U.S. patent number 10,717,722 [Application Number 16/446,360] was granted by the patent office on 2020-07-21 for acyl sulfonamides that are bcl family antagonists for use in clinical management of conditions caused or mediated by senescent cells and for treating cancer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Unity Biotechnology, Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Unity Biotechnology, Inc.. Invention is credited to Anne-Marie Beausoleil, Ryan Hudson.
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United States Patent |
10,717,722 |
Beausoleil , et al. |
July 21, 2020 |
Acyl sulfonamides that are Bcl family antagonists for use in
clinical management of conditions caused or mediated by senescent
cells and for treating cancer
Abstract
The aryl sulfonamide compounds of this invention have powerful
and cell-type specific Bcl inhibitory activity. Compounds of this
invention include compounds according to formula (I): ##STR00001##
Selected compounds in this class promote apoptosis in senescent
cells, and are being developed for treating senescent-related
conditions. Selected compounds in this class promote apoptosis in
cancer cells, and can be developed as chemotherapeutic agents.
Inventors: |
Beausoleil; Anne-Marie
(Brisbane, CA), Hudson; Ryan (Brisbane, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Unity Biotechnology, Inc. |
Brisbane |
CA |
US |
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Assignee: |
Unity Biotechnology, Inc.
(Brisbane, CA)
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Family
ID: |
68839578 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/446,360 |
Filed: |
June 19, 2019 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20190382371 A1 |
Dec 19, 2019 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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PCT/US2019/037067 |
Jun 13, 2019 |
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62684681 |
Jun 13, 2018 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P
9/10 (20180101); A61P 27/00 (20180101); C07D
403/10 (20130101); C07D 401/10 (20130101); C07D
401/14 (20130101); A61P 35/00 (20180101) |
Current International
Class: |
C07D
207/337 (20060101); C07D 401/10 (20060101); C07D
401/12 (20060101); C07D 403/10 (20060101); C07D
401/14 (20060101); A61P 27/00 (20060101); A61P
9/10 (20060101); A61P 35/00 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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3441069 |
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Feb 2019 |
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EP |
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WO 2012103059 |
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Aug 2012 |
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WO |
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WO 2014113413 |
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Jul 2014 |
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WO |
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WO 2016127135 |
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Aug 2016 |
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WO |
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WO-2019033122 |
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Feb 2019 |
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WO |
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Other References
Baar, et al. (2017) "Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores
Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging", Cell.
e16.169(1): 132-147. cited by applicant .
Bai, et al. (1967) "BM-1197: A Novel and Specific Bcl-2/Bcl-xL
Inhibitor Inducing Complete and Long-Lasting Tumor Regression In
Vivo", PLoS ONE 9(6): e99404 pp. 1-13. cited by applicant .
Bajwa, et al. (2012) "Inhibitors of the Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2
Proteins: A Patent Review", Expert Opin Ther Pat. 22(1): 37-55.
cited by applicant .
Baker, et al. (2016) "Naturally Occurring p16Ink4a-Positive Cells
Shorten Healthy Lifespan", Nature. Author Manuscript 530(7589):
184-189. cited by applicant .
Blagosklonny (2013) "Selective Anti-Cancer Agents as Anti-Aging
Drugs", Cancer Biology & Therapy 14:12, 1092-1097. cited by
applicant .
Campisi and Robert (2014) "Cell Senescence, Role in Aging and
Age-Related Diseases", Interdiscip Top Gerontol. 39: 45-61. cited
by applicant .
Childs et al (2017) "Senescent Cells: An Emerging Target for
Diseases of Ageing", Nat Rev Drug Discov. 16(10): 718-735. cited by
applicant .
Jeon, et al. (2017) "Local Clearance of Senescent Cells Attenuates
the Development of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis and Creates a
Pro-Regenerative Environment", Nature Medicine 775-781. cited by
applicant .
Kirkland* and Tchkonia (2015) "Clinical Strategies and Animal
Models for Developing Senolytic Agents", Exp Gerontol. 68: 19-25.
cited by applicant .
Yosef, et al. (2016) "Directed Elimination of Senescent Cells by
Inhibition of BCL-W and BCL-XL", Nature Communications 7:11190 pp.
1-11. cited by applicant .
Zhu, et al. (2017) "New Agents that Target Senescent Cells: The
Flavone, Fisetin, and the BCL-XL Inhibitors, A1331852 and
A1155463", Aging Advance. 9 (3):955-963. cited by
applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Bernhardt; Emily A
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Ng; Rudy J. Bozicevic, Field &
Francis LLP
Parent Case Text
PRIORITY APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of international patent
application PCT/US2019/037067, filed Jun. 13, 2019, which claims
priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/684,681,
filed Jun. 13, 2018. These two priority applications are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all
purposes.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A compound according to formula (I): ##STR00045## wherein:
X.sub.1 is --Cl; X.sub.2 is COOH; X.sub.3 is --SO.sub.2CF.sub.3,
--SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, or --NO.sub.2; X.sub.5 is --F or --H; R.sub.1
is --CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2; R.sub.2 is --CH.sub.3; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4
are both --H; n.sub.1 is 2; and R.sub.6 is selected from --OH and
##STR00046## wherein the hydroxyl group in R.sub.6 is optionally
phosphorylated.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.3 is
--SO.sub.2CF.sub.3.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.3 is
--SO.sub.2CH.sub.3.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.3 is --NO.sub.2.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.5 is --F.
6. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.5 is --H.
7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.6 is --OH.
8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.6 is ##STR00047##
9. The compound of claim 1, selected from the following:
##STR00048## ##STR00049##
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The technology disclosed and claimed below relates generally to the
field of senescent cells and their role in age-related conditions.
In particular, this disclosure provides new small-molecule
compounds that inhibit Bcl protein activity.
BACKGROUND
Senescent cells are characterized as cells that no longer have
replicative capacity, but remain in the tissue of origin, eliciting
a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). It is a premise
of this disclosure that many age-related conditions are mediated by
senescent cells, and that selective removal of the cells from
tissues at or around the condition can be used clinically for the
treatment of such conditions.
U.S. Pat. No. 10,130,628 (Laberge et al.) describes treatment of
certain age-related conditions thought to be mediated at least in
part by senescent cells using MDM2 inhibitors, Bcl inhibitors, and
Akt inhibitors. US 20170266211 A1 (David et al.) describes the use
of particular Bcl inhibitors for treatment of age-related
conditions. U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,691,184, 9,096,625, and 9,403,856
(Wang et al.) describe Bcl inhibitors in a small-molecule
library.
Other disclosures related to the role of senescent cells in human
disease include the pre-grant publications US 2017/0056421 A1 (Zhou
et al.), WO 2016/185481 (Yeda Inst.), US 2017/0216286 A1 (Kirkland
et al.), and US 2017/0281649 A1 (David); and the articles by
Furhmann-Stroissnigg et al. (Nat Commun. 2017 Sep. 4; 8(1):422),
Blagosklonny (Cancer Biol Ther. 2013 December; 14(12):1092-7), and
Zhu et al. (Aging Cell. 2015 August; 14(4):644-58).
SUMMARY
The disclosure that follows outlines a strategy for selectively
eliminating senescent cells, and provides effective compounds,
pharmaceutical compositions, development strategies, and treatment
protocols, and describes many of the ensuing benefits.
A new family of Bcl inhibitors has been developed. Some of the Bcl
inhibitors in this family are particularly effective senolytic
agents. Contacting senescent cells in vitro or in vivo with the
compounds and compositions of this disclosure selectively modulates
or eliminates such cells. The inhibitors can be used for
administration to a target tissue in a subject having an
age-related condition, thereby selectively eliminating senescent
cells in or around the tissue and relieving one or more symptoms or
signs of the conditions. Alternatively or in addition, selected
compounds from the family can be formulated and marketed as
chemotherapeutic agents.
The invention is put forth in the description that follows, in the
figures, and in the appended claims.
DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a general synthetic scheme for chemically synthesizing
exemplary compounds according to this invention.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show expression of senescent cell markers p16,
IL-6, and MMP13 respectively in an osteoarthritis animal model. The
senescence phenotype can be ameliorated by Nutlin-3A, a senolytic
agent that inhibits MDM2. Bcl inhibitors according to this
invention can be selected as senolytic agents for the same
purpose.
FIG. 3A shows that an effective senolytic agent restores
symmetrical weight bearing to treated mice in the osteoarthritis
model. FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D are images showing histopathology of
the joints in these mice. Treatment with the agent helps prevent or
reverses destruction of the proteoglycan layer.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show reversal of both neovascularization and
vaso-obliteration in the mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR)
model when intravitreally administered with a senolytic agent.
FIGS. 4C and 4D are taken from the streptozotocin (STZ) model for
diabetic retinopathy. STZ-induced vascular leakage is attenuated
with the intravitreal administration of a senolytic agent.
FIG. 5 shows that removing senescent cells helps restore oxygen
saturation (SPO.sub.2) in a mouse model for cigarette smoke (CS)
induced COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
FIG. 6 shows data taken from a mouse model for atherosclerosis, in
which inbred mice lacking the LDL receptor were fed a high-fat
diet. The right panel shows staining for plaques in the aorta. The
middle panel shows quantitatively that the surface area of the
aorta covered with plaques was reduced by treatment with a
senolytic agent.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Senescent cells are characterized as cells that no longer have
replicative capacity, but remain in the tissue of origin, eliciting
a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). It is a premise
of this disclosure that many age-related conditions are mediated by
senescent cells, and that selective removal of the cells from
tissues at or around the condition can be used clinically for the
treatment of such conditions.
