U.S. patent number 10,429,088 [Application Number 15/393,418] was granted by the patent office on 2019-10-01 for air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. The grantee listed for this patent is Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Takashi Ikeda, Makoto Kurihara, Masahiko Takagi.
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United States Patent |
10,429,088 |
Ikeda , et al. |
October 1, 2019 |
Air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit
Abstract
Body air outlets 10d of an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor
unit 100 each has a substantially trapezoidal shape in plan view
and are each defined by a body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2, a
body-air-outlet inner side wall 10d4, and a pair of body-air-outlet
end walls 10d1. The body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 is
provided with a deflection guide 2 at each of long-side ends
thereof. The body-air-outlet end walls 10d1 are each provided with
a sloping guide 3. The deflection guide 2 has a deflection-guide
upper surface 2a that gradually projects toward the body-air-outlet
inner side wall 10d4 in a direction toward a body open face 10e
(toward a downstream side) and in a direction toward the central
part of the body air outlet 10d. The sloping guide 3 has a
sloping-guide upper surface 3a that gradually projects toward the
central part of the body air outlet 10d as the sloping guide 3
extends closer to the body open face 10e (toward the downstream
side).
Inventors: |
Ikeda; Takashi (Tokyo,
JP), Takagi; Masahiko (Tokyo, JP),
Kurihara; Makoto (Tokyo, JP) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation |
Tokyo |
N/A |
JP |
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Assignee: |
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
(Tokyo, JP)
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Family
ID: |
47295703 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/393,418 |
Filed: |
December 29, 2016 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20170138614 A1 |
May 18, 2017 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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14116143 |
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9574815 |
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PCT/JP2012/002870 |
Apr 26, 2012 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Jun 9, 2011 [JP] |
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2011-129550 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F24F
1/0014 (20130101); F25D 17/06 (20130101); F24F
1/0022 (20130101); F24F 13/081 (20130101); F24F
1/0047 (20190201); F24F 1/0011 (20130101); F24F
13/222 (20130101); F24F 2013/221 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F24F
1/0014 (20190101); F24F 13/08 (20060101); F24F
13/22 (20060101); F24F 1/0022 (20190101); F24F
1/0011 (20190101); F25D 17/06 (20060101); F24F
1/0047 (20190101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1125313 |
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Jun 1996 |
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CN |
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1086798 |
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Jun 2002 |
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CN |
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1285862 |
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Nov 2006 |
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CN |
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2 017 543 |
|
Jan 2009 |
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EP |
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2 293 447 |
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Mar 1996 |
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GB |
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01-244238 |
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Sep 1989 |
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JP |
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04-043253 |
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Feb 1992 |
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JP |
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05-322201 |
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Dec 1993 |
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JP |
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08-121857 |
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May 1996 |
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JP |
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08-254352 |
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Oct 1996 |
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JP |
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08-285303 |
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Nov 1996 |
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JP |
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09-014742 |
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Jan 1997 |
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JP |
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3240854 |
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Dec 2001 |
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JP |
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2004-271114 |
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Sep 2004 |
|
JP |
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2008-275193 |
|
Nov 2008 |
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JP |
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2010-038490 |
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Feb 2010 |
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JP |
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2010-281539 |
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Dec 2010 |
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JP |
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2012-078031 |
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Apr 2012 |
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JP |
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02/14748 |
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Feb 2002 |
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WO |
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Other References
International Search Report of the International Searching
Authority dated Jul. 24, 2012 for the corresponding international
application No. PCT/JP2012/002870 (with English translation). cited
by applicant .
Office Action dated Jul. 15, 2014 issued in corresponding JP patent
application No. 2013-519355 (and English translation). cited by
applicant .
Extended European Search Report dated Oct. 28, 2014 in
corresponding EP patent application No. 12796655.4. cited by
applicant .
Office Action dated Feb. 4, 2015 in the corresponding AU patent
application No. 2012265763. cited by applicant .
Office Action dated Mar. 17, 2015 in the corresponding JP patent
application No. 2013-519335 (with English translation). cited by
applicant .
Office Action dated Sep. 17, 2015 in the corresponding CN
application No. 201280027784.6 (with English translation). cited by
applicant .
Office Action dated May 17, 2016 in the corresponding JP
application No. 2015-117699 (with English translation). cited by
applicant .
Office Action dated May 31, 2016 issued in the corresponding
Chinese Patent Application No. 201280027784.6 (and English
translation). cited by applicant .
Office Action dated Apr. 28, 2017 issued in corresponding CN patent
application No. 201280027784.6 (and English translation). cited by
applicant.
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Primary Examiner: Nieves; Nelson J
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Posz Law Group, PLC
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation application of U.S.
