U.S. patent number 10,665,897 [Application Number 15/796,752] was granted by the patent office on 2020-05-26 for lithium secondary battery including phosphite additive.
This patent grant is currently assigned to SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD., SAMSUNG SDI CO., LTD.. The grantee listed for this patent is Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.. Invention is credited to Jihyun Jang, Yoonsok Kang, Myongchun Koh, Eunha Park, Insun Park.
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United States Patent |
10,665,897 |
Koh , et al. |
May 26, 2020 |
Lithium secondary battery including phosphite additive
Abstract
A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode; a
negative electrode; and an electrolyte disposed between the
positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive
electrode includes a positive active material represented by
Formula 1, and the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a
non-aqueous solvent; and a phosphite compound represented by
Formula 2, wherein the phosphite compound is present in amount of
about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the
electrolyte: Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.z Formula 1
##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, 0.9.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1.2,
0.7.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.98, and 0.ltoreq.z<0.2; M comprises Al,
Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W,
Bi, or a combination thereof; and A is an element having an
oxidation number of -1 or -2; wherein in Formula 2, R.sub.1 to
R.sub.3 are independently an unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl
group or an unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
Inventors: |
Koh; Myongchun (Hwaseong-si,
KR), Kang; Yoonsok (Seongnam-si, KR), Park;
Eunha (Seoul, KR), Park; Insun (Seongnam-si,
KR), Jang; Jihyun (Seoul, KR) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. |
Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do
Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do |
N/A
N/A |
KR
KR |
|
|
Assignee: |
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
(Gyeonggi-Do, KR)
SAMSUNG SDI CO., LTD. (Gyeonggi-Do, KR)
|
Family
ID: |
61192181 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/796,752 |
Filed: |
October 28, 2017 |
Prior Publication Data
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|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20180053967 A1 |
Feb 22, 2018 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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|
|
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May 26, 2017 [KR] |
|
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10-2017-0065626 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01M
4/134 (20130101); H01M 10/0525 (20130101); H01M
10/0569 (20130101); H01M 4/364 (20130101); H01M
10/0568 (20130101); C07F 9/142 (20130101); H01M
10/0567 (20130101); H01M 4/587 (20130101); H01M
10/0564 (20130101); H01M 4/131 (20130101); H01M
10/0562 (20130101); H01M 4/386 (20130101); C07F
9/145 (20130101); H01M 10/052 (20130101); H01M
4/525 (20130101); H01M 4/505 (20130101); H01M
4/133 (20130101); H01M 2004/027 (20130101); C07F
9/141 (20130101); H01M 2300/0034 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01M
10/056 (20100101); H01M 4/131 (20100101); H01M
4/505 (20100101); H01M 10/0562 (20100101); H01M
10/0567 (20100101); H01M 4/133 (20100101); H01M
10/0564 (20100101); H01M 4/525 (20100101); H01M
10/0525 (20100101); H01M 4/38 (20060101); H01M
10/052 (20100101); H01M 10/0569 (20100101); C07F
9/145 (20060101); H01M 4/36 (20060101); H01M
10/0568 (20100101); H01M 4/587 (20100101); H01M
4/134 (20100101); C07F 9/142 (20060101); H01M
4/02 (20060101); C07F 9/141 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;429/345 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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102642024 |
|
Aug 2012 |
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CN |
|
2006520082 |
|
Aug 2006 |
|
JP |
|
2015026589 |
|
Feb 2015 |
|
JP |
|
2016076425 |
|
May 2016 |
|
JP |
|
20000072956 |
|
Dec 2000 |
|
KR |
|
2015093091 |
|
Jun 2015 |
|
WO |
|
Primary Examiner: Erwin; James M
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cantor Colburn LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A lithium secondary battery, comprising: a positive electrode; a
negative electrode; and an electrolyte disposed between the
positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive
electrode comprises a positive active material represented by
Formula 1, and wherein the electrolyte comprises: a lithium salt; a
non-aqueous solvent; and a phosphite compound represented by
Formula 2, wherein the phosphite compound is present in an amount
in a range of about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent
based on a total weight of the electrolyte:
Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.z Formula 1 ##STR00008##
wherein, in Formula 1, 0.9<x<1.2, 0.7<y<0.98, and
0<z<0.2; M comprises Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B,
Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Bi, or a combination thereof; and A
is an element having an oxidation number of -1 or -2; and wherein
in Formula 2, R1 to R3 are each independently an unsubstituted
linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group or an unsubstituted
C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
2. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the phosphite
compound is present in an amount in a range of about 0.1 weight
percent to about 3 weight percent based on the total weight of the
electrolyte.
3. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the phosphite
compound comprises tributyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite,
tris(o-tolyl)phosphite, or a combination thereof.
4. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the lithium
salt comprises lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate, lithium
bis(oxalate)borate, lithium difluorobis(oxalate)borate, LiBF.sub.4,
LiPF.sub.6, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2NLi,
(FSO.sub.2).sub.2NLi, or a combination thereof.
5. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the
non-aqueous solvent comprises dimethyl carbonate, diethyl
carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methylpropyl
carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, ethylene
carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate,
tetraethyleneglycoldimethylether, or a combination thereof.
6. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the
non-aqueous solvent comprises fluoroethylene carbonate.
7. The lithium secondary battery of claim 6, wherein the
fluoroethylene carbonate is present in an amount in a range of
about 0.1 volume percent to about 10 volume percent based on a
total volume of the non-aqueous solvent.
8. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the
electrolyte comprises a cyclic carbonate comprising a carbon-carbon
double bond, a cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride comprising a
carbon-carbon double bond, or a combination thereof.
9. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the
electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene
carbonate, maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, or a combination
thereof.
10. The lithium secondary battery of claim 9, wherein vinylene
carbonate, maleic anhydride, or the combination thereof is present
in an amount in a range of about 0.1 weight percent to about 2
weight percent based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
11. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the
electrolyte further comprises a sulfone compound, a sulfonate
compound, a disulfonate compound, or a combination thereof in an
amount in a range of about 0.1 weight percent to about 2 weight
percent based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
12. The lithium secondary battery of claim 11, wherein the
disulfonate compound is methylene methane disulfonate.
13. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein, in Formula
1, 0.8.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.98.
14. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the positive
active material is represented by Formula 3 or Formula 4:
Li.sub.x'Ni.sub.y'Co.sub.1-y'-z'Al.sub.z'O.sub.2 Formula 3
Li.sub.x'Ni.sub.y'Co.sub.1-y'-z'Mn.sub.z'O.sub.2 Formula 4 wherein,
in Formula 3 and Formula 4, 0.9.ltoreq.x'.ltoreq.1.2,
0.8.ltoreq.y'.ltoreq.0.98, 0<z'<0.1, and
0<1-y'-z'<0.2.
15. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the positive
active material comprises
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.80Co.sub.0.15Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.10Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2, or
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Al.sub.0.04O.sub.2.
16. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the negative
electrode comprises a negative active material comprising a metal
alloyable with lithium, a carbonaceous negative active material, or
a combination thereof.
17. The lithium secondary battery of claim 16, wherein the negative
active material comprising a metal alloyable with lithium comprises
silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite material comprising a Si
particle, SiO.sub.a'(0<a'<2), or a combination thereof.
18. The lithium secondary battery of claim 16, wherein the
carbonaceous negative active material comprises graphite.
19. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a direct
current internal resistance (DCIR) increase ratio of the lithium
secondary battery is 150% or less before and after 200
charge/discharge cycles at 45.degree. C.
20. The lithium secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a cell energy
density of the lithium secondary battery is about 500 watt-hours
per liter or greater.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean
Patent Application No. 10-2017-0065626, filed on May 26, 2017, in
the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and all the benefits
accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119, the content of which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a lithium secondary battery
including a phosphite additive.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lithium secondary batteries are used as energy sources for portable
electronic devices, such as camcorders, mobile phones, and laptop
computers. Lithium secondary batteries may be rechargeable at high
rates and have an energy density per unit weight that is about
three times higher than lead storage batteries, nickel-cadmium
(Ni--Cd) batteries, nickel-hydride batteries, and nickel-zinc
batteries.
A positive active material in a positive electrode of lithium
secondary batteries may be a lithium-containing metal oxide. For
example, a composite oxide of lithium and a metal such as cobalt,
manganese, nickel, or a combination thereof, may be used as a
positive active material. Positive active materials containing a
large amount of Ni can be used to realize a battery having
increased capacity as compared with a battery including a
lithium-cobalt oxide.
However, in the case of Ni-rich positive active materials, the
positive active material may have a surface having a weak
structure, and thus the positive active material may have poor
lifespan characteristics and increased resistance.
Therefore, there remains a need for a lithium secondary battery
which exhibits large capacity, excellent lifespan characteristics,
and low resistance and which includes a Ni-rich positive active
material.
SUMMARY
Provided is a lithium secondary battery having a novel
structure.
According to an aspect of an embodiment, a lithium secondary
battery includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an
electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the
negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a
positive active material represented by Formula 1, and wherein the
electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous solvent; and a
phosphite compound represented by Formula 2, wherein the phosphite
compound is present in an amount in a range of about 0.1 weight %
(wt %) to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the electrolyte:
Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.z Formula 1
##STR00002##
In Formula 1,
0.90.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1.2, 0.7.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.98, and
0.ltoreq.z<0.2;
M includes Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb,
Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Bi, or a combination thereof; and
A is an element having an oxidation number of -1 or -2; and
In Formula 2,
R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are each independently an unsubstituted linear
or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group or an unsubstituted
C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description
which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description,
or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments. In this
regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should
not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth
herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, to
explain aspects. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that
this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully
convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
When an element or layer is referred to as being "on" or "above"
another element or layer, it includes the element or layer that is
directly or indirectly in contact with another element or layer.
Thus it will be understood that when an element is referred to as
being "on" another element, it can be directly on the other element
or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast,
when an element is referred to as being "directly on" another
element, there are no intervening elements present.
It will be understood that, although the terms "first," "second,"
"third" etc. may be used herein to describe various elements,
components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements,
components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited
by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one
element, component, region, layer or section from another element,
component, region, layer or section. Thus, "a first element,"
"component," "region," "layer" or "section" discussed below could
be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section
without departing from the teachings herein.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing
particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As
used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended
to include the plural forms, including "at least one," unless the
content clearly indicates otherwise. "At least one" is not to be
construed as limiting "a" or "an." "Or" means "and/or." As used
herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one
or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as "at
least one of," when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire
list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the
list. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises"
and/or "comprising," or "includes" and/or "including" when used in
this specification, specify the presence of stated features,
regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components,
but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other
features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements,
components, and/or groups thereof.
Furthermore, relative terms, such as "lower" or "bottom" and
"upper" or "top," may be used herein to describe one element's
relationship to another element. It will be understood that
relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of
the device. For example, if the device is turned over, elements
described as being on the "lower" side of other elements would then
be oriented on "upper" sides of the other elements. The exemplary
term "lower," can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of
"lower" and "upper," depending on the particular orientation.
Similarly, if the device is turned over, elements described as
"below" or "beneath" other elements would then be oriented "above"
the other elements. The exemplary terms "below" or "beneath" can,
therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below.
"About" or "approximately" as used herein is inclusive of the
stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for
the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the
art, considering the measurement in question and the error
associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the
limitations of the measurement system). For example, "about" can
mean within one or more standard deviations, or within .+-.10% or
5% of the stated value.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and
scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly
understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this
disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such
as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be
interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their
meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present
disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly
formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
"Alkyl" means a straight or branched chain, saturated, monovalent
hydrocarbon group (e.g., methyl or hexyl).
"Aryl" means a monovalent group formed by the removal of one
hydrogen atom from one or more rings of an arene (e.g., phenyl or
naphthyl).
As used herein, the term "cyclic carbonate" refers to a carbonate
compound having at least one ring and in which a carbonate group
(--O(C.dbd.O)O--) forms a part of the ring.
"Halogen" means one of the elements of Group 17 of the periodic
table (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and
astatine).
Hereinafter, a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment
will be described in detail.
The lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment includes a
positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte
disposed between the positive electrode and the negative
electrode,
wherein the positive electrode includes a positive active material
represented by Formula 1,
wherein the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous
solvent; and a phosphite compound represented by Formula 2, and
wherein the phosphite compound is present in an amount in a range
of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the
electrolyte: Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.z Formula
1
##STR00003##
In Formula 1,
0.9.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1.2, 0.7.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.98, and
0.ltoreq.z<0.2;
M includes Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb,
Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Bi, or a combination thereof; and
A is an element having an oxidation number of -1 or -2; and
in Formula 2,
R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are each independently an unsubstituted linear
or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group or an unsubstituted
C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
Despite the advantages of manufacturing a high capacity battery, a
lithium metal composite oxide containing a large amount of Ni may
have problems such as severe deterioration of lifespan
characteristics including a capacity retention ratio or a
resistance increase ratio, and thus it may be difficult to
commercialize the lithium metal composite oxide. The deterioration
may be caused by elution of cation Ni.sup.3+ from the positive
electrode and by disproportionation that causes some of the cation
Ni.sup.3+ to become Ni.sup.4+ during a discharging process and
producing NiO. Due to such problems, lifespan characteristics of
the lithium battery may be deteriorated, and resistance may
increase.
To resolve the above-described problems, the lithium secondary
battery includes an electrolyte including the phosphite compound
represented by Formula 2, which protects the cation Ni.sup.3+, and
thus the elution and disproportionation of the cation Ni.sup.3+ may
be prevented.
In particular, the phosphite compound may have high affinity for
the cation Ni.sup.3+, thereby suppressing side reactions of the
cation Ni.sup.3+, and, in particular, even in a battery that may be
operated at a high voltage, high affinity with the cation Ni.sup.3+
may be maintained, and through this, the elution of the cation
Ni.sup.3+ or the disproportionation of the cation Ni.sup.3+ to
Ni.sup.4+ and producing NiO may be suppressed.
Here, the phosphite compound included in the electrolyte may be
present in an amount in a range of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %
based on the total weight of the electrolyte. However, embodiments
are not limited thereto, and the amount may be in any range that
may stabilize the positive active material so that lifespan
characteristics, such as, a good capacity retention ratio or
resistance increase ratio, may be manifested. When the amount of
the phosphite compound is lower than about 0.1 wt %, the amount is
too small to protect cation Ni.sup.3+, and resistance decrease
effects may not be sufficient. When the amount of the phosphite
compound is greater than about 5 wt %, self decomposition of the
phosphite compound may occur, which may result in an increase in
film resistance and deterioration of battery capacity, storage
stability, and cycle characteristics.
