetic mean of the
replicates to the nearest 0.01 sec.
Light Touch Dryness Test
The Light Touch Dryness ("LTD") Test is performed immediately after
the MFA Test. The test comprises measuring the mass of fluid
expressed from the absorbent article under pressure after loading
by the MFA protocol. Whatman #1 filter paper sheets are used as the
rewet substrate and are conditioned at 23.degree. C..+-.2
C..degree. and about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity overnight before
use. All testing is performed in a room also maintained at about
23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree. and about 50%.+-.2% relative
humidity.
Equipment for this test includes a Plexiglas disk 70.0 mm in
diameter and 20 mm thick and a stainless steel confining weight
that rests upon it. The mass of the disk and confining weight
combined is 812 g.+-.2 g which corresponds to a pressure of 2.07
kPa. Whatman #1 filter paper is die cut into 70.0 mm diameter
circles and stacks of four (4) assembled for use during rewet
testing. Measure and record the mass of the dry filter paper stack
and record to the nearest 0.0001 g.
Within 30 seconds after the conclusion of the MFA test, remove the
absorbent article from the acquisition apparatus and place flat on
a bench top with the top sheet facing upward. Place a pre-weighed
stack of Whatman #1 filter paper centered at the loading point (as
determined previously in the MFA test), place the Plexiglass disk
onto the stack, and gently place the confining weight onto the
disk. Wait for 30.0 sec.+-.0.5 sec and remove the weight and disc.
Immediately measure the mass of the wet filter paper and record to
the nearest 0.0001 g. Calculate the modified rewet value as the
difference between the wet and dry weight of the stack and record
to the nearest 0.1 mg.
In like fashion run a total of five (5) replicates for each
absorbent article to be evaluated. Calculate and report the Light
Touch Dryness (mg) for each dose as the arithmetic mean of the
replicates to the nearest 0.1 mg.
Collagen Rewet Test
The Collagen Rewet Test is performed immediately after the MFA
Test. The Collagen Rewet Test comprises measuring the mass of fluid
expressed from an absorbent article under pressure after loading by
the MFA protocol. Collagen sheets are used as the rewet substrate.
A suitable collagen is Naturin Coffi collagen sheets (available
Naturin GmbH & KG, Germany) or equivalent. Upon receipt, the
collagen sheets are stored at about 23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree.
and about 50%.+-.2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior to testing.
All testing is performed in a room also maintained at about
23.degree. C..+-.2 C..degree. and about 50%.+-.2% relative
humidity.
Equipment for the test consists of a Plexiglas disk 70.0 mm in
diameter and 20 mm thick and a stainless steel confining weight
that rests upon it. The mass of the disk and confining weight
combined is 9100 g.+-.2 g which corresponds to a pressure of 23.2
kPa. Collagen sheets are die cut into 70.0 mm diameter circles and
stacks of four (4) assembled for use during rewet testing. Measure
and record the mass of the dry filter paper stack and record to the
nearest 0.0001 g.
Within 30 seconds after the conclusion of the MFA test, remove the
absorbent article from the acquisition apparatus and place it flat
on a bench top with the top sheet facing upward. Then, place a
pre-weighed stack of collagen centered at the loading point (as
determined previously in the MFA test), place the Plexiglass disk
onto the stack, and gently place the confining weight onto the
disk. Wait for 15.0 seconds.+-.0.5 seconds and remove the weight
and disc. Immediately measure the mass of the wet filter paper and
record to the nearest 0.0001 g. Calculate the Collagen Rewet value
as the difference between the wet and dry weight of the stack and
record to the nearest 0.1 mg.
In like fashion, run a total of five (5) replicates for each
absorbent article to be evaluated. Calculate and report the
Collagen Rewet (mg) for each dose as the arithmetic mean of the
replicates to the nearest 0.1 mg.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood
as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited.
Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is
intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension
disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm."
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or
related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise
limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it
is prior art with respect to any embodiment disclosed or claimed
herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other
reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such
embodiment. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition
of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition
of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the
meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall
govern.
While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been
illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in
the art that various other changes and modifications may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the present
disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended
claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope
of this disclosure.
* * * * *