utility application Ser. No. 14/116,143 filed on Nov. 7, 2013,
which is a U.S. national phase of International Patent Application
No. PCT/JP2012/002870 filed on Apr. 26, 2012, and is based on
Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-129550 filed on Jun. 9, 2011,
the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. An air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit comprising: a body
which is box-shaped, the body including a body top board having a
substantially rectangular shape, a body side board connected to all
sides of the body top board, and a body open face provided opposite
to the body top board and having an opening; an air-sending fan
provided inside the body; a heat exchanger provided inside the body
in such a manner as to surround the air-sending fan; a sloping
guide; and a drain pan provided inside the body and below the heat
exchanger, and including a drain reservoir that stores condensed
water generated by the heat exchanger, wherein the body further
includes a plurality of body air outlets provided on a periphery of
the body open face and configured to blow out air to an outside of
the body, the air having been taken in from the opening of the body
open face and having flowed through the heat exchanger, wherein the
plurality of body air outlets are each formed by a body-air-outlet
outer side wall provided along the body side board; a
body-air-outlet inner side wall provided by opposing the
body-air-outlet outer side wall, and body-air-outlet end walls
connecting the body-air-outlet outer side wall and the
body-air-outlet inner side wall, wherein one of the body-air-outlet
end walls stands between the drain reservoir and one of the
plurality of body air outlets, and wherein the sloping guide is
provided on at least one of the body-air-outlet end walls and has a
sloping-guide upper surface, and wherein the sloping-guide upper
surface projects toward a central part of the body air outlet as
the sloping-guide upper surface extends closer to the body open
face from the body top board and is continuous with the
body-air-outlet inner side wall.
2. The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit of claim 1, wherein
the one of the body-air-outlet end walls is provided as an
integrated component with the drain pan.
3. The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit of claim 1, wherein
the sloping guide is provided as an integrated component with the
drain pan or as separate components from the drain pan.
4. The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit of claim 1, wherein
the sloping guide has sloping guide slits provided at intervals and
extending parallel to the body-air-outlet outer side wall and
perpendicularly to the body open face, and wherein a portion of the
air passed through the heat exchanger flows through the
sloping-guide slits and is blown toward a lower side of a
sloping-guide lower surface.
5. The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit of claim 1, further
comprising a deflection guide provided at the body-air-outlet outer
side wall, wherein the deflection guide includes a deflection upper
surface extending closer to the body-air-outlet inner side wall in
a direction from the body-air-outlet outer side wall on sides of
the body-air-outlet end walls toward a central part of the body air
outlet and in a direction from an upper side of the body-air-outlet
outer side wall toward a lower side of the body-air-outlet outer
side wall.
6. The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit of claim 5, wherein
the deflection guide has deflection guide slits provided at
intervals and extending perpendicularly to both the body-air-outlet
outer side wall and the body open face.
7. The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit of claim 1, wherein
the heat exchanger includes a heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving
portion and a heat-exchanger refrigerant turn-around portion,
wherein the drain pan is absent at a position on a side of the body
open face between the heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion
and the heat-exchanger refrigerant turn-around portion, and
wherein, among the body-air-outlet end walls, the body-air-outlet
end walls that reside at positions corresponding to the
heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion and the heat-exchanger
refrigerant turn-around portion, respectively, are free of the
sloping guides.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an air-conditioning-apparatus
indoor unit, and in particular to an air-conditioning-apparatus
indoor unit that includes an air inlet provided in a central part
thereof and air outlets provided around the air inlet.
BACKGROUND ART
Known indoor units included in ceiling-concealed air-conditioning
apparatuses each include a housing embedded in the ceiling and
having a square sectional shape, a fan and an air inlet provided in
a central part of the housing, and a heat exchanger surrounding the
fan. Hence, room air that is taken in substantially upward by the
fan is redirected in the fan in such a manner as to flow
substantially horizontally toward the periphery. Subsequently, the
air is redirected downward after flowing through the heat
exchanger, and is blown from air outlets into the room.
In the above case, the airflow is guided and redirected by the
inner surface of the housing. Because of the inertia of the
airflow, the airflow is not completely redirected, but the speed of
the airflow increases in an area near the inner surface of the
housing (in an area far from the fan), making the distribution of
airflow speed at the air outlets nonuniform.
Accordingly, uniform-airflow-speed means (means that makes the
distribution of airflow speed at an air outlet uniform) is
disclosed (see Patent Literature 1, for example), in which a
deflection guide having a triangular prism shape is provided on the
inner surface of the housing; an air-passage wall portion is
provided by making a recess in a portion of a wall provided below a
heat exchanger and that faces the deflection guide so that the
sectional area of the air passage becomes substantially uniform;
and an enlarged air passage portion is provided immediately after a
downstream end of the deflection guide.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No. 3240854 (page 4 and FIG.
2)
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
The uniform-airflow-speed means disclosed by Patent Literature 1
makes the distribution of airflow speed at the air outlet uniform.
Therefore, the uniform-airflow-speed means is generally capable of
preventing dew formation on an air-directing vane that may occur in
cooling and preventing smudging. However, the uniform-airflow-speed
means has the following problems.
Herein, smudging refers to staining of the ceiling that may occur
because air that has been blown from each end of the air outlet in
a long-side direction of the air outlet (corresponding to a
direction parallel to each side face of the housing) is blown
toward the ceiling while taking in unclean room air.
(a) Although the distribution of airflow speed is made uniform, it
cannot be said that the airflow is controlled over the entirety of
an area extending in the long-side direction of the air outlet,
because the shape of the deflection guide in the long-side
direction of the air outlet is not specified. Hence, the airflow
speed is relatively low at each long-side end of the]
air outlet. Consequently, highly humid room air is mixed with the
blown air, resulting in possible dew formation.
(b) In a case where the airflow speed at the long-side end of the
air outlet is relatively low, when air is blown toward the ceiling
with the aid of the air-directing vane, such air immediately
collides with the ceiling, compared with air flowing in a
mainstream outflow area in a long-side central part of the air
outlet. Such air is blown onto the ceiling while taking in unclear
room air. Hence, the ceiling may be stained.