For example, the phosphite compound may be present in an amount in
a range of about 0.1 wt % to about 4 wt % based on the total weight
of the electrolyte. For example, the phosphite compound may be
present in an amount in a range of about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %
based on the total weight of the electrolyte. For example, the
phosphite compound may be present in an amount in a range of about
0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the
electrolyte. For example, the phosphite compound may be present in
an amount in a range of about 0.3 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the
total weight of the electrolyte. For example, the phosphite
compound may be present in an amount in a range of about 0.3 wt %
to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte. For
example, the phosphite compound may be present in an amount in a
range of about 0.5 wt % to about 2 wt based on the total weight of
the electrolyte. For example, the phosphite compound may be present
in an amount in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based
on the total weight of the electrolyte.
R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 may each be independently an unsubstituted
linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group and an
unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
In one embodiment, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 may each be independently
selected from an unsubstituted linear or branched C.sub.3-C.sub.30
alkyl group and a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
The unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.30 alkyl group may be, for example,
a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, or a tert-butyl
group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.
The unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group may be, for example,
a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a tert-phenyl group, but
embodiments are not limited thereto.
In one embodiment, the phosphite compound may include tributyl
phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, tris(o-tolyl)phosphite, or a
combination thereof.
The electrolyte includes a lithium salt. The lithium salt may be
dissolved in an organic solvent and thus may serve as a source of
lithium ions in a battery and, for example, may promote migration
of lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative
electrode.
An anion of the lithium salt included in the electrolyte include
PF.sub.6.sup.-, BF.sub.4.sup.-, SbF.sub.6.sup.-, AsF.sub.6.sup.-,
C.sub.4F.sub.9SO.sub.3.sup.-, ClO.sub.4.sup.-, AlO.sub.2.sup.-,
AlCl.sub.4.sup.-, C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1SO.sub.3.sup.- (where, x is a
natural number),
(C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1SO.sub.2)(C.sub.yF.sub.2y+1SO.sub.2)N.sup.-
(where, x and y are a natural number), a halide, or a combination
thereof.
For example, the lithium salt may include lithium
difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB), lithium bis(oxalate)borate
(LiBOB), lithium difluorobis(oxalate)borate (LiDFOP), LiBF.sub.4,
LiPF.sub.6, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2NLi,
(FSO.sub.2).sub.2NLi, or a combination thereof. For example, the
lithium salt may be LiDFOB or LiPF.sub.6.
##STR00004##
Also, the lithium salt may include a plurality of salts and for
example, may include LiPF.sub.6 at a concentration in a range of
about 0.6 molar (M) to about 2.0 M as a main salt and other salts
such as lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB),
lithiumbis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), lithium
difluorobis(oxalate)borate (LiDFOP), LiBF.sub.4, LiPF.sub.6,
LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2NLi,
(FSO.sub.2).sub.2Ni, or a combination thereof, in an amount not
exceeding that of the main salt.
In particular, the lithium salt may include lithium
difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB), lithium bis(oxalate)borate
(LiBOB), lithium difluorobis(oxalate)borate (LiDFOP), LiBF.sub.4,
LiPF.sub.6, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, (CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2NLi,
(FSO.sub.2).sub.2Ni, or a combination thereof, at an amount in a
range of about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on the total weight
of the electrolyte with respect to 1 M to 1.5 M LiPF.sub.6.
However, the amount is not limited to this range, and the amount
may be in any range that allows the electrolyte to effectively
provide lithium ions and/or electrons during a charge/discharge
process.
For example, the non-aqueous solvent may include a carbonate
solvent, an ester solvent, an ether solvent, a ketone solvent, an
aprotic solvent, or a combination thereof. Examples of the
carbonate solvent may include dimethylcarbonate (DMC),
diethylcarbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), dipropyl
carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylpropyl
carbonate (EPC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), ethylene carbonate
(EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and
tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), and examples of the
ester solvent may include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl
acetate, dimethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate,
.gamma.-butyrolactone, decanolide, valerolactone, mevalonolactone,
and caprolactone. A combination comprising at least one of the
foregoing may also be used.
The aprotic solvent may be used alone or in a mixture of one or
more, and when the aprotic solvent is used in a mixture of one or
more, the mixing ratio may be appropriately controlled, according
to battery performance, as may be determined by one of ordinary
skill in the art without undue experimentation.
The carbonate solvent may be a mixture of a chain carbonate and a
cyclic carbonate. In this case, the volume ratio of the chain
carbonate and the cyclic carbonate may be in a range of about 1:1
to about 1:9, to obtain excellent electrolyte performance.
In some embodiments, the non-aqueous solvent may further include
fluoro-ethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC),
vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), a phosphorus (P)-containing
compound, a sulfur (S)-containing compound, or a combination
thereof.
For example, the non-aqueous solvent may include fluoro-ethylene
carbonate (FEC). For example, the lithium secondary battery may
include FEC in an amount in a range of about 0.1 volume percent
(vol %) to about 10 vol % based on the total volume of the
non-aqueous solvent. For example, the lithium secondary battery may
include FEC in an amount in a range of about 0.5 vol % to about 7
vol % based on the total volume of the non-aqueous solvent. For
example, the lithium secondary battery may include FEC in an amount
in a range of about 1 vol % to about 7 vol % based on the total
volume of the non-aqueous solvent. For example, the lithium
secondary battery may include FEC in an amount in a range of about
2 vol % to about 7 vol % based on the total volume of the
non-aqueous solvent. When FEC is included in the non-aqueous
solvent in an amount within the above-described ranges, a solid
electrolyte interface (SEI) film that does not degrade a diffusion
ratio of lithium ions, may be formed in a short period of time.
The electrolyte may include a carbonate including a carbon-carbon
single bond or multiple bonds (e.g., a carbon-carbon double bond or
a carbon-carbon triple bond), carboxylic acid anhydride including a
carbon-carbon single or multiple bonds, or a combination thereof.
The multiple bonds may be a double bond or a triple bond, and the
carbonate and carboxylic acid anhydride may be linear or
cyclic.
For example, the electrolyte may further include vinylene carbonate
(VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), maleic anhydride, succinic
anhydride, or a combination thereof. For example, the lithium
secondary battery may further include VC, VEC, maleic anhydride,
succinic anhydride, or a combination thereof in an amount in a
range of about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight
of the electrolyte. For example, the lithium secondary battery may
further include VC, VEC, maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, or a
combination thereof in an amount in a range of about 0.1 wt % to
about 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
For example, the lithium secondary battery may further include VC,
maleic anhydride, or a combination thereof in an amount in a range
of about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the
electrolyte. For example, the lithium secondary battery may further
include VC, maleic anhydride, or a combination thereof in an amount
in a range of about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based on the total
weight of the electrolyte.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte may further include maleic
anhydride, but embodiments are not limited thereto. For example,
the lithium secondary battery may further include maleic anhydride
in an amount in a range of about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based
on the total weight of the electrolyte. For example, the lithium
secondary battery may further include maleic anhydride in an amount
in a range of about 0.1 wt % to about 1.0 wt % based on the total
weight of the electrolyte. For example, the lithium secondary
battery may further include maleic anhydride in an amount in a
range of about 0.1 wt % to about 0.5 wt % based on the total weight
of the electrolyte.