The technology described and claimed below represents the first
description of a new class of Bcl inhibitors that can be used to
selectively eliminate senescent cells from a target tissue for
purposes of treatment of age-related conditions.
Inhibition of Bcl Protein Activity
The Bcl protein family (TC #1.A.21) includes
evolutionarily-conserved proteins that share Bcl-2 homology (BH)
domains. Bcl proteins are most notable for their ability to up- or
down-regulate apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, at the
mitochondrion. The following explanation is provided to assist the
user in understanding some of the scientific underpinnings of the
compounds of this disclosure. These concepts are not needed to
practice the invention, nor do they limit the use of the compounds
and methods described here in any manner beyond that which is
expressly stated or required.
In the context of this disclosure, the Bcl proteins of particular
interest are those that downregulate apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic Bcl
proteins contain BH1 and BH2 domains, some of them contain an
additional N-terminal BH4 domain (Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-w
(Bcl-2L2), Inhibiting these proteins increases the rate or
susceptibility of cells to apoptosis. Thus, an inhibitor of such
proteins can be used to help eliminate cells in which the proteins
are expressed.
In the mid-2000s, Abbott Laboratories developed a novel inhibitor
of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, known as ABT-737 (Navitoclax). This
compound is part of a group of BH3 mimetic small molecule
inhibitors (SMI) that target these Bcl-2 family proteins, but not
A1 or Mcl-1. ABT-737 is superior to previous BCL-2 inhibitors given
its higher affinity for Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w. In vitro studies
showed that primary cells from patients with B-cell malignancies
are sensitive to ABT-737. In human patients, ABT-737 is effective
against some types of cancer cells, but is subject to dose-limiting
thrombocytopenia.
It has now been discovered that the compounds described here fit
into the active site of Bcl protein to provide strong Bcl
inhibition and/or promote apoptosis of target cells. These
compounds can be developed as highly potent and specific drugs to
target senescent cells and cancer cells, as described in the
sections that follow.
Model Compounds
Many of the compounds of this invention have a structure that falls
within the scope of the formula shown below.
##STR00002##
wherein: X.sub.1 is halide, preferably --Cl; X.sub.2 is --COOH;
X.sub.3 is --SO.sub.2CF.sub.3; --SO.sub.2CH.sub.3; or --NO.sub.2
X.sub.5 is --F or --H; R.sub.1 is --CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2; R.sub.2 is
either --H or --CH.sub.3, preferably --CH.sub.3; R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 are independently either --H or --CH.sub.3, preferably both
--H; n.sub.1 is 1 to 3, preferably 2; and R.sub.6 is selected from
--OH,
##STR00003## wherein the hydroxyl group in R.sub.6 is optionally
phosphorylated.
Any of the possible constituents in the formula come with the
proviso that if X.sub.3 is --SO.sub.2CF.sub.3, then the hydroxyl
group in R.sub.6 must be phosphorylated. In combination with any of
the aforelisted options, the --COOH group of X.sub.2 may be
phosphorylated as well as or instead of the hydroxyl group, at the
user's option.
A "phosphorylated" form of a compound is a compound in which one or
more --OH or --COOH groups have been substituted with a phosphate
group which is either --OPO.sub.3H.sub.2 or
--C.sub.nPO.sub.3H.sub.2 (where n is 1 to 4), such that the
phosphate group may be removed in vivo (for example, by
enzymolysis). A non-phosphorylated or dephosphorylated form has no
such group.
Unless explicitly stated or otherwise required, compounds depicted
without stereochemistry include a racemic mixture of all
stereoisomers, and enantiomerically pure preparations with either
enantiomer as an alternative. Any of the compounds of Formula I
typically but don't necessarily have the stereochemistry depicted
in Formula I below:
##STR00004## which can also be depicted as follows:
##STR00005## wherein each R.sub.3 is independently either --H or
--CH.sub.3.
Many of the compounds of this invention have a structure that falls
within the scope of Formula II shown below.
##STR00006## which can also be depicted as follows:
##STR00007##
wherein: X.sub.1 is --Cl; X.sub.2 is --COOH; X.sub.3 is
--SO.sub.2CF.sub.3; --SO.sub.2CH.sub.3; or --NO.sub.2 X.sub.5 is
--F or --H; R.sub.1 is --CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2; R.sub.2 is --CH.sub.3;
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are both --H; n.sub.1 is 2; and R.sub.6 is
selected from --OR.sub.7,
##STR00008## and R.sub.7 is --H, --P(O)(OH).sub.2, or
--(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)P(O)(OH).sub.2 (where n is 1 to 4 or 1 to
8);
with the proviso that if X.sub.3 is --SO.sub.2CF.sub.3, then
R.sub.7 is --P(O)(OH).sub.2 or
--(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)P(O)(OH).sub.2.
This includes separately and together both the acid forms of
R.sub.7 as shown, and salt forms thereof, such as when R.sub.7 is
--P(O)(ONa).sub.2 or --(C.sub.nH.sub.2n)P(O)(ONa).sub.2.
As compositions of matter or for use in particular contexts, each
chemical species listed in this disclosure and/or each structural
formula may optionally be put into use or claimed with the proviso
that it is not explicitly and exactly depicted or described in any
of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,691,184, 9,096,625, and 9,403,856 (Wang et
al.). Each chemical species listed in this disclosure and/or each
structural formula may optionally be put into use or claimed with
the proviso that it is not explicitly and exactly depicted or
described in US 20170266211 A1 (David et al.).
Exemplary compounds that may qualify for preparation and/or use in
accordance with this disclosure are shown in TABLE 1A.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1A ##STR00009##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((1-(phenylthio-
)-4-(4-phosphonooxy)piperidin-1-
yl)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)pheny-
l)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00010##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((3-(methylsulfonyl-
)-4-((1-(phenylthio)-4-(4-
(phosphonooxy)piperidin-1-yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)pi-
perazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00011##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((3-(methylsulfonyl)-4-((1-(phe-
nylthio)-4-(4-(phosphonooxy)piperidin-1-
yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-iso-
propyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00012##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((3-nitro-4-((1-(ph-
enylthio)-4-(4-(phosphonooxy)piperidin-
1-yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H--
pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00013##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((3-nitro-4-((1-(phenylthio)-4--
(4-(phosphonooxy)piperidin-1-yl)butan-2-
yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-me-
thyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00014##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((1-(phenylthio-
)-4-(4-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-
2-yl)amino)-3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperaz-
in-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00015##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((1-(phenylthio)-4-(4-((pho-
sphonooxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-2-
yl)amino)-3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-
-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl- 1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
##STR00016##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((3-(methylsulfonyl-
)-4-((1-(phenylthio)-4-(4-
((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)p-
henyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H- pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
##STR00017##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((3-(methylsulfonyl)-4-((1-(phe-
nylthio)-4-(4-
((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)p-
henyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-
isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00018##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((3-nitro-4-((1-(ph-
enylthio)-4-(4-
((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)p-
henyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H- pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
##STR00019##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((3-nitro-4-((1-(phenylthio)-4--
(4-((phosphonooxy)methyl)piperidin-1-
yl)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-iso-
propyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00020##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((1-(phenylthio-
)-4-(phosphonooxy)butan-2-yl)amino)-
3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phen-
yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00021##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((3-(methylsulfonyl-
)-4-((1-(phenylthio)-4-
(phosphonooxy)butan-2-yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ph-
enyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00022##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((3-(methylsulfonyl)-4-((1-(phe-
nylthio)-4-(phosphonooxy)butan-2-
yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-me-
thyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00023##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((3-nitro-4-((1-(ph-
enylthio)-4-(phosphonooxy)butan-2-
yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-car-
boxylic acid ##STR00024##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((3-nitro-4-((1-(phenylthio)-4--
(phosphonooxy)butan-2-
yl)amino)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-me-
thyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00025##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-(phe-
nylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl-
)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid ##STR00026##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-(phe-
nylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isoprop-
yl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00027##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-y-
l)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isoprop-
yl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00028##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-(phe-
nylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-
-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00029##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-y-
l)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-
-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00030##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl-
)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl-
)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid ##STR00031##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piper-
idin-1-yl)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-
yl)amino)-3-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-
-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl- 1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
##STR00032##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl-
)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isoprop-
yl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid ##STR00033##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piper-
idin-1-yl)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-
yl)amino)-3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)pheny-
l)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole- 3-carboxylic acid ##STR00034##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl-
)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-
-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00035##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piper-
idin-1-yl)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-
yl)amino)-3-nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopro-
pyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00036##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-hydroxy-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl-
)amino)-3-
((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl-
)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid ##STR00037##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-hydroxy-1-(phenylthio)b-
utan-2-yl)amino)-3-
((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl-
)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H- pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00038##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-hydroxy-1-(phenylthio)b-
utan-2-yl)amino)-3-
(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isoprop-
yl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid ##STR00039##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-hydroxy-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl-
)amino)-3-
nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-
-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00040##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-fluoro-5-(4-(4-((4-((4-hydroxy-1-(phenylthio)b-
utan-2-yl)amino)-3-
nitrophenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-
-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid ##STR00041## sodium
(R)-3-((4-(N-(4-(4-(3-(4-carboxy-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-5-m-
ethyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-5-
fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)sulfamoyl)-2-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl-
)phenyl)amino)-4-(phenylthio)butyl phosphate ##STR00042##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-hydroxy-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl-
)amino)-3-
(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isoprop-
yl-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid
Other compounds that can be tested and developed as senolytic
agents or for the treatment of senescence associated diseases in
accordance with this disclosure include the compounds shown in
TABLE 1B:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1B ##STR00043##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-(phe-
nylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl-
)-1,2-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3- carboxylic acid ##STR00044##
(R)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-ethyl-4-(3-(4-(4-((4-((4-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl-
)-1-(phenylthio)butan-2-yl)amino)-3-
((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)sulfonamido)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl-
)-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
Evaluating Compounds for Senolytic and Chemotherapeutic
Activity
These and other compounds put forth in this disclosure can be
evaluated on the molecular level for their ability to perform in a
way that indicates they are candidate agents for use as active
agents for the preparation of medicaments and use in human
therapy.