(c) To control the airflow at the long-side end of the air outlet,
the length of the deflection guide in the long-side direction of
the air outlet may become unnecessarily large, increasing the draft
resistance in the air passage. Consequently, the load torque of the
fan may increase, and the power consumed by the motor may therefore
increase.
The present invention is to solve the above problems and to provide
an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit in which dew formation at
long-side ends of each air outlet and smudging are prevented while
an energy-saving effect is produced.
Solution to Problem
An air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to the present
invention includes:
a box-shaped body including a body top board and a body side board
and provided with a body open face at a face opposite the body top
board, the body open face serving as a body air inlet;
an air-sending fan provided inside the body;
a heat exchanger provided inside the body in such a manner as to
surround the air-sending fan and to extend along the body side
board; and
a drain pan provided inside the body and below the heat
exchanger,
wherein the body further includes a plurality of body air outlets
provided on a periphery of the body open face and configured to
blow out air to an outside of the body, the air having been taken
in from the body open face and having flowed through the heat
exchanger,
wherein the plurality of body air outlets, which are separately
provided from one another between the drain pan and the body side
board, are each defined by a body-air-outlet outer side wall
provided along the body side board of the body; a body-air-outlet
inner side wall that is opposite the body-air-outlet outer side
wall and is provided on a side of the drain pan, and
body-air-outlet end walls connecting a corresponding one of ends of
the body-air-outlet outer side wall and a corresponding one of ends
of the body-air-outlet inner side wall,
wherein the body-air-outlet outer side wall is provided with
deflection guides each provided in a predetermined area extending
from a corresponding one of the ends of the body-air-outlet outer
side wall on sides of the body-air-outlet end walls toward a
central part of the body air outlet in-between the body-air-outlet
end walls, and
wherein the deflection guides includes deflection upper surfaces
gradually extending closer to the body-air-outlet inner side wall
in a direction from the end of the body-air-outlet outer side wall
on sides of the body-air-outlet end walls toward the central part
of the body air outlet and in a direction from an upper end of the
body-air-outlet outer side wall toward the body open face.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
The air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to the present
invention includes the deflection guides each provided in the
predetermined area extending from a corresponding one of the ends
of the body-air-outlet outer side wall toward the central part of
the body air outlet. Furthermore, the deflection guide includes the
deflection-guide upper surface gradually extending closer to the
body-air-outlet inner side wall in the direction from the end of
the body air outlet toward the central part of the body air outlet
and in the direction toward the body open face (corresponding to a
direction toward the downstream side in the flow of conditioned
air).
That is, in plan view, the deflection-guide upper surface extends
closer to the body-air-outlet inner side wall while going away from
the body-air-outlet end wall, whereby the width of the air passage
(corresponding to a length in a direction perpendicular to the
body-air-outlet outer side wall or the body-air-outlet inner side
wall) is reduced. Furthermore, in side view, the deflection-guide
upper surface extends closer to the body-air-outlet inner side wall
while approaching the body open face, whereby the width of the air
passage (corresponding to a length in the direction perpendicular
to the body-air-outlet outer side wall or the body-air-outlet inner
side wall) is reduced.
Hence, regarding the conditioned air that has been blown from the
air-sending fan and has flowed into the body air outlet, a portion
that has flowed toward the end of the air Outlet is guided along
the deflection-guide upper surface. In this situation, since the
deflection-guide upper surface has the above-described shape, the
portion of the conditioned air that has flowed toward the end of
the body air outlet is redirected to a direction toward the body
open face and a direction from the side of the body-air-outlet
outer side wall toward the side of the body-air-outlet inner side
wall in a plane perpendicular to the body side board, and also to a
direction toward the body open face and a direction from the center
side toward the end side of the body air outlet in a plane parallel
to the body side board.
Consequently, the speed of the conditioned air increases in an area
near the end of the body air outlet, whereby the difference from
the speed of the airflow in an area near the central part of the
body air outlet is reduced. Accordingly, the distribution of the
speed of the conditioned air to be blown is made uniform.
Therefore, highly humid room air is prevented from flowing into the
area near the end of the body air outlet. Thus, the occurrence of
dew formation is prevented.
Moreover, since the conditioned air thus blown includes no portion
in which the speed of airflow is low, the straightness of outflow
air increases. Hence, even if air is blown along the ceiling, the
air does not collide with the ceiling. Therefore, smudging is
prevented.
Furthermore, since the length of the deflection guide
(corresponding to a length in a direction parallel to the body side
board) is suppressed to a predetermined length, a satisfactory area
of the body air outlet is provided and the power consumption is
reduced. Thus, a high-quality, energy-saving
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit is provided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an outside view illustrating an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to Embodiment 1 of
the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional side view illustrating the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a sectional plan view illustrating the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional side view illustrating a part of
the air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG.
1.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective side view illustrating a part of
the air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG.
1.
FIG. 6 is a sectional front view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view illustrating an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to Embodiment 2 of
the present invention.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional side view illustrating a part of
the air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG.
7.
FIG. 9 is an enlarged perspective side view illustrating a part of
the air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG.
7.
FIG. 10 is a sectional front view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 7.
FIG. 11 is a sectional view illustrating an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to Embodiment 3 of
the present invention.
FIG. 12 is an enlarged sectional view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 11.
FIG. 14 is a sectional view illustrating an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to Embodiment 4 of
the present invention.
FIG. 15 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 is a sectional view illustrating an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit according to Embodiment 5 of
the present invention.