For example, the electrolyte may further include a phosphorus
(P)-containing compound, a sulfur (S)-containing compound, or a
combination thereof. For example, the electrolyte may further
include a phosphorus (P)-containing compound, a sulfur
(S)-containing compound, or a combination thereof in an amount in a
range of about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight
of the electrolyte. For example, the electrolyte may further
include a phosphorus (P)-containing compound, a sulfur
(S)-containing compound, or a combination thereof in an amount in a
range of about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight
of the electrolyte. For example, the electrolyte may further
include a phosphorus (P)-containing compound, a sulfur
(S)-containing compound, or a combination thereof in an amount in a
range of about 0.5 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight
of the electrolyte.
The phosphorus (P)-containing compound may include a phosphine
compound, a phosphate compound, or a combination thereof, and the
sulfur (S)-containing compound may include a sulfone compound, a
sulfonate compound, a disulfonate compound, or a combination
thereof.
In some embodiments, the phosphine compound may be
triphenylphosphine, tris(o-tolyl)phosphine, or
tris(butyl)phosphine, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The
phosphate compound may be, for example, trimethylphosphate,
triethylphosphate, tripropylphosphate, or tributylphosphate, but
embodiments are not limited thereto.
The sulfone compound may be, for example, ethylmethyl sulfone,
bisphenyl sulfone, divinyl sulfone, tetramethylene sulfone, or a
combination thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The
sulfonate compound may be, for example, methyl methane sulfonate,
ethyl methane sulfonate, diallyl sufonate, or a combination
thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The disulfonate
compound may be, for example, methylene methane disulfonate (MMDS),
butanediol dimethane sulfonate (busulfan), tosyloxy disulfonate, or
methylene bismethansulfonate, but embodiments are not limited
thereto.
As described above, when a lithium metal oxide contains a large
amount of Ni, despite the advantage of manufacturing a high
capacity battery, the lifespan characteristics of a battery may
deteriorate as an amount of cation Ni.sup.3+ in the battery
increases, and resistance may also increase. As described above,
when a disulfonate compound is included, sulfonate may react with
cation Ni.sup.3+ and stabilize the cation Ni.sup.3+, and thus
resistance may decrease. Here, when an amount of the disulfonate
compound exceeds about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the
electrolyte, disulfonate may react with lithium cations generated
from a positive active material, and thus lithium cations may be
consumed and may not contribute to battery characteristics.
The phosphite compound represented by Formula 2 may be easily
decomposed due to a reaction with the negative electrode, and, as
described below, the lithium secondary battery including a negative
active material or a carbonaceous negative active material, and
which includes a metal alloyable with lithium, has problems of gas
occurrence due to a catalyst function at a high temperature and
deterioration of lifespan characteristics. As described above, when
FEC, VC, VEC, a phosphorus (P)-containing compound, or a sulfur
(S)-containing compound is included in an amount within the
above-described ranges, a passivation layer containing a reaction
product of the materials, that is, an SEI film, may be formed on a
portion of the negative electrode surface or on an entire negative
electrode surface. Since gas occurrence may be prevented due to the
SEI film when the lithium secondary battery is preserved at a high
temperature, the battery may have improved safety and
performance.
Hereinafter, a structure of the lithium secondary battery will be
described in detail.
The positive electrode includes the positive active material
represented by Formula 1. In an embodiment, A in Formula 1 may be a
halogen, S, or N, but embodiments are not limited thereto.
In Formula 1, y denotes an amount of Ni in the positive active
material, which may satisfy 0.7.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.98. For example,
in Formula 1, y may satisfy 0.8.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.98. When an
amount of Ni in the positive active material is lower than 0.7
(i.e., 70%), the amount of Ni is too small, and thus a surface
structure of the positive electrode is in a stable state.
Therefore, deterioration of the Ni-rich positive active material,
such as, by elution of Cation Ni3+ from the positive electrode or
disproportionation reactions, may occur less, and as a result,
lifespan characteristics may not be good because a phosphite
compound having affinity with cation Ni.sup.3+ attaches on a
positive electrode surface, and thus resistance may increase.
For example, the positive active material may be represented by
Formula 3 or Formula 4: LiNi.sub.y'Co.sub.1-y'-z'Al.sub.z'O.sub.2
Formula 3 LiNi.sub.y'Co.sub.1-y'-z'Mn.sub.z'O.sub.2 Formula 4
In Formula 3 and Formula 4, 0.9.ltoreq.x'.ltoreq.1.2,
0.8.ltoreq.y'.ltoreq.0.98, 0<z'<0.1, and
0<1-y'-z'<0.2.
For example, the positive electrode may include
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Al.sub.0.04O.sub.2
LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.15Al.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
LiNi.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.02O.sub.2,
LiNi.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.1Al.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
LiNi.sub.0.8Co.sub.0.15Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
LiNi.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.02O.sub.2, and
LiNi.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2 as a positive active
material. For example, the positive electrode may include at least
one selected from
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.80Co.sub.0.15Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.10Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2,
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Al.sub.0.04O.sub.2, or a
combination thereof, as a positive active material, but embodiments
are not limited thereto.
The positive electrode may further include lithium cobalt oxide,
lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt
aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese oxide, or
a combination thereof, in addition to the foregoing positive active
materials, but embodiments of the additional positive active
materials are not limited thereto. Any suitable positive active
material may further be included in the positive electrode.
In some embodiments, the positive active material may further
include a compound represented by one of the following
formulae.
Li.sub.aA.sub.1-bB'.sub.bD'.sub.2(where 0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8
and 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5);
Li.sub.aE.sub.1-bB'.sub.bO.sub.2-cD'.sub.c (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5, and
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05); LiE.sub.2-bB'.sub.bO.sub.4-cD'.sub.c
(where 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5 and 0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-b-cCo.sub.bB'.sub.cD'.sub..alpha.(where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05, and 0<.alpha..ltoreq.2);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-b-cCo.sub.bB'.sub.cO.sub.2-.alpha.F'.sub..alpha.
(where 0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05, and 0<.alpha.<2);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-b-cCo.sub.bB'.sub.cO.sub.2-.alpha.F'.sub.2 (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05, and 0<.alpha.<2);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-b-cMn.sub.bB'.sub.cD'.sub..alpha. (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05, and 0<.alpha..ltoreq.2);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-b-cMn.sub.bB'.sub.cO.sub.2-.alpha.F'.sub..alpha.
(where 0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05, and 0<.alpha.<2);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.1-b-cMn.sub.bB'.sub.cO.sub.2-.alpha.F'.sub.2 (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.5,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.05, and 0<.alpha.<2);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.bE.sub.cG.sub.dO.sub.2 (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.9,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.5, and 0.001.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.0.1.);
Li.sub.aNi.sub.bCo.sub.cMn.sub.dGeO.sub.2 (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.9,
0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.0.5, 0.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.0.5, and 0.001
.ltoreq.e.ltoreq.0.1.); Li.sub.aNiG.sub.bO.sub.2 (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8 and 0.001.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.1.);
Li.sub.aCoG.sub.bO.sub.2 (where 0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8 and
0.001.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.1.); Li.sub.aMnG.sub.bO.sub.2 (where
0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8 and 0.001.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.1.);
Li.sub.aMn.sub.2G.sub.bO.sub.4 (where 0.90.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.1.8 and
0.001.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.1.); QO.sub.2; QS.sub.2; LiQS.sub.2;
V.sub.2O.sub.5; LiV.sub.2O.sub.5; LiI'O.sub.2; LiNiVO.sub.4;
Li.sub.(3-f)J.sub.2(PO.sub.4).sub.3 (where 0.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.2);
Li.sub.(3-f)Fe.sub.2(PO.sub.4).sub.3 (where 0.ltoreq.f.ltoreq.2);
and LiFePO.sub.4. A combination comprising at least one of the
foregoing may also be used.