For example, where the therapy includes triggering apoptosis of
senescent cells by way of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, or other Bcl family
protein, compounds can be tested for their ability to inhibit
binding between one or more Bcl proteins and their respective
cognate ligand. Example 1 provides an illustration of a homogeneous
assay (an assay that does not require a separation step) for
purposes of determining binding to the Bcl isoforms. Compounds can
be screened on the molecular level for their ability to interact
with the target isoform, thereby causing senolysis. Examples 2 and
3 provide illustrations of assays designed for this purpose.
Alternatively or in addition, compounds can be evaluated for an
ability to kill senescent cells specifically. Cultured cells are
contacted with the compound, and the degree of cytotoxicity or
inhibition of the cells is determined. The ability of the compound
to kill or inhibit senescent cells can be compared with the effect
of the compound on normal cells that are freely dividing at low
density, and normal cells that are in a quiescent state at high
density. Examples 2 and 3 provide illustrations of senescent cell
killing using the human target tissue fibroblast IMR90 cell line
and HUVEC cells. Similar protocols are known and can be developed
or optimized for testing the ability of the cells to kill or
inhibit other senescent cells and other cell types, such as cancer
cells.
Candidate Bcl inhibitors that are effective in selectively killing
senescent cells in vitro can be further screened in animal models
for particular disease. Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the Experimental
Section below provide illustrations for osteoarthritis, eye
disease, lung disease, and atherosclerosis, respectively.
Alternatively or in addition, compounds can be evaluated for an
ability to kill cancer or tumor cells specifically. Cultured cells
are contacted with the compound, and the degree of cytotoxicity for
the cells, and/or the ability to inhibit cell proliferation is
determined. The effect on cancer cells can be compared with the
effect of the compound on normal cells of the same original tissue
type in culture. The compounds can also be tested for their ability
to remove tumors, to inhibit cancer cell growth, and to treat
symptoms and signs of cancer in established animal models. Example
8 provides illustrations of in vitro and in vivo assays to assess
the potential of the compounds in this disclosure as
chemotherapeutic agents.
Formulation of Medicaments
Preparation and formulation of pharmaceutical agents for use
according to this disclosure can incorporate standard technology,
as described, for example, in the current edition of Remington: The
Science and Practice of Pharmacy. The formulation will typically be
optimized for administration to the target tissue, for example, by
local administration, in a manner that enhances access of the
active agent to the target senolytic cells and providing the
optimal duration of effect, while minimizing side effects or
exposure to tissues that are not involved in the condition being
treated.
Pharmaceutical preparations for use in treating senescence-related
conditions and other diseases can be prepared by mixing a Bcl
inhibitor with a pharmaceutically acceptable base or carrier and as
needed one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
Depending on the target tissue, it may be appropriate to formulate
the pharmaceutical composition for sustained or timed release. Oral
timed release formulations may include a mixture of isomeric
variants, binding agents, or coatings. Injectable time release
formulations may include the active agent in combination with a
binding agent, encapsulating agent, or microparticle. For treatment
of joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, the pharmaceutical
composition is typically formulated for intra-articular
administration. For treatment of eye disease such as glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the
composition may be formulated for intravitreal or intracameral
administration. For treatment of lung diseases, the composition may
be formulated as an aerosol, or for intratracheal
administration.
This disclosure provides commercial products that are kits that
enclose unit doses of one or more of the agents or compositions
described in this disclosure. Such kits typically comprise a
pharmaceutical preparation in one or more containers. The
preparations may be provided as one or more unit doses (either
combined or separate). The kit may contain a device such as a
syringe for administration of the agent or composition in or around
the target tissue of a subject in need thereof. The product may
also contain or be accompanied by an informational package insert
describing the use and attendant benefits of the drugs in treating
the senescent cell associated condition, and optionally an
appliance or device for therapeutic delivery of the
composition.
Treatment Design
Senescent cells accumulate with age, which is why conditions
mediated by senescent cells occur more frequently in older adults.
In addition, different types of stress on pulmonary tissues may
promote the emergence of senescent cells and the phenotype they
express. Cell stressors include oxidative stress, metabolic stress,
DNA damage (for example, as a result of environmental ultraviolet
light exposure or genetic disorder), oncogene activation, and
telomere shortening (resulting, for example, from
hyperproliferation). Tissues that are subject to such stressors may
have a higher prevalence of senescent cells, which in turn may lead
to presentation of certain conditions at an earlier age, or in a
more severe form. An inheritable susceptibility to certain
conditions suggests that the accumulation of disease-mediating
senescent cells may directly or indirectly be influenced by genetic
components, which can lead to earlier presentation.
One of the benefits of the senescent cell paradigm is that
successful removal of senescent cells may provide the subject with
a long-term therapeutic effect. Senescent cells are essentially
non-proliferative, which means that subsequent repopulation of a
tissue with more senescent cells can only occur by conversion of
non-senescent cells in the tissue to senescent cells--a process
that takes considerably longer than simple proliferation. As a
general principle, a period of therapy with a senolytic agent that
is sufficient to remove senescent cells from a target tissue (a
single dose, or a plurality of doses given, for example, every day,
semi weekly, or weekly, given over a period of a few days, a week,
or several months) may provide the subject with a period of
efficacy (for example, for two weeks, a month, two months, or more)
during which the senolytic agent is not administered, and the
subject experiences alleviation, reduction, or reversal of one or
more adverse signs or symptoms of the condition being treated.
To treat a particular senescence-related condition with a senolytic
agent according to this disclosure, the therapeutic regimen will
depend on the location of the senescent cells, and the
pathophysiology of the disease.
Senescence-Related Conditions Suitable for Treatment
The Bcl inhibitors of this disclosure can be used for prevention or
treatment of various senescence-related conditions. Such conditions
will typically (although not necessarily) characterized by an
overabundance of senescent cells (such as cells expressing p16 and
other senescence markers) in or around the site of the condition,
or an overabundance of expression of p16 and other senescence
markers, in comparison with the frequency of such cells or the
level of such expression in unaffected tissue. Non-limiting
examples of current interest include the treatment of
osteoarthritis, eye disease, and lung disease, as illustrated in
the following sections.
Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Any of the Bcl inhibitors listed in this disclosure can be
developed for treating osteoarthritis in accordance with this
disclosure. Similarly, of the Bcl inhibitors listed in this
disclosure can be developed for selectively eliminating senescent
cells in or around a joint of a subject in need thereof, including
but not limited to a joint affected by osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease is characterized by
fibrillation of the cartilage at sites of high mechanical stress,
bone sclerosis, and thickening of the synovium and the joint
capsule. Fibrillation is a local surface disorganization involving
splitting of the superficial layers of the cartilage. The early
splitting is tangential with the cartilage surface, following the
axes of the predominant collagen bundles. Collagen within the
cartilage becomes disorganized, and proteoglycans are lost from the
cartilage surface. In the absence of protective and lubricating
effects of proteoglycans in a joint, collagen fibers become
susceptible to degradation, and mechanical destruction ensues.
Predisposing risk factors for developing osteoarthritis include
increasing age, obesity, previous joint injury, overuse of the
joint, weak thigh muscles, and genetics. Symptoms of osteoarthritis
include sore or stiff joints, particularly the hips, knees, and
lower back, after inactivity or overuse; stiffness after resting
that goes away after movement; and pain that is worse after
activity or toward the end of the day.
Compounds according to this disclosure can be used to reduce or
inhibit loss or erosion of proteoglycan layers in a joint, reduces
inflammation in the affected joint, and promotes, stimulates,
enhances, or induces production of collagen, for example, type 2
collagen. The compound may causes a reduction in the amount, or
level, of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, produced in a joint
and inflammation is reduced. The compounds can be used for treating
osteoarthritis and/or inducing collagen, for example, Type 2
collagen, production in the joint of a subject. A compound also can
be used for decreasing, inhibiting, or reducing production of
metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), which degrades collagen in a joint,
and for restoring proteoglycan layer or inhibiting loss and/or
degradation of the proteoglycan layer. Treatment with a compound
thereby may also reduce the likelihood of, inhibits, or decreases
erosion, or slows erosion of the bone. The compound may be
administered directly to an osteoarthritic joint, for example,
intra-articularly, topically, transdermally, intradermally, or
subcutaneously. The compound may also restore, improve, or inhibit
deterioration of strength of a join, and reduce joint pain.
Treatment of Ophthalmic Conditions
Any of the Bcl inhibitors listed in this disclosure can be used for
preventing or treating an ophthalmic condition in a subject in need
thereof by removing senescent cells in or around an eye of the
subject, whereby at least one sign or symptom of the disease is
decreased in severity. Such conditions include both back-of-the-eye
diseases, and front-of-the-eye diseases. Similarly, of the Bcl
inhibitors listed in this disclosure can be developed for
selectively eliminating senescent cells in or around ocular tissue
in a subject in need thereof.