FIG. 17 is an enlarged sectional view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a part of the
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit illustrated in FIG. 16.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[Embodiment 1]
(Air-Conditioning-Apparatus Indoor Unit--Part 1)
FIGS. 1 to 6 illustrate an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit
according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 1 is an
outside view illustrating a state of installation that is seen from
a room. FIG. 2 is a sectional side view taken along a plane
containing the central axis. FIG. 3 is a sectional plan view. FIG.
4 is an enlarged sectional side view illustrating a part around a
body air outlet. FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective side view
illustrating a part around an end of the body air outlet. FIG. 6 is
a sectional front view (taken along line A-A in FIG. 3)
illustrating a part around the body air outlet.
In the drawings, the same or like elements are denoted by the same
reference numerals. The drawings are only schematic, and the
present invention is not limited to the form illustrated
therein.
While Embodiment 1 concerns an exemplary ceiling-concealed
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit, the present invention is
not limited thereto. The present invention is widely applicable to
any air-conditioning-apparatus indoor units that each include a fan
and a heat exchanger and are each capable of cooling and heating of
air.
(Indoor Unit Body)
Referring to FIGS. 1 to 6, an indoor unit body 10 of an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 100 is a casing (having a
box shape) that includes a body top board 10a having a
substantially rectangular shape, and a body side board 10b
connected to all sides of the body top board 10a. A face of the
indoor unit body 10 that is opposite the body top board 10a is
open, providing a body open face 10e.
The indoor unit body 10 is installed in a recess provided in a
ceiling 91 of a room 90 with the body open face 10e thereof facing
the room (facing downward). The body top board 10a extends parallel
to the ceiling 91. The body open face 10e (corresponding to the
lower edge of the body side board 10b) is substantially flush with
the ceiling 91 (see FIG. 2).
Hereinafter, for the convenience of description, a coordinate
system is defined as follows. Assuming that the ceiling 91 extends
horizontally, the upward direction is referred to as "+Z direction
(or Z axis)," a direction perpendicular to each specific face of
the body side board 10b and heading toward a central axis O of the
indoor unit body 10 is referred to as "+Y direction (or Y axis),"
and a direction parallel to the body side board 10b and going away
from the Y axis is referred to as "+X direction (or X axis)." The
body side board 10b has a substantially rectangular shape in plan
view (the body side board 10b includes four linear portions).
Accordingly, for each of the sides (linear portions), there are two
directions that are parallel to the body side board 10b while going
away from the Y axis. Hence, two coordinate systems are defined for
each of the sides. Some of members and portions that are the same
as those provided on different sides are not denoted by reference
numerals in the drawings (see FIG. 3).
A decorative panel 11 having a substantially rectangular shape in
plan view (in an X-Y plane) is attached to the lower side of the
body open face 10e of the indoor unit body 10. That is, the
decorative panel 11 is substantially flush with the ceiling 91 and
faces the room 90.
The decorative panel 11 has an air inlet grille 11a provided near
the center thereof and serving as an air inlet that allows air to
flow into the indoor unit body 10. The decorative panel 11 also has
decorative-panel air outlets 11b provided along the respective
sides of the decorative panel 11 in such a manner as to surround
the air inlet grille 11a. The decorative panel 11 also has a filter
12 provided above (in the +Z direction, corresponding to the
downstream side of inflow air) the air inlet grille 11a and that
removes dust from air passing through the air inlet grille 11a. The
decorative-panel air outlets 11b are provided with respective
air-directing vanes 13 (see FIG. 2).
A turbofan (corresponding to an air-sending fan) 1 is provided
inside and at the center of the indoor unit body 10. A fan motor 15
that drives the turbofan 1 to rotate is attached to the body top
board 10a. The centers of rotation of the turbofan 1 and the fan
motor 15 coincide with the central axis O of the indoor unit body
10.
A bellmouth 14 that forms an inflow air passage for air that is
taken into the turbofan 1 is provided between the filter 12 and the
turbofan 1. An area enclosed by the bellmouth 14 forms a body air
inlet 10c (see FIG. 2).
(Body Air Outlet)
A heat exchanger 16 having a substantially rectangular shape in
plan view and enclosing the turbofan 1 stands from the body top
board 10a (see FIG. 3) and is connected to an outdoor unit by a
non-illustrated connection pipe. A drain pan 18 including a drain
reservoir 18a that temporarily stores condensed water generated by
the heat exchanger 16 is provided below the heat exchanger 16. Four
body air outlets 10d are provided between the drain pan 18 and the
respective linear portions of the body side board 10b (see FIGS. 2
and 3).
In this case, the body air inlet 10c of the indoor unit body 10 and
the air inlet grille 11a of the decorative panel 11 substantially
coincide with each other in plan view, allowing inflow air to flow
therethrough. The body air outlets 10d of the indoor unit body 10
and the decorative-panel air outlets 11b of the decorative panel 11
substantially coincide with each other in plan view, allowing
outflow air to flow therethrough.
The body air outlets 10d each have a substantially trapezoidal
shape in plan view (in the X-Y plane) and is each defined by the
following walls: a body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 extending
parallel to the X axis and residing on the side of the body side
board 10b (on the -Y-direction side), a body-air-outlet inner side
wall 10d4 extending parallel to the X axis and residing on the side
of the heat exchanger 16 (on the +Y-direction side), and a pair (in
+X direction) of body-air-outlet end walls 10d1 residing at the
respective long-side (X-axis) ends of the body air outlet 10d.