In the formulae above, A may include nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co),
manganese (Mn), or a combination thereof; B' may include aluminum
(Al), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), iron
(Fe), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), a rare earth
element, or a combination thereof; D' may include oxygen (O),
fluorine (F), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), or a combination thereof;
E may include cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), or a combination
thereof; F' may include fluorine (F), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P),
or a combination thereof; G may include aluminum (Al), chromium
(Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), lanthanum (La),
cerium (Ce), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), or a combination
thereof; Q may include titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), manganese
(Mn), or a combination thereof; I' may include chromium (Cr),
vanadium (V), iron (Fe), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), or a
combination thereof; and J may include vanadium (V), chromium (Cr),
manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), or a
combination thereof.
A positive electrode may be prepared by the following method.
The positive electrode may be prepared by applying, drying, and
pressing a positive active material on a positive electrode current
collector. In addition to the above-described positive active
materials, a positive active material composition in which the
positive active material, a binder, and a solvent are mixed may be
prepared.
The positive active material composition may further include a
conductive agent or a filler.
In one or more embodiments, the positive active material
composition may directly be coated on a metallic current collector
and then dried to prepare a positive electrode plate. In one or
more embodiments, the positive active material composition may be
cast on a separate support to form a positive active material film,
which may then be separated from the support and laminated on a
metallic current collector to prepare a positive electrode
plate.
In some embodiments, a loading level of the prepared positive
active material composition may be about 30 milligrams per square
centimeter (mg/cm.sup.2) or greater, and in some embodiments, about
35 mg/cm.sup.2 or greater, and in some embodiments, about 40
mg/cm.sup.2 or greater. In addition, an electrode density of the
positive active material composition may be about 3 grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cc) or greater, and in some embodiments, about 3.5
g/cc or greater.
In an embodiment, in order to achieve a high cell energy density, a
loading level of the prepared positive active material composition
may be about 35 mg/cm.sup.2 to about 50 mg/cm.sup.2, and an
electrode density thereof may be about 3.5 g/cc to about 4.2
g/cc.
In another embodiment, both surfaces of the positive electrode
plate may be coated with the positive active material composition
at a loading level of about 37 mg/cm.sup.2 and an electrode density
of about 3.6 g/cc.
When a loading level and an electrode density of the positive
active material are within any of the above-described ranges, a
battery including the positive active material may have a high cell
energy density of about 500 watt-hours per liter (Wh/L) or greater.
For example, the battery may have a cell energy density of about
500 Wh/L to about 900 Wh/L.
Examples of the solvent include, but are not limited to,
N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, and water. An amount of the
solvent may be in a range of about 10 parts to about 100 parts by
weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the positive active
material. When the amount of the solvent is within this range, a
process for forming a positive active material layer may be
performed efficiently.
The conductive agent may be added in an amount of about 1 wt % to
about 30 wt % based on the total weight of the positive active
material composition. The conductive agent may be any material
having suitable electrical conductivity without causing an
undesirable chemical change in a battery. Examples of the
conductive agent include graphite, such as natural graphite or
artificial graphite; a carbonaceous material, such as carbon black,
acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp
black, and thermal black; conductive fibers, such as carbon fibers
and metal fibers; a metal powder of fluorinated carbon, aluminum,
or nickel; conductive whiskers, such as zinc oxide or potassium
titanate; a conductive metal oxide, such as titanium oxide; and a
conductive material, such as a polyphenylene derivative. A
combination comprising at least one of the foregoing may also be
used.
The binder is a component which may assist bonding of the positive
active material to the conductive agent and to the current
collector, and may be added in an amount of about 1 wt % to about
30 wt % based on the total weight of the positive active material
composition. Examples of the binder may include polyvinylidene
fluoride (PVdF), polyvinylidene chloride, polybenzimidazole,
polyimide, polyvinylacetate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylalcohol,
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose,
regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene,
polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate,
polyaniline, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, a phenol resin, an
epoxy resin, polyethyleneterephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene,
polyphenylenesulfide, polyamideimide, polyetherimide, polyether
sulfone, polyamide, polyacetal, polyphenylene oxide, polybutylene
terephthalate, an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), a
sulfonated EPDM, a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), a fluorine
rubber, various suitable copolymers, or a combination thereof. The
filler may optionally be included as a component for suppressing
expansion of a positive electrode. The filler may not be
particularly limited, and may be any suitable fibrous material
which does not cause an undesirable chemical change in the battery.
Examples of the filler may include olefin polymers, such as
polyethylene and polypropylene, and fibrous materials, such as
glass fibers and carbon fibers.
Amounts of the positive active material, the conductive agent, the
filler, the binder, and the solvent may be determined by those of
skill in the art without undue experimentation. At least one of the
conductive agent, the filler, the binder, and the solvent may be
omitted according to a use and a structure of a lithium
battery.
In some embodiments, NMP may be used as a solvent, PVdF or a PVdF
copolymer may be used as a binder, and carbon black or acetylene
black may be used as a conductive agent. For example, 94 wt % of a
positive active material, 3 wt % of a binder, and 3 wt % of a
conductive agent may be mixed in powder form, and then NMP may be
added thereto such that slurry is formed having a solid content of
70 wt %. This slurry may then be coated on a current collector,
dried, and roll-pressed to prepare a positive electrode plate.
The positive electrode current collector may have a thickness in a
range of about 3 micrometers (.mu.m) to about 500 .mu.m. The
positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited
and may be any suitable material as long as the positive electrode
current collector has suitable electrical conductivity without
causing an undesirable chemical change in the battery. Examples of
the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel,
aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, and aluminum, or
stainless steel which is surface-treated with carbon, nickel,
titanium, or silver. The positive electrode current collector may
be processed to have fine bumps on surfaces thereof so as to
enhance the binding of the positive active material to the positive
electrode current collector. The positive electrode current
collector may be used in any of various forms including films,
sheets, foils, nets, porous structures, foams, and non-woven
fabrics.
In some embodiments, the negative electrode may include a negative
active material and/or a carbonaceous negative active material that
includes a metal alloyable with lithium.
In some embodiments, the negative active material including a metal
alloyable with lithium may include silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon
(Si--C) composite material including Si particles, SiO.sub.a'
(wherein 0<a'<2), or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, an average particle diameter of the Si
particles in the Si--C composite material may be less than 200
nanometers (nm).
For example, a capacity of the Si--C composite material may be in a
range of about 600 milliampere-hours per gram (mAh/g) to about 2000
mAh/g. For example, a capacity of the Si--C composite material may
be in a range of about 800 mAh/g to about 1600 mAh/g.
SiO or the Si--C composite material may be combined with a graphite
material to prepare a mixture. For example, 12% of a Si--C
composite material having a capacity of 1300 mAh/g, 85% of
graphite, and 3% of a binder may be used to prepare a negative
electrode having a capacity of 500 mAh/g, and the performance of a
battery including the negative electrode is better than the
performance of a battery prepared using SiO or a Si--C composite
material having a capacity of 500 mAh/g.
For example, the carbonaceous negative active material may include
graphite.