Diseases of the eye that can be treated according to this
disclosure include presbyopia, macular degeneration (including wet
or dry AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
Macular degeneration is a neurodegenerative condition that can be
characterized as a back-of-the-eye disease, It causes the loss of
photoreceptor cells in the central part of retina, called the
macula. Macular degeneration can be dry or wet. The dry form is
more common than the wet, with about 90% of age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) patients diagnosed with the dry form. Dry AMD is
associated with atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
layer, which causes loss of photoreceptor cells. With wet AMD, new
blood vessels may grow beneath the retina and leak blood and fluid.
Abnormally leaky choroidal neovascularization can cause the retinal
cells to die, creating blind spots in central vision. The formation
of exudates, or "drusen," underneath the Bruch's membrane of the
macula is can be a physical sign that macular degeneration is
emerging. Symptoms of macular degeneration include, for example,
perceived distortion and color perception changes.
Another back-of-the-eye disease is diabetic retinopathy (DR).
According to Wikipedia, the first stage of DR is non-proliferative,
and typically has no substantial symptoms or signs. NPDR is
detectable by fundus photography, in which microaneurysms
(microscopic blood-filled bulges in the artery walls) can be seen.
If there is reduced vision, fluorescein angiography can be done to
see the back of the eye. Narrowing or blocked retinal blood vessels
can be seen clearly and this is called retinal ischemia (lack of
blood flow). Macular edema in which blood vessels leak their
contents into the macular region can occur at any stage of NPDR.
The symptoms of macular edema are blurred vision and darkened or
distorted images that are not the same in both eyes. Optical
Coherence Tomography can show the areas of retinal thickening (due
to fluid accumulation) of macular edema. In the second stage of DR,
abnormal new blood vessels (neovascularization) form at the back of
the eye as part of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which
may burst and bleed (vitreous hemorrhage) and blur the vision. On
funduscopic exam, a clinician will see cotton wool spots, flame
hemorrhages (similar lesions are also caused by the alpha-toxin of
Clostridium novyi), and dot-blot hemorrhages.
Benefits of treatment of back-of-the-eye disease with a senolytic
agent of this disclosure may include inhibition or delay of adverse
features of the condition, such as abnormal neovascularization,
pathogenic angiogenesis, vaso-obliteration, intraocular bleeding,
retinal damage, and vision loss. The senolytic agent may be
administered in or around the eye, for example, by intraocular,
intravitreal, or retrobulbar injection. Optimally, there will be a
reversal in some of the pathophysiology, such as restoration of
functional vasculature, functional angiogenesis, retinal regrowth
or restoration, with a partial degree of vision improvement.
Presbyopia is an age-related condition where the eye exhibits a
progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects as the
speed and amplitude of accommodation of a normal eye decreases with
advancing age Loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens and loss
of contractility of the ciliary muscles can cause presbyopia.
Age-related changes in the mechanical properties of the anterior
lens capsule and posterior lens capsule suggest that the mechanical
strength of the posterior lens capsule decreases significantly with
age as a consequence of change in the composition of the tissue.
The major structural component of the lens capsule is basement
membrane type IV collagen that is organized into a
three-dimensional molecular network. Adhesion of the collagen IV,
fibronectin, and lamina to the intraocular lens can inhibit cell
migration and can reduce the risk of PCO.
Senolytic agents provided by this disclosure may slow the
disorganization of the type IV collagen network, decrease or
inhibit epithelial cell migration and can also delay the onset of
presbyopia or decrease or slow the progressive severity of the
condition. They can also be useful for post-cataract surgery to
reduce the likelihood of occurrence of PCO.
Glaucoma and other front-of-the-eye diseases may also be amenable
to treatment with the senolytic agents provided in this disclosure.
Normally, clear fluid flows into and out of the front part of the
eye, known as the anterior chamber. In individuals who have
open/wide-angle glaucoma, the clear fluid drains too slowly,
leading to increased pressure within the eye. If left untreated,
the high pressure in the eye can subsequently damage the optic
nerve and can lead to complete blindness. The loss of peripheral
vision is caused by the death of ganglion cells in the retina.
Possible benefits of therapy include a reduction in intraocular
pressure, improved draining of ocular fluid through the trabecular
network, and an inhibition or delay of vision loss that results.
The senolytic agent may be administered in or around the eye, for
example, by intraocular or intracameral injection or in a topical
formulation. The effect of therapy can be monitored by automated
perimetry, gonioscopy, imaging technology, scanning laser
tomography, HRT3, laser polarimetry, GDX, ocular coherence
tomography, ophthalmoscopy, and pachymeter measurements that
determine central corneal thickness.
Treatment of Pulmonary Conditions
Any of the Bcl inhibitors listed in this disclosure can be
developed for treating pulmonary disease in accordance with this
disclosure. Similarly, of the Bcl inhibitors listed in this
disclosure can be developed for selectively eliminating senescent
cells in or around a lung of a subject in need thereof. Pulmonary
conditions that can be treated include idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and emphysema.
COPD is a lung disease defined by persistently poor airflow
resulting from the breakdown of lung tissue, emphysema, and the
dysfunction of the small airways, obstructive bronchiolitis.
Primary symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath, wheezing,
chest tightness, chronic cough, and excess sputum production.
Elastase from cigarette smoke-activated neutrophils and macrophages
can disintegrate the extracellular matrix of alveolar structures,
resulting in enlarged air spaces and loss of respiratory capacity.
COPD can be caused by, for example, tobacco smoke, cigarette smoke,
cigar smoke, secondhand smoke, pipe smoke, occupational exposure,
exposure to dust, smoke, fumes, and pollution, occurring over
decades thereby implicating aging as a risk factor for developing
COPD.
The processes that cause lung damage include, for example,
oxidative stress produced by the high concentrations of free
radicals in tobacco smoke, cytokine release due to the inflammatory
response to irritants in the airway, and impairment of
anti-protease enzymes by tobacco smoke and free radicals, allowing
proteases to damage the lungs. Genetic susceptibility can also
contribute to the disease. In about 1% percent of people with COPD,
the disease results from a genetic disorder that causes low level
production of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the liver. Alpha-1-antitrypsin
is normally secreted into the bloodstream to help protect the
lungs.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive lung disease
characterized by stiffening and scarring of the lung, which can
lead to respiratory failure, lung cancer, and heart failure.
Fibrosis is associated with repair of epithelium. Fibroblasts are
activated, production of extracellular matrix proteins is
increased, and transdifferentiation to contractile myofibroblasts
contribute to wound contraction. A provisional matrix plugs the
injured epithelium and provides a scaffold for epithelial cell
migration, involving an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Blood loss associated with epithelial injury induces platelet
activation, production of growth factors, and an acute inflammatory
response. Normally, the epithelial barrier heals and the
inflammatory response resolves. However, in fibrotic disease the
fibroblast response continues, resulting in unresolved wound
healing. Formation of fibroblastic foci is a feature of the
disease, reflecting locations of ongoing fibrogenesis.
Subjects at risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis include, for
example, subjects who have been exposed to environmental or
occupational pollutants, such as asbestosis and silicosis; those
who smoke cigarettes; those who have a connective tissue diseases
such as RA, SLE, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, or Wegener's
granulomatosis; those who have infections; those who take certain
medications, including, for example, amiodarone, bleomycin,
busufan, methotrexate, and nitrofurantoin; those subject to
radiation therapy to the chest; and those whose family member have
pulmonary fibrosis.
Other pulmonary conditions that can be treated by using a compound
according to this condition include emphysema, asthma,
bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary diseases can also be
exacerbated by tobacco smoke, occupational exposure to dust, smoke,
or fumes, infection, or pollutants that contribute to
inflammation.
Symptoms of lung disease can include of shortness of breath,
wheezing, chest tightness, having to clear one's throat first thing
in the morning because of excess mucus in the lungs, a chronic
cough that produces sputum that can be clear, white, yellow or
greenish, cyanosis, frequent respiratory infections, lack of
energy, and unintended weight loss. Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis
may include shortness of breath, particularly during exercise; dry,
hacking cough; fast, shallow breathing; gradual, unintended weight
loss; fatigue; aching joints and muscles; and clubbing of the
fingers or toes.
Lung function before, during, and after treatment can be
determined, for example, by measuring expiratory reserve volume
(ERV), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV),
total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC), residual volume
(RV), and functional residual capacity (FRC). Gas exchange across
alveolar capillary membrane can be measured using diffusion
capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Exercise capacity can be
measured as a proxy. Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation
(SpO.sub.2) can also be measured: normal oxygen levels are
typically between 95% and 100%, An SpO.sub.2 level below 90%
suggests the subject has hypoxemia. Values below 80% are considered
critical and require intervention to maintain brain and cardiac
function and avoid cardiac or respiratory arrest.
Benefits of treatment may include inhibiting progression or
reversing of any of these effects. Administration of the senolytic
agent may be systemic, or local at a site in or around the lung:
for example, by inhalation as an aerosol or powder, or by
intubation. Optimally, the agent will improve the SpO.sub.2 level
and exercise capacity.