(Deflection Guide)
Referring to FIGS. 3 to 5, deflection guides 2 are provided at the
respective long-side (X-axis) ends of the body-air-outlet outer
side wall 10d2 of the body air outlet 10d and near the respective
body-air-outlet end walls 10d1. In the Z direction, the deflection
guides 2 are each provided in a predetermined area along the
body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 that is on the upstream side
(in the +Z direction) of the air-directing vane 13. The lower the
portion of the deflection guide 2 (in the -Z direction, or toward
the downstream side of the conditioned air), the wider in the -x
direction and the +Y direction the deflection guide 2 becomes, as
the deflection guide 2 projects in the -X direction and the +Y
direction. Hence, the deflection guide 2 has a deflection-guide end
facet 2c having a right-angled triangular shape in side view (in a
Y-Z plane).
In the X direction, the deflection guide 2 extends in a
predetermined area from the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1 toward a
body-air-outlet central part 10d3 (in the -X direction). The
body-air-outlet central part 10d3 is a central part of the linear
portion (hereinafter also referred to as "long-side direction") of
the body side board 10b of the body air outlet 10d. Hence, the
deflection guide 2 has a deflection-guide upper surface 2a having a
rectangular and trapezoidal shape in front view (in an X-Z
plane).
In the Y direction, the deflection guide 2 has a triangular shape
in plan view (in the X-Y plane). The closer the deflection guide 2
toward body-air-outlet central part 10d3 (in the -X direction), the
wider in the +Y direction the deflection guide 2 becomes, as the
deflection guide 2 projects in the +Y direction. Hence, the
deflection guide 2 has a deflection-guide lower surface 2b having a
right-angled triangular shape in plan view (in the X-Y plane). The
deflection guide 2 also has a triangular shape in side view (in the
Y-Z plane). The closer the deflection guide 2 toward
body-air-outlet central part 10d3 (in the -X direction), the wider
in the +Y direction the deflection guide 2 becomes, as the
deflection guide 2 projects in the +Y direction. Hence, the
deflection guide 2 has the deflection-guide end facet 2c having a
right-angled triangular shape in side view (in the Y-Z plane).
The length from the body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 to a
position of the deflection-guide upper surface 2a that is farthest
(most projecting) from the body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 is
referred to as "step height H." The deflection-guide upper surface
2a and the deflection-guide lower surface 2b form an acute angle
therebetween.
(Sloping Guide)
Sloping guides 3 are provided at the respective body-air-outlet end
walls 10d1 of the body air outlet 10d. The heat exchanger 16
includes a heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion 16a and a
heat-exchanger refrigerant turn-around portion 16b that are
provided at the lower right corner in FIG. 3. The drain pan 18 is
absent in an area between the heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving
portion 16a and the heat-exchanger refrigerant turn-around portion
16b in plan view. Non-illustrated connecting means that provides
connection to the outdoor unit is provided in that area of the
indoor unit body 10.
Therefore, in the above area, conditioned air that has been blown
from the turbofan 1 is blocked by the connecting means.
Consequently, the conditioned air does not flow (precisely
speaking, the conditioned air is difficult to flow) toward those
body-air-outlet end walls 10d1 of the body air outlets 10d that are
provided at respective positions corresponding to the
heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion 16a and the
heat-exchanger refrigerant turn-around portion 16b.
Hence, those body-air-outlet end walls 10d1 of the body air outlet
10d that are provided at the respective positions corresponding to
the heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion 16a and the
heat-exchanger refrigerant turn-around portion 16b are not provided
with the sloping guides 3. In contrast, each of the other body air
outlets 10d that are provided on the upper side and the left side
in FIG. 3 is provided with the sloping guides 3 at the two
respective ends thereof, where the conditioned air flows from
corresponding ones of the body-air-outlet end walls 10d1.
In the Z direction, the sloping guides 3 are each provided in a
predetermined area of the body air outlet 10d, which resides on the
upstream side (in the +Z direction) of the air-directing vane 13.
The lower the portion of the sloping guide 3 (in the -Z direction),
the wider in the -X direction the sloping guide 3 becomes, as the
sloping guide 3 projects in the -X direction. That is, the sloping
guide 3 has a sloping-guide upper surface 3a that is in contact
with the deflection-guide upper surface 2a of the deflection guide
2 and with the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1 and the
body-air-outlet inner side wall 10d4 of the body air outlet 10d.
The lower edge of the sloping-guide upper surface 3a is parallel to
the Y axis. Hence, the sloping guide 3 has a sloping-guide lower
surface (corresponding to a stepped portion) 3b having a
trapezoidal shape in plan view (in the X-Y plane). The
sloping-guide upper surface 3a and the sloping-guide lower surface
3b form an acute angle therebetween.
Regarding a pair of sloping guides 3 provided at the two respective
X-direction ends of the body air outlet 10d, letting a distance
between points where the upper edges of the deflection-guide upper
surfaces 2a are in contact with the body-air-outlet inner side wall
10d4 be denoted as "body-air-outlet long-side length L1," and a
length of the decorative-panel air outlet 11b of the decorative
panel 11 in the long-side direction (X direction) be denoted as
"decorative-panel-air-outlet long-side length M1," the latter is
larger than the former (L1<M1) (see FIG. 6).
(Flow of Air)
In the air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 100 configured as
described above, when the turbofan 1 rotates as indicated by arrow
B (see FIG. 3), air in the room 90 flows through the air inlet
grille 11a of the decorative panel 11 and the filter 12, where dust
in the air is removed. The air further flows through the body air
inlet 10c and the bellmouth 14, is taken into the turbofan 1, and
is blown toward the heat exchanger 16.