Examples of the negative electrode may include, in addition to the
aforementioned negative active material, Sn, Al, Ge, Pb, Bi, Sb, a
Si--Y' alloy (where Y' may be an alkali metal, an alkali earth
metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a transition metal,
a rare-earth element, or a combination thereof, and Y' may not be
Si), and a Sn--Y' alloy (where Y' may be an alkali metal, an alkali
earth metal, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a transition
metal, a rare-earth element, or a combination thereof, and Y' may
not be Sn). In some embodiments, Y' may be magnesium (Mg), calcium
(Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), radium (Ra), scandium (Sc),
yttrium (Y), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf),
rutherfordium (Rf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta),
dubnium (Db), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W),
seaborgium (Sg), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), bohrium (Bh), iron
(Fe), lead (Pb), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), hassium (Hs), rhodium
(Rh), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu),
silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), boron (B),
aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), tin (Sn), indium (In), germanium (Ge),
phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), sulfur
(S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), or a combination
thereof.
A negative electrode may be prepared by the following method.
The negative electrode may be prepared by applying, drying, and
pressing a negative active material on a negative electrode current
collector. In addition to the above-described negative electrode
active materials, a negative active material composition in which a
binder and a solvent are mixed, may be prepared.
The negative active material composition may further include a
conductive agent or a filler.
In one or more embodiments, the negative active material, the
binder, the solvent, the conductive agent, and the filler used for
the positive active material composition may also be used to
prepare the negative active material composition.
In the negative active material composition, water may be used as a
solvent. For example, water may be used as a solvent, CMC or SBR,
acrylate, or methacrylate copolymers may be used as a binder, and
carbon black, acetylene black, and graphite may be used as a
conductive agent. For example, 94 wt % of a negative active
material including a Si--C composite material and graphite, 3 wt %
of a binder, and 3 wt % of a conductive agent may be mixed in
powder form, and water as a solvent is added to prepare a slurry
having a solids content of 70 wt %. Then, the slurry may be coated,
dried, and pressed on a negative electrode current collector to
prepare a negative electrode plate.
An amount of the negative active material may be determined
according to a loading level of the positive active material.
For example, a capacity of the negative active material composition
per gram (g) may be from about 12 mg/cm.sup.2, in other
embodiments, from about 15 mg/cm.sup.2. Also, an electrode density
of the negative active material composition may be from about 1.5
g/cc, in other embodiments, from about 1.6 g/cc.
The capacity per g may be changed by controlling a ratio of a Si--C
composite material and graphite. For example, when the negative
active material composition is formed of graphite, the negative
electrode may exhibit a capacity of about 360 mAh/g, and when the
negative active material composition includes 84% of graphite, 14%
of a Si--C composite material having a capacity of 1300 mAh/g, and
2% of a binder, the negative electrode may exhibit a capacity of
about 500 mAh/g. When the Si--C composite material is mixed with
SiO, a capacity of the negative electrode may be in a range of
about 380 mAh/g to about 800 mAh/g. When the capacity is about 380
mAh/g or less, the mixing has no effect, and when the capacity is
higher than about 800 mAh/g, a retention ratio may be
deteriorated.
In one embodiment, to increase cell energy density, a loading level
of the negative active material composition may be in a range of
about 15 mg/cm.sup.2 in to about 25 mg/cm.sup.2, and an electrode
density of the negative active material composition may be in a
range of about 1.6 g/cc to about 2.3 g/cc.
When the loading level and the electrode density of the negative
active material are within the above-described ranges, a battery
including the negative active material may exhibit a high cell
energy density of about 500 Wh/L or greater.
The negative electrode current collector generally has a thickness
of about 3 .mu.m to about 500 .mu.m. The negative electrode current
collector is not particularly limited as long as the negative
electrode current collector does not cause chemical changes in the
battery and has high conductivity. For example, the negative
electrode current collector may be formed of copper, stainless
steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, copper,
stainless steel that is surface-treated with carbon, nickel,
titanium, or silver, or an aluminum-cadmium alloy. Also, similar to
the positive electrode current collector, the negative electrode
current collector may have fine irregularities at a surface thereof
to increase adhesion between the negative active material and the
negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode
current collector may be used in any of various forms including
films, sheets, foils, nets, porous structures, foams, and non-woven
fabrics.
In one embodiment, the lithium secondary battery may have a direct
current internal resistance (DCIR) increase ratio of about 150% or
lower after 300 charge/discharge cycles at a temperature of
45.degree. C. under conditions including a charge/discharge current
of 1C/1C, a driving voltage in a range of about 2.8 volts (V) to
about 4.3 V, and CC-CV 1/10C cut-off.
That is, as the DCIR increase ratio significantly decreases the
lithium secondary battery may have excellent battery
characteristics compared to a conventional Ni-rich lithium
secondary battery.
For example, a driving voltage of the lithium secondary battery may
be in a range of about 2.8 V to about 4.3 V.
For example, an energy density of the lithium secondary battery may
be about 500 Wh/L or greater.
In an embodiment, the lithium secondary battery may further include
a separator between the positive electrode and the negative
electrode. The separator may be an insulating thin film having
excellent ion permeability and mechanical strength. The separator
may have a pore diameter in a range of about 0.001 .mu.m to about 1
.mu.m, and a thickness thereof may be in a range of about 3 .mu.m
to about 30 .mu.m in general. Examples of the separator include a
chemically resistant and hydrophobic olefin polymer, e.g.,
polypropylene; and a sheet or non-woven fabric formed of glass
fibers or polyethylene. When a solid electrolyte is used as an
electrolyte, the solid electrolyte may serve as a separator.
The electrolyte may further include, in addition to the foregoing
electrolyte, an organic solid electrolyte and an inorganic solid
electrolyte.
Examples of the organic solid electrolyte may include a
polyethylene derivative, a polyethylene oxide derivative, a
polypropylene oxide derivative, a phosphoric acid ester polymer,
polyester sulfide, a polyvinyl alcohol, PVdF, and a polymer
including a dissociable ionic group.
Examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte may include lithium
nitrides, lithium halides, and lithium sulfates, such as Li.sub.3N,
LiI, Li.sub.5NI.sub.2, Li.sub.3N--LiI--LiOH, LiSiO.sub.4,
LiSiO.sub.4--LiI--LiOH, Li.sub.2SiS.sub.3, Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4,
Li.sub.4SiO.sub.4--LiI--LiOH, and
Li.sub.3PO.sub.4--Li.sub.2S--SiS.sub.2.
The lithium secondary battery may be prepared by any suitable
method, for example, the lithium secondary battery may be prepared
by injecting an electrolyte between a positive electrode and a
negative electrode.
The aforementioned positive electrode, negative electrode, and
separator may be wound or folded, and then sealed in a battery
case. Then, the battery case may be filled with an electrolyte and
sealed by a cap assembly member to thereby complete the preparation
of a lithium secondary battery. The battery case may be a
cylindrical type, a rectangular type, or a thin-film type.
The lithium secondary battery may be classified as a winding type
or a stack type depending on a structure of electrodes, or as a
cylindrical type, a rectangular type, a coin type, or a pouch type,
depending on an exterior shape thereof.
Methods of manufacturing a lithium secondary battery are known and
thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.
According to an aspect, a battery module may include the lithium
secondary battery as a unit battery.
According to another aspect, a battery pack may include the battery
module.