Treatment of Atherosclerosis
Senolytic compounds can be used for the treatment of
atherosclerosis: for example, by inhibiting formation, enlargement,
or progression of atherosclerotic plaques in a subject. The
senolytic compounds can also be used to enhance stability of
atherosclerotic plaques that are present in one or more blood
vessels of a subject, thereby inhibiting them from rupturing and
occluding the vessels.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by patchy intimal plaques,
atheromas, that encroach on the lumen of medium-sized and large
arteries; the plaques contain lipids, inflammatory cells, smooth
muscle cells, and connective tissue. Atherosclerosis can affect
large and medium-sized arteries, including the coronary, carotid,
and cerebral arteries, the aorta and branches thereof, and major
arteries of the extremities.
Atherosclerosis may lead to an increase in artery wall thickens.
Symptoms develop when growth or rupture of the plaque reduces or
obstructs blood flow; and the symptoms can vary depending on which
artery is affected. Atherosclerotic plaques can be stable or
unstable. Stable plaques regress, remain static, or grow slowly,
sometimes over several decades, until they can cause stenosis or
occlusion. Unstable plaques are vulnerable to spontaneous erosion,
fissure, or rupture, causing acute thrombosis, occlusion, and
infarction long before they cause hemodynamically significant
stenosis. Clinical events can result from unstable plaques, which
do not appear severe on angiography; thus, plaque stabilization can
be a way to reduce morbidity and mortality. Plaque rupture or
erosion can lead to major cardiovascular events such as acute
coronary syndrome and stroke. Disrupted plaques can have a greater
content of lipid, macrophages, and have a thinner fibrous cap than
intact plaques.
Diagnosis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease can
be based on symptoms, for example, angina, chest pressure, numbness
or weakness in arms or legs, difficulty speaking or slurred speech,
drooping muscles in face, leg pain, high blood pressure, kidney
failure and/or erectile dysfunction, medical history, and/or
physical examination of a patient. Diagnosis can be confirmed by
angiography, ultrasonography, or other imaging tests. Subjects at
risk of developing cardiovascular disease include those having any
one or more of predisposing factors, such as a family history of
cardiovascular disease and those having other risk factors, for
example, predisposing factors including high blood pressure,
dyslipidemia, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity and cigarette
smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and hypertension. The condition can
be assessed, for example, by angiography, electrocardiography, or
stress test.
Potential benefits of treatment with a senolytic agent include
alleviating or halting progression of one or more signs or symptoms
of the condition, such as the frequency of plaques, the surface
area of vessels covered by plaques, angina, and reduced exercise
tolerance.
Definitions
A "senescent cell" is generally thought to be derived from a cell
type that typically replicates, but as a result of aging or other
event that causes a change in cell state, can no longer replicate.
Depending on the context, senescent cells can be identified as
expressing p16, or at least one marker selected from p16,
senescence-associated .beta.-galactosidase, and lipofuscin;
sometimes two or more of these markers, and other markers of the
senescence-associated secretory profile (SASP) such as but not
limited to interleukin 6, and inflammatory, angiogenic and
extracellular matrix modifying proteins. Unless explicity stated
otherwise, the senescent cells referred to in the claims do not
include cancer cells.
A "senescence associated", "senescence related" or "age related"
disease, disorder, or condition is a physiological condition that
presents with one or more symptoms or signs that are adverse to the
subject. The condition is "senescence associated" if it is "caused
or mediated at least in part by senescent cells." This means that
at least one component of the SASP in or around the affected tissue
plays a role in the pathophysiology of the condition such that
elimination of at least some of the senescent cells in the affected
tissue results in substantial relief or lessening of the adverse
symptoms or signs, to the patient's benefit. Senescence associated
disorders that can potentially be treated or managed using the
methods and products according to this disclosure include disorders
referred to in this disclosure and in previous disclosures referred
to in the discussion. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the term
does not include cancer.
An inhibitor of protein function or Bcl function is a compound that
to a substantial degree prevents the target protein already
expressed in a target cell from performing an enzymatic, binding,
or regulatory function that the protein or Bcl family member
normally performs in the target cell. This results in elimination
of the target cell or rendering the cell more susceptible to the
toxicity of another compound or event. A compound qualifies as a
"Bcl inhibitor" or a compound that "inhibits Bcl activity" in this
disclosure if it has an IC.sub.50 when tested in an assay according
to Example 1 below that is less than 1,000 nM (1.0 .mu.M). Activity
that is less than 100 nM or 10 nM, or between 100 nM and 1 nM is
often preferred, depending on the context.
The term "Bcl" or "Bcl protein" refers to the family of Bcl
proteins, exemplified by Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w. A Bcl inhibitor
of this disclosure will be able to inhibit at least one of Bcl-2,
Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w. Typically but not necessarily, an inhibitor of
one of these Bcl proteins will to some extent inhibit the other
two. The compounds provided in this disclosure can be tested for
activity of any Bcl family members, to identify compounds that have
inhibitory activity and are potentially specific for Bcl-2, Bcl-xL,
or Bcl-w. Such an inhibitor will have an IC.sub.50 for a target Bcl
from this list that is at least 10-fold better than its IC.sub.50
for the other two Bcl family members on the list.
A compound, composition or agent is typically referred to as
"senolytic" if it eliminates senescent cells, in preference
replicative cells of the same tissue type, or quiescent cells
lacking SASP markers. Alternatively or in addition, a compound or
combination may effectively be used if it decreases the release of
pathological soluble factors or mediators as part of the senescence
associated secretory phenotype that play a role in the initial
presentation or ongoing pathology of a condition, or inhibit its
resolution. In this respect, the term "senolytic" refers to
functional inhibition, such that compounds that work primarily by
inhibiting rather than eliminating senescent cells (senescent cell
inhibitors) can be used in a similar fashion with ensuing benefits.
Model senolytic compositions and agents in this disclosure have an
EC.sub.50 when tested in an assay according to Example 2 below that
is less than 1 .mu.M. Activity that is less than 0.1 .mu.M, or
between 1 .mu.M and 0.1 .mu.M may be preferred. The selectivity
index (SI) (EC.sub.50 of senescent cells compared with
non-senescent cells of the same tissue type) may be better than 1,
2, 5, or 10, depending on the context.
Selective removal or "elimination" of senescent cells from a mixed
cell population or tissue doesn't require that all cells bearing a
senescence phenotype be removed: only that the proportion of
senescent cells initially in the tissue that remain after treatment
is substantially higher than the proportion of non-senescent cells
initially in the tissue that remain after the treatment.
Successful "treatment" of a condition according to this disclosure
may have any effect that is beneficial to the subject being
treated. This includes decreasing severity, duration, or
progression of a condition, or of any adverse signs or symptoms
resulting therefrom. Treatment may also be unsuccessful, resulting
in no improvement in typical signs and symptoms of the condition. A
concurrent objective of therapy is to minimize adverse effects on
the target tissue or elsewhere in the treated subject. In some
circumstances, senolytic agents can also be used to prevent or
inhibit presentation of a condition for which a subject is
susceptible, for example, because of an inherited susceptibility of
because of medical history.
A "therapeutically effective amount" is an amount of a compound of
the present disclosure that (i) treats the particular disease,
condition, or disorder, (ii) attenuates, ameliorates, or eliminates
one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or
disorder, (iii) prevents or delays the onset of one or more
symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder
described herein, (iv) prevents or delays progression of the
particular disease, condition or disorder, or (v) at least
partially reverses damage caused by the condition prior to
treatment.
A "phosphorylated" form of a compound is a compound which bears one
or more phosphate groups covalently bound to the core structure
through an oxygen atom, which was typically but not necessarily
present on the molecule before phosphorylation. For example, one or
more --OH or --COOH groups may have been substituted in place of
the hydrogen with a phosphate group which is either
--OPO.sub.3H.sub.2 or --C.sub.nPO.sub.3H.sub.2 (where n is 1 to 4).
In some phosphorylated forms, the phosphate group may be removed in
vivo (for example, by enzymolysis), in which case the
phosphorylated form may be a pro-drug of the non-phosphorylated
form. A non-phosphorylated form has no such phosphate group. A
dephosphorylated form is a derivative of a phosphorylated molecule
after at least one phosphate group has been removed.
"Small molecule" Bcl inhibitors according to this disclosure have
molecular weights less than 20,000 daltons, and are often less than
10,000, 5,000, or 2,000 daltons. Small molecule inhibitors are not
antibody molecules or oligonucleotides, and typically have no more
than five hydrogen bond donors (the total number of
nitrogen-hydrogen and oxygen-hydrogen bonds), and no more than 10
hydrogen bond acceptors (all nitrogen or oxygen atoms).
"Prodrug" refers to a derivative of an active agent that requires a
transformation within the body to release the active agent. The
transformation can be an enzymatic transformation. Sometimes, the
transformation is a cyclization transformation, or a combination of
an enzymatic transformation and a cyclization transformation.
Prodrugs are frequently, although not necessarily,
pharmacologically inactive until converted to the active agent.
Unless otherwise stated or required, each of the compound
structures referred to in the disclosure include conjugate acids
and bases having the same structure, crystalline and amorphous
forms of those compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and
prodrugs. This includes, for example, polymorphs, solvates,
hydrates, unsolvated polymorphs (including anhydrates), and
phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the compounds.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
For all purposes in the United States and in other jurisdictions
where effective, each and every publication and patent document
cited in this disclosure is hereby incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each such
publication or document was specifically and individually indicated
to be incorporated herein by reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 10,130,628 (Laberge et al.) and US 20170266211 A1
(David et al.) are hereby incorporated herein for all purposes,
including but not limited to the identification and formulation of
senolytic agents, and their use for treating various conditions
thought to be mediated at least in part by senescent cells. U.S.