Then, the air undergoes heat exchange for heating, cooling, or the
like or dehumidification (herein generally referred to as
"conditioning") in the heat exchanger 16. The air thus conditioned
(herein referred to as "conditioned air") is blown from the body
air outlets 10d and the decorative-panel air outlets 11b into the
room 90. In this step, the direction of the airflow is controlled
by the air-directing vanes 13.
(Function of Deflection Guide)
Referring to FIGS. 3 to 6, the deflection guide 2 is provided near
each of the body-air-outlet end walls 10d1 of the body air outlets
10d. The amount of projection (corresponding to the step height) of
the deflection guide 2 from the body-air-outlet outer side wall
10d2 increases in a direction from the end toward the center in the
long-side direction (X direction) (increases in the -X direction).
Therefore, a portion of the air flowing into each body air outlet
10d that is directed toward the deflection guide 2 flows along the
body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2, is guided along the
deflection-guide upper surface 2a, is redirected in such a manner
as to flow from the body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 toward the
body-air-outlet inner side wall 10d4 (in the +Y direction) and from
the side of the body-air-outlet central part 10d3 toward the side
of the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1 (in the +X direction).
Consequently, the air flowing in an area near the body-air-outlet
inner side wall 10d4 of the body air outlet 10d is generally
accelerated, whereby the distribution of the speed of outflow air
becomes uniform over the entirety of that area. Hence, highly humid
air in the room 90 is prevented from flowing in, whereby dew
formation is prevented.
In the known art, the flow of air in the area near the
body-air-outlet inner side wall 10d4 does not change (is not
deflected). Therefore, dew formation sometimes occurs.
Since the area where the speed of airflow is low is eliminated, the
straightness of outflow air increases. Hence, even if air is blown
in a direction parallel to the ceiling 91 (in the horizontal
direction), the air does not collide with the ceiling 91.
Therefore, smudging is prevented.
Moreover, the length of the deflection guide in the long-side
direction (X direction) is limited to a predetermined length and
does not need to be longer than necessary. Therefore, the draft
resistance in the air passage is reduced, and the power consumption
is reduced. In the known art, since the airflow in the lateral
direction needs to be controlled, the amount of projection from the
body-air-outlet outer side wall (corresponding to the step height
in the long-side direction) is uniform in the long-side direction
(the X direction) of the air outlet. Therefore, the draft
resistance in the air passage is increased.
As a result of the above, a high-quality, energy-saving
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 100 is provided.
(Function of Sloping Guide)
Referring to FIGS. 3, 5, and 6, the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1
has the sloping guide 3 that includes the sloping-guide upper
surface 3a. The lower the portion of the sloping-guide upper
surface 3a (in the -Z direction), the more the sloping-guide upper
surface 3a projects toward the body-air-outlet central part 10d3
(in the -X direction). Hence, the sloping guide 3 is connected to
the deflection guide 2 provided on the body-air-outlet outer side
wall 10d2, and the long-side length of the body air outlet 10d is
gradually reduced toward the lower side (in the -Z direction).
Therefore, the air blown from the heat exchanger 16 flows toward
the body air outlet 10d as follows. The air flows from the drain
reservoir 18a of the drain pan 18, goes over the body-air-outlet
end wall 10d1, flows into the body air outlet 10d, is guided by the
sloping guide 3, and is blown from the body air outlet 10d along
the sloping guide 3 without undergoing separation.
Consequently, in the area near the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1,
the distribution of airflow speed in the short-side direction (Y
direction) becomes uniform. In the known art, since the
body-air-outlet end wall extends vertically (parallel to the Z
axis), the flow of air is separated into different flows. Hence,
the airflow speed is reduced at the corner in the short-side
direction (Y direction), making the distribution of airflow speed
nonuniform.
As a result of the above, the distribution of airflow speed at the
body air outlet 10d is made uniform, and the flow of air in the
area near the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1 is stabilized.
Accordingly, highly humid air in the room 90 is further prevented
from flowing into the body air outlet 10d, whereby dew formation
and smudging are prevented.
Thus, a higher-quality air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 100
is provided.
Furthermore, the decorative-panel-air-outlet long-side length M1 of
the decorative-panel air outlet 11b is larger than the
body-air-outlet long-side length L1 of the body air outlet 10d
(L1<M1). Therefore, a negative pressure is generated at each of
long-side ends 11b1 (see FIG. 6) of the decorative-panel air outlet
11b. Hence, the conditioned air that has passed the body-air-outlet
end wall 10d1 is redirected by the negative pressure in such a
direction as to spread in the long-side direction of the
decorative-panel air outlet 11b and toward the short-side (Y
direction) end of the air-directing vane 13. Therefore, dew
formation on the air-directing vane 13 is prevented. Thus, a
high-quality air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 100 is
provided.
Letting the length of the deflection guide 2 in the long-side
direction (X direction) be denoted as "step length L," the step
height H and the step height L, which are determined in accordance
with the state of conditioned air that flows in, are not
necessarily the same for all of the deflection guides 2.
That is, regarding a specific body air outlet 10d, the step height
H or the step height L of the deflection guide 2 provided on the
upstream side in the direction of rotation (in the counterclockwise
direction in FIG. 3) of the turbofan 1 may be different from the
step height H or the step height L of the deflection guide 2
provided on the downstream side in the direction of rotation (in
the clockwise direction in FIG. 3) of the turbofan 1.