According to still another aspect, a device may include the battery
pack. Examples of the device may include power tools powered by an
electric motor; electric cars, e.g., electric vehicles (EVs),
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEVs); electric two-wheeled vehicles, e.g., e-bikes and
e-scooters; electric golf carts; and power storage systems, but
embodiments of the device are not limited thereto.
In addition, the lithium secondary battery may be used in any
applications that utilize high-power output and a high voltage
power source, and which operate under high-temperature
conditions.
One or more embodiments will now be described in more detail with
reference to the following examples. However, these examples are
provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed
as limiting the scope of the one or more embodiments.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Preparation of Positive Electrode
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.80Co.sub.0.15Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2, as a positive
active material, carbon black, as a conductive agent, and PVdF as a
binder, were added in a weight ratio of 94:3:3 to NMP and mixed and
dispersed therein to prepare a mixture. Subsequently, the mixture
was dispersed and coated onto both surfaces of an aluminum foil
having a thickness of about 12 .mu.m, wherein a surface area of
each of the two surfaces was 37 mg/cm.sup.2. The aluminum foil was
then dried and roll-pressed to prepare a positive electrode having
an electrode density of 3.6 g/cc.
Preparation of Negative Electrode
Graphite, CMC, and SBR were added in a weight ratio of 98:1.5:0.5
to water and mixed and dispersed therein to prepare a mixture.
Subsequently, the mixture was dispersed and coated onto both
surfaces of a copper foil having a thickness of about 10 .mu.m,
wherein a surface area of each of the two surfaces was 21.42
mg/cm.sup.2. The copper foil was then dried and roll-pressed to
prepare a negative electrode having an electrode density of 1.65
g/cc.
Preparation of Electrolyte
1.5 wt % of VC and 1 wt % of Compound 1 (phosphite compound) were
added to 1.15 M of LiPF.sub.6 and EC/EMC/DMC (at a volume ratio of
20/40/40) based on the total weight of an electrolyte to prepare an
electrolyte.
##STR00005## Preparation of Lithium Secondary Battery
A separator formed of polypropylene having a thickness of 16
.mu.was disposed between the positive electrode and the negative
electrode, and the electrolyte was injected thereto, thereby
completing the manufacture of a lithium secondary battery.
Example 2
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 1, except that Compound 1 was added in an amount of 2 wt %
instead of 1 wt % to prepare the electrolyte.
Example 3
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 1, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.10Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 4
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 1, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 5
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 4, except that Compound 2 instead of Compound 1 was added
in an amount of 1 wt % based on the total weight of the
electrolyte.
##STR00006##
Example 6
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 1, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Al.sub.0.04O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 7
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 6, except that Compound 2 instead of Compound 1 was added
in an amount of 1 wt % based on the total weight of the
electrolyte.
Comparative Example 1
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 1, except that Compound 1 was not added to prepare the
electrolyte.
Comparative Example 2
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 2, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.60Co.sub.0.02Mn.sub.0.20O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Comparative Example 3
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 1, except that Compound 1 was added in an amount of 3 wt %
instead of 1 wt % to prepare the electrolyte.
Example 8
Preparation of Positive Electrode
The positive electrode prepared in Example 1 was used.
Preparation of Negative Electrode
SCN (available from BTR New Energy Materials; an active material
designed to exhibit a capacity of 1300 mAh/g by carbon coating
graphite after dispersing Si particles having a size of 100 nm on
the graphite), graphite, CMC, and SBR were added in a weight ratio
of 25:73:1.5:0.5 to water and mixed and dispersed therein to
prepare a mixture. Subsequently, the mixture was dispersed and
coated onto both surfaces of a copper foil having a thickness of
about 10 .mu.m, wherein a surface area of each of the two surfaces
was 18.42 mg/cm.sup.2. The copper foil was then dried and
roll-pressed to prepare a negative electrode having an electrode
density of 1.65 g/cc. Here, SCN is carbon-coated Si particles on
graphite.
Preparation of Electrolyte
1.5 wt % of VC and 1 wt % of Compound 1 were added to 1.15 M of
LiPF.sub.6 and FEC/EC/EMC/DMC (at a volume ratio of 7/7/46/40)
based on the total weight of an electrolyte to prepare an
electrolyte.
Preparation of Lithium Secondary Battery
A separator formed of polypropylene having a thickness of 16
microns was disposed between the positive electrode and the
negative electrode, and the electrolyte was injected thereto,
thereby completing the manufacture of a lithium secondary
battery.
Example 9
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 8, except that Compound 1 was added in an amount of 2 wt %
instead of 1 wt % to prepare the electrolyte.
Example 10
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 8, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.10Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 11
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 8, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 12
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 11, except that Compound 2 instead of Compound 1 was added
in an amount of 1 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte
to prepare the electrolyte.
Example 13
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 8, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Al.sub.0.04O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 14
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 13, except that Compound 2 instead of Compound 1 was added
in an amount of 1 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte
to prepare the electrolyte.
Comparative Example 4
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 8, except that Compound 1 was not added to prepare the
electrolyte.
Comparative Example 5
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 9, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.60Co.sub.0.20Mn.sub.0.20O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Comparative Example 6
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 8, except that Compound 2 instead of Compound 1 was added
at an amount of 3 wt % to prepare the electrolyte.
Example 15
Preparation of Positive Electrode
The positive electrode prepared in Example 1 was used.
Preparation of Negative Electrode
The negative electrode prepared in Example 8 was used.
Preparation of Electrolyte
1.0 wt % of VC, 0.3 wt % of maleic anhydride (MA), and 1 wt % of
Compound 1 were added to 1.15 M of LiPF.sub.6 and FEC/EC/EMC/DMC
(at a volume ratio of 7/7/46/40), with amounts based on the total
weight of an electrolyte to prepare an electrolyte.
Preparation of Lithium Secondary Battery
A separator formed of polypropylene having a thickness of 16
microns was disposed between the positive electrode and the
negative electrode, and the electrolyte was injected thereto,
thereby completing the manufacture of a lithium secondary
battery.
Example 16
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 15, except that Compound 1 was added in an amount of 2 wt %
instead of 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the electrolyte to
prepare the electrolyte.
Example 17
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 15, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.10Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 18
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 15, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 19
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 18, except that Compound 2 instead of Compound 1 was added
in an amount of 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the
electrolyte to prepare the electrolyte.
Example 20
Preparation of Positive Electrode
The positive electrode prepared in Example 1 was used.
Preparation of Negative Electrode
The negative electrode prepared in Example 8 was used.
Preparation of Electrolyte
1.0 wt % of VC, 0.3 wt % of MA, 0.3 wt % of methylene methane
disulfonate (MMDS), and 1 wt % of Compound 1 were added to 1.15 M
of LiPF.sub.6 and FEC/EC/EMC/DMC (at a volume ratio of 7/7/46/40),
based on the total weight of an electrolyte to prepare an
electrolyte.
##STR00007## Preparation of Lithium Secondary Battery
A separator formed of polypropylene having a thickness of 16
microns was disposed between the positive electrode and the
negative electrode, and the electrolyte was injected thereto,
thereby completing the manufacture of a lithium secondary
battery.
Example 21
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 20, except that Compound 1 was added in an amount of 2 wt %
instead of 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the electrolyte to
prepare the electrolyte.
Example 22
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 20, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.85Co.sub.0.10Mn.sub.0.05O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Example 23
A lithium secondary battery was prepared in the same manner as in
Example 20, except that
Li.sub.1.02Ni.sub.0.88Co.sub.0.08Mn.sub.0.04O.sub.2 was used as a
positive active material.