Pat. Nos. 8,691,184, 9,096,625, and 9,403,856 (Wang et al.) are
hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all
purposes, including the features of compounds in the Bcl library,
their preparation and use. U.S. patent application Ser. No.
15/675,171 (filed Aug. 11, 2017) and 62/579,793 (filed Oct. 31,
2017) are hereby incorporated herein for all purposes, including
but not limited to the identification, formulation, and use of
compounds capable of eliminating or reducing the activity of
senescent cells and treating various ophthalmic conditions.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Measuring Bcl Inhibition
The ability of candidate compounds to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL
activity can be measured on the molecular level by direct binding.
This assay uses a homogenous assay technology based on oxygen
channeling that is marketed by PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, Mass.:
see Eglin et al., Current Chemical Genomics, 2008, 1, 2-10. The
test compound is combined with the target Bcl protein and a peptide
representing the corresponding cognate ligand, labeled with biotin.
The mixture is then combined with streptavidin bearing luminescent
donor beads and luminescent acceptor beads, which proportionally
reduces luminescence if the compound has inhibited the peptide from
binding to the Bcl protein.
Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w are available from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St.
Louis, Mo. Biotinylated BIM peptide (ligand for Bcl-2) and BAD
peptide (ligand for Bcl-xL) are described in US 2016/0038503 A1.
AlphaScreen.RTM. Streptavidin donor beads and Anti-6.times.His
AlphaLISA.RTM. acceptor beads are available from PerkinElmer.
To conduct the assay, a 1:4 dilution series of the compound is
prepared in DMSO, and then diluted 1:100 in assay buffer. In a
96-well PCR plate, the following are combined in order: 10 .mu.L
peptide (120 nM BIM or 60 nM BIM), 10 .mu.L test compound, and 10
.mu.L Bcl protein (0.8 nM Bcl-2/W or 0.4 nM Bcl-XL). The assay
plate is incubated in the dark at room temperature for 24 h. The
next day, donor beads and acceptor beads are combined, and 5 .mu.L
is added to each well. After incubating in the dark for 30 minute,
luminescence is measured using a plate reader, and the affinity or
degree of inhibition by each test compound is determined.
Example 2: Measuring Senolytic Activity in Fibroblasts
Human fibroblast IMR90 cells can be obtained from the American Type
Culture Collection (ATCC.RTM.) with the designation CCL-186. The
cells are maintained at <75% confluency in DMEM containing FBS
and Pen/Strep in an atmosphere of 3% O.sub.2, 10% CO.sub.2, and
.about.95% humidity. The cells are divided into groups: irradiated
cells (cultured for 14 days after irradiation prior to use) and
quiescent cells (cultured at high density for four day prior to
use).
On day 0, the irradiated cells are prepared as follows. IMR90 cells
are washed, placed in T175 flasks at a density of 50,000 cells per
mL, and irradiated at 10-15 Gy. Following irradiation, the cells
are plated at 100 .mu.L in 96-well plates. On days 1, 3, 6, 10, and
13, the medium in each well is aspirated and replaced with fresh
medium.
On day 10, the quiescent healthy cells are prepared as follows.
IMR90 cells are washed, combined with 3 mL of TrypLE
trypsin-containing reagent (Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham,
Mass.) and cultured for 5 min until the cells have rounded up and
begin to detach from the plate. Cells are dispersed, counted, and
prepared in medium at a concentration of 50,000 cells per mL. 100
.mu.L of the cells is plated in each well of a 96-well plate.
Medium is changed on day 13. On day 14, test inhibitor compounds
are combined with the cells as follows. A DMSO dilution series of
each test compound is prepared at 200 times the final desired
concentration in a 96-well PCR plate. Immediately before use, the
DMSO stocks are diluted 1:200 into prewarmed complete medium.
Medium is aspirated from the cells in each well, and 100 .mu.L/well
of the compound containing medium is added.
Candidate senolytic agents for testing are cultured with the cells
for 6 days, replacing the culture medium with fresh medium and the
same compound concentration on day 17. Bcl 2 inhibitors are
cultured with the cells for 3 days. The assay system uses the
properties of a thermostable luciferase to enable reaction
conditions that generate a stable luminescent signal while
simultaneously inhibiting endogenous ATPase released during cell
lysis. At the end of the culture period, 100 .mu.L of
CellTiter-Glo.RTM. reagent (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.) is added
to each of the wells. The cell plates are placed for 30 seconds on
an orbital shaker, and luminescence is measured.
Example 3: Measuring Senolytic Activity in HUVEC Cells and Other
Senescent Cells
Human umbilical vein (HUVEC) cells from a single lot were expanded
in Vascular Cell Basal Media supplemented with the Endothelial Cell
Growth Kit.TM.-VEGF from ATCC to approximately eight population
doublings then cryopreserved. Nine days prior to the start of the
assay, cells for the senescent population were thawed and seeded at
approximately 27,000/cm.sub.2. All cells were cultured in
humidified incubators with 5% CO.sub.2 and 3% O.sub.2 and media was
changed every 48 hr. Two days after seeding, the cells were
irradiated, delivering 12 Gy radiation from an X-ray source. Three
days prior to the start of the assay, cells for the non-senescent
populations are thawed and seeded as for the senescent population.
One day prior to the assay, all cells were trypsinized and seeded
into 384-well plates, 5,000/well senescent cells and 10,000/well
non-senescent in separate plates in a final volume of 55
.mu.L/well. In each plate, the central 308 wells contained cells
and the outer perimeter of wells was filled with 70 .mu.L/well
deionized water.
On the day of the assay, compounds were diluted from 10 mM stocks
into media to provide the highest concentration working stock,
aliquots of which were then further diluted in media to provide the
remaining two working stocks. To initiate the assay, 5 .mu.L of the
working stock was added to the cell plates. The final test
concentrations were 20, 2, and 0.2 .mu.M. In each plate, 100 test
compounds were assayed in triplicate at a single concentration
along with a three wells of a positive control and five no
treatment (DMSO) controls. Following compound addition, the plates
are returned to the incubators for three days.
Cell survival was assessed indirectly by measuring total ATP
concentration using CellTiter-Glo.TM. reagent (Promega). The
resultant luminescence was quantitated with an EnSpire.TM. plate
reader (Perkin Elmer). The relative cell viability for each
concentration of a compound was calculated as a percentage relative
to the no-treatment controls for the same plate.
For follow-up dose responses of potential lead compounds, 384-well
plates of senescent and non-senescent cells were prepared as
described above. Compounds were prepared as 10-point 1:3 dilution
series in DMSO, then diluted to 12.times. in media. Five
microliters of this working stock was then added to the cell
plates. After three days of incubation, cell survival relative to
DMSO control was calculated as described above. All measurements
were performed in quadruplicate.
Other cell lines and primary cell cultures may be used as an
alternative to IMR90 fibroblasts or HUVEC cells that align with the
intended target tissue in vivo. An example is the use of cultured
human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC) for screening
compounds intended for treatment of eye disease. The cells are
cultured according to known protocols for the chosen cell line, and
irradiated in a similar fashion to render them senescent.
Example 4: Efficacy of Senolytic Agents in an Osteoarthritis
Model
This example illustrates the testing of an MDM2 inhibitor in a
mouse model for treatment of osteoarthritis. It can be adapted
mutatis mutandis to test and develop Bcl inhibitors for use in
clinical therapy.
The model was implemented as follows. C57BL/6J mice underwent
surgery to cut the anterior cruciate ligament of one rear limb to
induce osteoarthritis in the joint of that limb. During week 3 and
week 4 post-surgery, the mice were treated with 5.8 .mu.g of
Nutlin-3A (n=7) per operated knee by intra-articular injection,
q.o.d. for 2 weeks. At the end of 4 weeks post-surgery, joints of
the mice were monitored for presence of senescent cells, assessed
for function, monitored for markers of inflammation, and underwent
histological assessment.
Two control groups of mice were included in the studies performed:
one group comprising C57BL/6J or 3MR mice that had undergone a sham
surgery (n=3) (i.e., surgical procedures followed except for
cutting the ACL) and intra-articular injections of vehicle parallel
to the GCV (ganciclovir) treated group; and one group comprising
C57BL/6J or 3MR mice that had undergone an ACL surgery and received
intra-articular injections of vehicle (n=5) parallel to the
GCV-treated group. RNA from the operated joints of mice from the
Nutlin-3A treated mice was analyzed for expression of SASP factors
(mmp3, IL-6) and senescence markers (p16). qRT-PCR was performed to
detect mRNA levels.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show expression of p16, IL-6, and MMP13 in the
tissue, respectively. The OA inducing surgery was associated with
increased expression of these markers. Treatment with Nutlin-3A
reduced the expression back to below the level of the controls.
Treatment with Nutlin-3A cleared senescent cells from the
joint.
Function of the limbs was assessed 4 weeks post-surgery by a weight
bearing test to determine which leg the mice favored. The mice were
allowed to acclimate to the chamber on at least three occasions
prior to taking measurements. Mice were maneuvered inside the
chamber to stand with one hind paw on each scale. The weight that
was placed on each hind limb was measured over a three second
period. At least three separate measurements were made for each
animal at each time point. The results were expressed as the
percentage of the weight placed on the operated limb versus the
contralateral unoperated limb.
FIG. 3A shows the results of the functional study. Untreated mice
that underwent osteoarthritis inducing surgery favored the
unoperated hind limb over the operated hind limb (.DELTA.).