Furthermore, the step height H or the step height L of the
deflection guide 2 provided near the heat-exchanger refrigerant
receiving portion 16a may be different from the step height H or
the step height L of the deflection guide 2 provided near the
heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion 16a.
Furthermore, the step height H or the step height L of the
deflection guide 2 in the body air outlet 10d provided near the
heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion 16a may be different
from the step height H or the step height L of the deflection guide
2 in the body air outlet 10d2 that is provided far from the
heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion 16a.
[Embodiment 2]
(Air-Conditioning-Apparatus Indoor Unit--Part 2)
FIGS. 7 to 10 illustrate an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit
according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a
sectional plan view. FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional side view
illustrating a part around the body air outlet. FIG. 9 is an
enlarged perspective side view illustrating a part around an end of
the body air outlet. FIG. 10 is a sectional front view (taken along
line A-A in FIG. 7) illustrating a part around the body air
outlet.
Elements that are the same as or correspond to those described in
Embodiment 1 are denoted by corresponding ones of the reference
numerals used in Embodiment 1, and description of some of those
elements is omitted. The drawings are only schematic, and the
present invention is not limited to the form illustrated
therein.
Referring to FIGS. 7 to 10, in an indoor unit body 20 of an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 200, the deflection-guide
upper surface 2a of the deflection guide 2 has deflection-guide
slits 2s. The deflection-guide slits 2s each extend up to the
body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 and the deflection-guide lower
surface 2b, and are each parallel to the Y-Z plane (that is,
perpendicular to both the body-air-outlet outer side wall 10d2 and
the body open face 10e). The deflection-guide slits 2s are arranged
at predetermined intervals in the long-side direction (the X
direction) of the air outlet.
Furthermore, the sloping-guide upper surface 3a of the sloping
guide 3 has sloping-guide slits 3s. The sloping-guide slits 3s each
extend up to the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1 and the
sloping-guide lower surface 3b and are each parallel to the X-Z
plane (that is, parallel to the body-air-outlet outer side wall
10d2 and perpendicular to the body open face 10e). The
sloping-guide slits 3s are arranged at predetermined intervals in
the short-side direction (the Y direction) of the air outlet.
Hence, most of the conditioned air that has been blown toward the
deflection guide 2 and the sloping guide 3 is guided along the
deflection-guide upper surface 2a and the sloping-guide upper
surface 3a and is redirected as described in Embodiment 1.
However, since the deflection-guide upper surface 2a and the
sloping-guide upper surface 3a have the deflection guide slits 2s
and the sloping-guide slits 3s, respectively, a portion of the
conditioned air that has flowed toward the deflection guide 2 and
the sloping guide 3 flows off the deflection-guide upper surface 2a
and the sloping-guide upper surface 3a into the deflection guide
slits 2s and the sloping-guide slits 3s, flows through the
deflection guide slits 2s and the sloping-guide slits 3s, and is
blown downward (in the -Z direction).
That is, a portion of the conditioned air is blown from halfway
positions of the deflection-guide lower surface 2b and the
sloping-guide lower surface 3b toward the lower side (in the -Z
direction). Therefore, even if the air-directing vane 13 is rotated
so as to control the direction of the airflow and the direction of
the airflow is thus changed, air in the room 90 is prevented from
flowing in from positions of the decorative-panel air outlet 11b
where the deflection-guide lower surface 2b and the sloping-guide
lower surface 3b reside. Hence, dew formation does not occur.
Such a change in the direction of the flow of the conditioned air
prevents the occurrence of dew formation. Thus, a high-quality
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 200 is provided.
While Embodiments 1 and 2 each concern a case where the deflection
guide 2 and the sloping guide 3 are integrated with the drain pan
18, they may be provided as separate components that are secured
together.
If the deflection-guide upper surfaces 2a of the deflection guides
2 and the sloping-guide upper surfaces 3a of the sloping guides 3
provided at different body air outlets are provided at different
angles so as to be more suitable for the states of distributions of
the airflow speed at the respective body air outlets, further
prevention of dew formation and smudging and a reduction in the
draft resistance are realized.
[Embodiment 3]
(Air-Conditioning-Apparatus Indoor Unit--Part 3)
FIGS. 11 to 13 illustrate an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit
according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a
sectional plan view. FIG. 12 is an enlarged sectional side view
illustrating a part around the body air outlet. FIG. 13 is an
enlarged perspective side view illustrating a part around an end of
the body air outlet. Elements that are the same as or correspond to
those described in Embodiment 1 are denoted by corresponding ones
of the reference numerals used in Embodiment 1, and description of
some of those elements is omitted. In the drawings, the same or
like elements are denoted by the same reference numerals. The
drawings are only schematic, and the present invention is not
limited to the form illustrated therein.
Referring to FIGS. 11 to 13, an indoor unit body 30 of an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 300 is the same as the
indoor unit body 10 of the indoor unit 100 described in Embodiment
1 except that the sloping guides 3 are removed and only the
deflection guides 2 are provided at the body air outlets 10d.
Hence, as with the indoor unit 100, regarding the air flowing into
each body air outlet 10d, a portion that is flowing toward the
deflection guide 2 flows near the body-air-outlet outer side wall
10d2, is guided along the deflection-guide upper surface 2a, is
redirected in such a manner as to flow in a direction from the body
outer body side wall 10d2 toward the body-air-outlet inner side
wall 10d4 (in the +Y direction) and also in a direction from the
body-air-outlet central part 10d3 toward the body-air-outlet end
wall 10d1 (in the +X direction) (see FIG. 13).