Evaluation Example 1
Lifespan and Resistance Evaluation
(1) Negative active material is graphite, and additive includes
phosphite compound and VC
The lithium secondary batteries prepared in Examples 1 to 7 and
Comparative Examples 1 to 3 each underwent 300 charging/discharging
cycles at 45.degree. C. under conditions including a
charging/discharging current of 1C/1C, a driving voltage in a range
of about 2.8 V to about 4.3 V, and CC-CV 1/10C cut-off, and then
DCIR increase ratio and lifespan characteristics of each of the
batteries were measured. The results are shown in Table 1. Here,
lifespan characteristics were determined by calculating a ratio of
a capacity of the battery after the 300 charging/discharging cycles
based on a capacity of the battery after an initial
charging/discharging cycle under the same conditions.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 DCIR increase ratio Lifespan (%) (%) Example
1 86 131 Example 2 86 133 Example 3 85 138 Example 4 82 141 Example
5 83 143 Example 6 82 138 Example 7 82 141 Comparative 82 162
Example 1 Comparative 79 167 Example 2 Comparative 67 178 Example
3
As shown in Table 1, the lithium secondary battery including the
electrolyte including the phosphite compound of one of Examples 1
to 7 exhibited excellent lifespan characteristics and a decreased
DCIR increase ratio compared to the battery of Comparative Example
1 not including a phosphite compound. Also, when tributyl phosphite
and triphenyl phosphite were used as a phosphite compound, all the
batteries had excellent lifespan characteristics and a DCIR
increase ratio of about 150% or less.
Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the increased
lifespan and decreased DCIR increase ratio resulted because a
stable protecting layer is formed by the phosphite compound on a
surface of the negative electrode including graphite, and thus, in
spite of repeated charging/discharging processes, the
electrochemical characteristics of the negative electrode were
maintained.
The battery of Comparative Example 2 including a positive electrode
containing a small amount of Ni had a decreased lifespan and an
increased DCIR increase ratio, compared to the batteries of
Examples 1 to 7. When the amount of Ni is small, a surface state of
the battery is stable compared to a Ni-rich positive electrode, and
when phosphite is added thereto, the result may be an in increase
in resistance and deterioration of a retention ratio.
Also, in a case of the battery containing a large amount of
phosphite prepared in Comparative Example 3, the battery had a
decreased lifespan and an increased DCIR increase ratio compared to
the batteries of Examples 1 to 7. Without being limited by theory,
it is believed that this may have occurred due to significant
self-decomposition of the phosphite compound, and thus a thin film
resistance was increased, which resulted in deterioration of
battery capacity, storage stability, and cycle characteristics when
an amount of the phosphite compound in the electrolyte is 3 wt % or
higher.
(2) Negative active material is silicon (Si) and a graphite
composite material, and an additive includes phosphite compound,
VC, and FEC
The lithium secondary batteries prepared in Examples 8 to 14 and
Comparative Examples 4 to 6 each underwent 300 charging/discharging
cycles at 45.degree. C. under conditions including a
charging/discharging current of 1C/1C, a driving voltage in a range
of about 2.8 V to about 4.3 V, and CC-CV 1/10C cut-off, and then a
DCIR increase ratio and lifespan characteristics of each of the
batteries were measured. The results are shown in Table 2. Here,
lifespan characteristics were determined by calculating a ratio of
a capacity of the battery after the 300 charging/discharging cycles
based on a capacity of the battery after an initial (e.g, first)
charging/discharging cycle under the same conditions.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 DCIR increase ratio Lifespan (%) (%) Example
8 82 134 Example 9 82 137 Example 10 81 134 Example 11 80 138
Example 12 80 141 Example 13 80 143 Example 14 80 137 Comparative
81 157 Example 4 Comparative 73 172 Example 5 Comparative 54 196
Example 6
As shown in Table 2, the lithium secondary battery including the
electrolyte including the phosphite compound of one of Examples 8
to 14, exhibited excellent lifespan characteristics and a decreased
DCIR increase ratio compared to the battery of Comparative Example
4 not including a phosphite compound. Also, when tributyl phosphite
and triphenyl phosphite were used as a phosphite compound, all the
batteries had excellent lifespan characteristics and a DCIR
increase ratio of about 150% or lower.
Without being limited by theory, it is believed that in the case of
the graphite negative electrode, the excellent lifespan
characteristics and a decreased DCIR increase ratio result because
a stable protecting layer due to a phosphite compound is formed on
a surface of the negative electrode including Si and a graphite
composite material, and thus, even after repeating
charging/discharging processes, electrochemical characteristics of
the negative electrode were maintained.
The battery of Comparative Example 4 using a positive electrode
containing a small amount of Ni had a decreased lifespan and an
increased DCIR increase ratio, compared to the batteries of
Examples 8 to 14, as well as in the case of the graphite negative
electrode.
Also, in a case of the battery containing a large amount of
phosphite prepared in Comparative Example 6, the battery had a
decreased lifespan and an increased DCIR increase ratio compared to
the batteries of Examples 8 to 14. Without being limited be theory,
it is believe that this may have occurred as a result of
significant self-decomposition of the phosphite compound, and thus
thin film resistance was increased, which resulted in deterioration
of battery capacity, storage stability, and cycle characteristics
when an amount of the phosphite compound in the electrolyte is 3 wt
% or higher.
(3) A negative active material is Si and a graphite composite
material, and an additive includes phosphite compound, VC, FEC, and
MA
The lithium secondary batteries prepared in Examples 15 to 23 each
underwent 300 charging/discharging cycles at 45.degree. C. under
conditions including a charging/discharging current of 1C/1C, a
driving voltage in a range of about 2.8 V to about 4.3 V, and CC-CV
1/10C cut-off, and then a DCIR increase ratio and lifespan
characteristics of each of the batteries were measured. The results
are shown in Table 3. Here, lifespan characteristics were
determined by calculating a ratio of a capacity of the battery
after the 300 charging/discharging cycles based on a capacity of
the battery after an initial (e.g., first) charging/discharging
cycle under the same conditions.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 DCIR increase ratio Lifespan (%) (%) Example
15 82 132 Example 16 83 135 Example 17 82 134 Example 18 81 131
Example 19 81 135 Example 20 83 123 Example 21 83 121 Example 22 83
122 Example 23 81 124
As shown in Table 3, the lithium secondary batteries of Examples 15
to 23 all exhibited excellent lifespan characteristics and a DCIR
increase ratio of about 150% or lower. In particular, the batteries
of Examples 21 to 23 further including MMDS in the electrolyte had
a relatively low DCIR increase ratio of about 130% or lower.
Without being limited by theory, it is believed that when the
electrolyte includes MMDS, the MMDS reacts with the cation
Ni.sup.3+, which stabilizes the cation Ni.sup.3+ and results in a
decrease in resistance.
As described above, according to one or more embodiments, when an
amount of Ni in a positive active material increases, a capacity of
a battery may be maximized, and a phosphite compound may be
included in an electrolyte to improve the lifespan characteristics
and the resistance characteristics of a lithium secondary battery
including the positive active material.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be
considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of
limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each
embodiment should be considered as available for other similar
features or aspects in other embodiments.
While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to
the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in
the art that various changes in form and details may be made
therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by
the following claims.
* * * * *