However, clearing senescent cells with Nutlin-3A abrogated this
effect in mice that have undergone surgery (.gradient.).
FIGS. 3B, 3C, and 3D show histopathology of joint tissue from these
experiments. Osteoarthritis induced by ACL surgery caused the
proteoglycan layer was destroyed. Clearing of senescent cells using
Nutlin-3A completely abrogated this effect.
Example 5: Efficacy of Senolytic Agents in Models for Diabetic
Retinopathy
This example illustrates the testing of a Bcl inhibitor in a mouse
model for treatment of a back-of-the eye disease, specifically
diabetic retinopathy. It can be adapted mutatis mutandis to test
senolytic agents for use in clinical therapy.
The efficacy of model compound UBX1967 (a Bcl-xL inhibitor) was
studied in the mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model (Scott
and Fruttiger, Eye (2010) 24, 416-421, Oubaha et al, 2016). C57Bl/6
mouse pups and their CD1 foster mothers were exposed to a high
oxygen environment (75% O.sub.2) from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12.
At P12, animals were injected intravitreally with 1 .mu.l test
compound (200, 20, or 2 uM) formulated in 1% DMSO, 10% Tween-80,
20% PEG-400, and returned to room air until P17. Eyes were
enucleated at P17 and retinas dissected for either vascular
staining or qRT-PCR. To determine avascular or neovascular area,
retinas were flat-mounted, and stained with isolectin B4 (IB4)
diluted 1:100 in 1 mM CaCl.sub.2. For quantitative measurement of
senescence markers (e.g., Cdkn2a, Cdkn1a, II6, Vegfa), qPCR was
performed. RNA was isolated and cDNA was generated by
reverse-transcription, which was used for qRT-PCR of the selected
transcripts.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show that intravitreal ITT) administration UBX1967
resulted in statistically significant improvement in the degree of
neovascularization and vaso-obliteration at all dose levels.
The efficacy of UBX1967 was also studied in the streptozotocin
(STZ) model. C57BL/6J mice of 6- to 7-week were weighted and their
baseline glycemia was measured (Accu-Chek.TM., Roche). Mice were
injected intraperitoneally with STZ (Sigma-Alderich, St. Louis,
Mo.) for 5 consecutive days at 55 mg/Kg. Age-matched controls were
injected with buffer only. Glycemia was measured again a week after
the last STZ injection and mice were considered diabetic if their
non-fasted glycemia was higher than 17 mM (300 mg/L). STZ treated
diabetic C57BL/6J mice were intravitreally injected with 1 .mu.l of
UBX1967 (2 .mu.M or 20 .mu.M, formulated as a suspension in 0.015%
polysorbate-80, 0.2% Sodium Phosphate, 0.75% Sodium Chloride, pH
7.2) at 8 and 9 weeks after STZ administration. Retinal Evans blue
permeation assay was performed at 10 weeks after STZ treatment.
FIGS. 4C and 4D show results for this protocol. Retinal and
choroidal vascular leakage after intravitreal (IVT) administration
UBX1967 improved in vascular permeability at both dose levels.
Other models of retinal ganglion cell damage can be used in testing
that are relevant to glaucoma, where increased intraocular pressure
(IOP) is thought to cause retinal ganglion cell loss and optic
nerve damage. In preclinical species, increased anterior chamber
pressure can result in retinal neuron loss as reported in several
established models, including the magnetic microbead occlusion (Ito
et al., Vis Exp. 2016 (109): 53731) and other glaucoma models
(Almasieh and Levin, Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2017). Additionally,
ischemia-reperfusion has been demonstrated to cause retinal injury
which may result in cellular senescence. Presence of retinal
senescence in such models can be used to monitor the impact of
senolysis after intravitreal injection of test compounds.
Example 6: Efficacy of Senolytic Agents in a Pulmonary Disease
Model
This example illustrates the testing of inhibitors in a mouse model
for treatment of lung disease: specifically, a model for idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). It can be adapted mutatis mutandis to
test and develop Bcl inhibitors for use in clinical therapy.
As a model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mice
were exposed to cigarette smoke.
The effect of a senolytic agent on the mice exposed to smoke is
assessed by senescent cell clearance, lung function, and
histopathology.
The mice used in this study include the 3MR strain, described in US
2017/0027139 A1 and in Demaria et al., Dev Cell. 2014 Dec. 22;
31(6): 722-733. The 3MR mouse has a transgene encoding thymidine
kinase that converts the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) to a compound
that is lethal to cells. The enzyme in the transgene is placed
under control of the p16 promoter, which causes it to be
specifically expressed in senescent cells. Treatment of the mice
with GCV eliminates senescent cells.
Other mice used in this study include the INK-ATTAC strain,
described in US 2015/0296755 A1 and in Baker et al., Nature 2011
Nov. 2; 479(7372):232-236. The INK-ATTAC mouse has a transgene
encoding switchable caspase 8 under control of the p16 promoter.
The caspase 8 can be activated by treating the mice with the switch
compound AP20187, whereupon the caspase 8 directly induces
apoptosis in senescent cells, eliminating them from the mouse.
To conduct the experiment, six-week-old 3MR (n=35) or INK-ATTAC
(n=35) mice were chronically exposed to cigarette smoke generated
from a Teague TE-10 system, an automatically-controlled cigarette
smoking machine that produces a combination of side-stream and
mainstream cigarette smoke in a chamber, which is transported to a
collecting and mixing chamber where varying amounts of air is mixed
with the smoke mixture. The COPD protocol was adapted from the COPD
core facility at Johns Hopkins University (Rangasamy et al., 2004,
J. Clin. Invest. 114:1248-1259; Yao et al., 2012, J. Clin. Invest.
122:2032-2045).
Mice received a total of 6 hours of cigarette smoke exposure per
day, 5 days a week for 6 months. Each lighted cigarette (3R4F
research cigarettes containing 10.9 mg of total particulate matter
(TPM), 9.4 mg of tar, and 0.726 mg of nicotine, and 11.9 mg carbon
monoxide per cigarette [University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.])
was puffed for 2 seconds and once every minute for a total of 8
puffs, with the flow rate of 1.05 L/min, to provide a standard puff
of 35 cm.sub.3. The smoke machine was adjusted to produce a mixture
of side stream smoke (89%) and mainstream smoke (11%) by smoldering
2 cigarettes at one time. The smoke chamber atmosphere was
monitored for total suspended particulates (80-120 mg/m3) and
carbon monoxide (350 ppm).
Beginning at day 7, (10) INK-ATTAC and (10) 3MR mice were treated
with AP20187 (3.times. per week) or ganciclovir (5 consecutive days
of treatment followed by 16 days off drug, repeated until the end
of the experiment), respectively. An equal number of mice received
the corresponding vehicle. The remaining 30 mice (15 INK-ATTAC and
15 3MR) were evenly split with 5 of each genetically modified
strain placed into three different treatment groups. One group
(n=10) received Nutlin-3A (25 mg/kg dissolved in 10% DMSO/3%
Tween-20.TM. in PBS, treated 14 days consecutively followed by 14
days off drug, repeated until the end of the experiment). One group
(n=10) received ABT-263 (Navitoclax) (100 mg/kg dissolved in 15%
DMSO/5% Tween-20, treated 7 days consecutively followed by 14 days
off drug, repeated until the end of the experiment), and the last
group (n=10) received only the vehicle used for ABT-263 (15%
DMSO/5% Tween-20), following the same treatment regimen as ABT-263.
An additional 70 animals that did not receive exposure to cigarette
smoke were used as controls for the experiment.
After two months of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, lung function
was assessed by monitoring oxygen saturation using the MouseSTAT
PhysioSuite.TM. pulse oximeter (Kent Scientific). Animals were
anesthetized with isoflurane (1.5%) and the toe clip was applied.
Mice were monitored for 30 seconds and the average peripheral
capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurement over this duration
was calculated.
FIG. 5 shows the results. Clearance of senescent cells via AP2018,
ganciclovir, ABT-263 (Navitoclax), or Nutlin-3A resulted in
statistically significant increases in SpO.sub.2 levels in mice
after two months of cigarette smoke exposure, compared with
untreated controls.
Example 7: Efficacy of Senolytic Agents in Atherosclerosis when
Administered Systemically
This example illustrates the testing of an MDM2 inhibitor in a
mouse model for treatment of atherosclerosis. The test compounds
are administered systemically rather than locally. The model is
done in an LDLR-/- strain of mice, which are deficient in the
receptor for low-density lipoprotein. The experiments described
here can be adapted mutatis mutandis to test and develop other
types of inhibitors for use in clinical therapy.
Two groups of LDLR-/- mice (10 weeks) are fed a high fat diet (HFD)
(Harlan Teklad TD.88137) having 42% calories from fat, beginning at
Week 0 and throughout the study. Two groups of LDLR-/- mice (10
weeks) are fed normal chow (-HFD). From weeks 0-2, one group of HFD
mice and -HFD mice are treated with Nutlin-3A (25 mg/kg,
intraperitoneally). One treatment cycle is 14 days treatment, 14
days off. Vehicle is administered to one group of HFD mice and one
group of -HFD mice. At week 4 (timepoint 1), one group of mice are
sacrificed and to assess presence of senescent cells in the
plaques. For the some of the remaining mice, Nutlin-3A and vehicle
administration is repeated from weeks 4-6. At week 8 (timepoint 2),
the mice are sacrificed and to assess presence of senescent cells
in the plaques. The remaining mice are treated with Nutlin-3A or
vehicle from weeks 8-10. At week 12 (timepoint 3), the mice are
sacrificed and to assess the level of plaque and the number of
senescent cells in the plaques.
Plasma lipid levels were measured in LDLR-/- mice fed a HFD and
treated with Nutlin-3A or vehicle at timepoint 1 as compared with
mice fed a -HFD (n=3 per group). Plasma was collected mid-afternoon
and analyzed for circulating lipids and lipoproteins.
At the end of timepoint 1, LDLR-/- mice fed a HFD and treated with
Nutlin-3A or vehicle were sacrificed (n=3, all groups), and the
aortic arches were dissected for RT-PCR analysis of SASP factors
and senescent cell markers. Values were normalized to GAPDH and
expressed as fold-change versus age-matched, vehicle-treated
LDLR-/- mice on a normal diet. The data show that clearance of
senescent cells with Nutlin-3A in LDLR-/- mice fed a HFD reduced
expression of several SASP factors and senescent cell markers,
MMP3, MMP13, PAI1, p21, IGFBP2, IL-1A, and IL-1B after one
treatment cycle.
At the end of timepoint 2, LDLR-/- mice fed a HFD and treated with
Nutlin-3A or vehicle (n=3 for all groups) were sacrificed, and
aortic arches were dissected for RT-PCR analysis of SASP factors
and senescent cell markers. Values were normalized to GAPDH and
expressed as fold-change versus age-matched, vehicle-treated
LDLR-/- mice on a normal diet. The data show expression of some
SASP factors and senescent cell markers in the aortic arch within
HFD mice. Clearance of senescent cells with multiple treatment
cycles of Nutlin-3A in LDLR-/- mice fed a HFD reduced expression of
most markers.
At the end of timepoint 3, LDLR-/- mice fed a HFD and treated with
Nutlin-3A or vehicle (n=3 for all groups) were sacrificed, and
aortas were dissected and stained with Sudan IV to detect the
presence of lipid. Body composition of the mice was analyzed by
MRI, and circulating blood cells were counted by Hemavet.TM..
FIG. 6 shows the results. Treatment with Nutlin-3A reduced the
surface area covered by plaques in the descending aorta by about
45%. The platelet and lymphocyte counts were equivalent between the
Nutlin-3A and vehicle treated mice. Treatment with Nutlin-3A also
decreased mass and body fat composition in mice fed the high fat
diet.
Example 8: Measuring Cytotoxicity for Cancer Cells In Vitro and In
Vivo
The cellular activity of compounds can be evaluated in the
interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent prolymphocytic FL5.12 murine cell
line. Withdrawal of IL-3 induces FL5.12 apoptosis, by up-regulation
of the proapoptotic factors Bim and Puma. Overexpression of Bcl-2
(FL5.12-Bcl-2) or Bcl-xL (FL5.12-Bcl-xL) protects against the
effects of IL-3 withdrawal by sequestration of Bim and Puma.
Compounds reverse the protection afforded by overexpression of
Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. Compounds are ineffective in eliciting cell death
in the presence of IL-3 where FL5.12 cells are not subject to
proapoptotic stimuli. The ability of compounds to kill FL5.12-Bcl-2
or FL5.12-Bcl-xL cells under IL-3 withdrawal can be attenuated in
the presence of the caspase inhibitor ZVAD, indicating that cell
killing is caspase dependent.
Co-immunoprecipitation studies can be done to determine if BH3
mimetic induced cytotoxicity can be attributed to the disruption of
intracellular Bcl-2 family protein-protein interactions. Compounds
induce a dose-dependent decrease in Bim:Bcl-xL interactions in
FL5.12-Bcl-xL cells. Similar results are also observed for the
disruption of Bim:Bcl-2 complexes in FL5.12-Bcl-2 cells indicating
that compounds restore IL-3-dependent cell death by attenuating the
ability of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 to sequester proapoptotic factors such
as Bim.
Testing of the ability of compounds listed in this disclosure to
specifically kill cancer cells can be tested in similar assays
using other established cell lines. These include HeLa cells,
OVCAR-3, LNCaP, and any of the Authenticated Cancer Cell Lines
available from Millipore Sigma, Burlington Mass., U.S.A. Compounds
specifically kill cancer cells if they are lethal to the cells at a
concentration that is at least 5-fold lower, and preferably 25- or
100-fold lower than a non-cancerous cell of the same tissue type.
The control cell has morphologic features and cell surface markers
similar to the cancer cell line being tested, but without signs of
cancer.
In vivo, compounds are evaluated in flank xenograft models
established from sensitive SCLC (H889) and hematologic (RS4; 11)
cell lines, or using other tumor-forming cancer cell lines,
according to what type of cancer is of particular interest to the
user. When dosed orally or intravenously, compounds induce rapid
and complete tumor responses (CR) that are durable for several
weeks after the end of treatment in all animals bearing H889 (SCLC)
or RS4; 11 (ALL) tumors. Similar treatment of mice bearing H146
SCLC tumors can induce rapid regressions in the animals.
Example 9: Synthesis
Compounds of this invention can be prepared by using or adapting
the synthetic scheme shown in FIG. 1.
Example 10: Biochemical and Cellular Activity of Model
Compounds
Compounds were assessed for inhibition of ligand binding to Bcl-2
in an in vitro assay. Compounds were assessed for inhibition of
Bcl-xL activity in a direct binding assay according to the method
described in Example 1, a homogeneous assay for determining
inhibition of binding of a peptide ligand to the Bcl isoforms. The
EC.sub.50 values obtained for selected compounds are shown in TABLE
2A and TABLE 2B.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2A Compound Bcl-xL (nM) Bcl-2 (nM) NAAM 001
0.14 0.68 NAAM 002 0.12 3.21 NAAM 003 0.76 8.7 NAAM 004 0.55 5.5
NAAM 005 5.6 11.1
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2B Compound IC50 Bcl-xL (nM) IC50 Bcl-2 (nM)
IC50 Bcl-w (nM) RJH01967 0.231 0.551 7.24 RJH01325 0.067 3.089 3.32
RJH01756 0.171 9.045 384 RJH00601 0.174 10.71 9.6 RJH01327 0.179
10.74 70.6 RJH01819 0.029 72.7 N/A RJH01895 0.551 60.69 >1000
RJH00569 0.757 86.8 N/A RJH02289 N/A N/A N/A RJH02290 N/A N/A
N/A
Compounds were assessed for senescent cell killing activity in
human cells according to the method described in Examples 2 and 3.
The cell lines were human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, small
airway epithelial (SAE) cells, and human retinal microvascular
endothelial (HRMEC) cells. Such cell types are available from the
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) under accession numbers
CRL-2741, PCS-301-010, and PCS-1101-010, respectively.
LD.sub.50 values obtained for selected compounds in the three
different cell lines are shown in TABLE 3A and TABLE 3B.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3A Compound HBE (.mu.M) SAE (.mu.M) HRMEC
(.mu.M) NAAM 001 >10 >10 0.12 NAAM 002 1.2 2.7 0.76 NAAM 003
0.43 0.56 1.3 NAAM 004 2.4 0.96 0.35 NAAM 005 0.85 1.5 0.29
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3B Compound pEC50 HBE pEC50 SAE pEC50 HRMEC
RJH01967 <5 <5 6.97 RJH01325 5.91 5.57 6.12 RJH01756 6.37
6.25 6.41 RJH00601 5.62 6.02 6.55 RJH01327 6.07 5.83 6.53 RJH01819
<5 <5 N/A RJH01895 N/A N/A 5.08 RJH00569 N/A N/A N/A RJH02289
N/A N/A N/A RJH02290 N/A N/A N/A
The several hypotheses presented in this disclosure provide a
premise by way of which the reader may understand various aspects
of the invention. This premise is provided for the intellectual
enrichment of the reader. Practice of the invention does not
require detailed understanding or application of the hypothesis.
Except where stated otherwise, features of the hypothesis presented
in this disclosure do not limit application or practice of the
claimed invention.
For example, except where the elimination of senescent cells is
explicitly required, the compounds may be used for treating the
conditions described regardless of their effect on senescent cells.
Although many of the senescence-related conditions referred to in
this disclosure occur predominantly in older patients, the
occurrence of senescent cells and the pathophysiology they mediate
can result from other events, such as irradiation, other types of
tissue damage, other types of disease, and genetic abnormalities.
The invention may be practiced on patients of any age having the
condition indicated, unless otherwise explicitly indicated or
required.
Discussions about the mechanism of action of the compounds of the
disclosure are also provided for the intellectual enrichment of the
reader, and do not imply any limitation. Except where stated
otherwise, the compounds may be used for removing senescent or
cancer cells or for the treatment of disease conditions as claimed
below, regardless of how they operate inside the target cells or in
the treated subject.
Although the compounds and compositions referred to in this
disclosure are illustrated in the context of eliminating senescent
cells and treating senescence-associated conditions and cancer,
compounds and their derivatives described herein that are novel can
be prepared for any suitable purpose, including but not limited to
laboratory use, the treatment of senescence-related conditions, as
an automotive lubricant, and for diagnosis.
While the invention has been described with reference to the
specific examples and illustrations, changes can be made and
equivalents can be substituted to adapt to a particular context or
intended use as a matter of routine development and optimization
and within the purview of one of ordinary skill in the art, thereby
achieving benefits of the invention without departing from the
scope of what is claimed and their equivalents.
* * * * *