Consequently, as with the indoor unit 100, the air flowing in a
whole area near the body-air-outlet inner side wall 10d4 of the
body air outlet 10d is accelerated, whereby the distribution of the
speed of outflow air becomes uniform over the entirety of that
area. Hence, highly humid air in the room 90 is prevented from
flowing in, whereby dew formation is prevented. Moreover, since the
area where the speed of airflow is low is eliminated, the
straightness of outflow air increases. Hence, even if air is blown
in a direction parallel to the ceiling 91 (in the horizontal
direction), the air does not collide with the ceiling 91.
Therefore, smudging is prevented. Furthermore, the length of the
deflection guide in the long-side direction (X direction) is
limited to a predetermined length (denoted by "L" in FIG. 13) and
does not need to be longer than necessary. Therefore, the draft
resistance in the air passage is reduced, and the power consumption
is reduced.
As a result of the above, a high-quality, energy-saving
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 300 is provided.
[Embodiment 4]
(Air-Conditioning-Apparatus Indoor Unit--Part 4)
FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor
unit according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention. FIG. 14 is
a sectional plan view. FIG. 15 is an enlarged perspective side view
illustrating a part around an end of the body air outlet. Elements
that are the same as or correspond to those described in Embodiment
2 are denoted by corresponding ones of the reference numerals used
in Embodiment 2, and description of some of those elements is
omitted. In the drawings, the same or like elements are denoted by
the same reference numerals. The drawings are only schematic, and
the present invention is not limited to the form illustrated
therein.
Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, an indoor unit body 40 of an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 400 is the same as the
indoor unit body 20 of the indoor unit 200 described in Embodiment
2 except that the sloping guides 3 are removed and only the
deflection guides 2 are provided at the body air outlets 10d. The
indoor unit body 40 is also the same as the indoor unit body 30 of
the indoor unit 300 described in Embodiment 3 except that
deflection guide slits 2s are provided in the deflection guides
2.
Hence, most of the conditioned air that has been blown toward the
deflection guide 2 is guided along the deflection-guide upper
surface 2a and is redirected as described in Embodiment 1.
Furthermore, since the deflection guide slits 2s are provided on
the deflection-guide upper surface 2a, a portion of the conditioned
air that has flowed toward the deflection guide 2 flows off the
deflection-guide upper surface 2a into the deflection guide slits
2s, flows through the deflection guide slits 2s, and is blown
downward (in the -Z direction).
That is, a portion of the conditioned air is blown from halfway
positions of the deflection-guide lower surface 2b toward the lower
side (in the -Z direction). Therefore, even if the air-directing
vane 13 is rotated so as to control the direction of the airflow
and the direction of the airflow is thus changed, air in the room
90 is prevented from flowing in from positions of the
decorative-panel air outlet 11b where the deflection-guide lower
surface 2b and the sloping-guide lower surface 3b reside. Hence,
dew formation does not occur.
Such a change in the direction of the flow of the conditioned air
prevents the occurrence of dew formation. Thus, a high-quality
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 400 is provided.
[Embodiment 5]
(Air-Conditioning-Apparatus Indoor Unit--Part 5)
FIGS. 16 to 18 illustrate an air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit
according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention. FIG. 16 is a
sectional plan view. FIG. 17 is an enlarged sectional side view
illustrating a part around the body air outlet. FIG. 18 is an
enlarged perspective side view illustrating a part around an end of
the body air outlet. Elements that are the same as or correspond to
those described in Embodiment 2 are denoted by corresponding ones
of the reference numerals used in Embodiment 2, and description of
some of those elements is omitted. In the drawings, the same or
like elements are denoted by the same reference numerals. The
drawings are only schematic, and the present invention is not
limited to the form illustrated therein.
Referring to FIGS. 16 to 18, an indoor unit body 50 of an
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 500 is the same as the
indoor unit body 20 of the indoor unit 200 described in Embodiment
2 except that the deflection guides 2 are removed and only the
sloping guides 3 are provided at the body air outlets 10d.
Hence, as with the indoor unit 200, the air that has been blown
from the heat exchanger 16 flows toward each of the body air
outlets 10d as follows. The air flows from the drain reservoir 18a
of the drain pan 18, goes over the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1,
flows into the body air outlet 10d, is guided by the sloping guide
3, and is blown from the body air outlet 10d along the sloping
guide 3 without undergoing separation.
Consequently, in the area near the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1,
the distribution of airflow speed in the short-side direction (Y
direction) becomes uniform. In the known art, since the
body-air-outlet end wall extends vertically (parallel to the Z
axis), the flow of air is separated into different flows. Hence,
the airflow speed is reduced at the corner in the short-side
direction (Y direction), making the distribution of airflow speed
nonuniform. As a result of the above, the distribution of airflow
speed at the body air outlet 10d is made uniform, and the flow of
air in the area near the body-air-outlet end wall 10d1 is
stabilized. Accordingly, highly humid air in the room 90 is further
prevented from flowing into the body air outlet 10d, whereby dew
formation and smudging are prevented.
Furthermore, since the sloping-guide slits 3s are provided in the
sloping-guide upper surface 3a, a portion of the conditioned air
that has flowed toward the sloping guide 3 flows off the
sloping-guide upper surface 3a into the sloping-guide slits 3s,
flows through the sloping-guide slits 3s, and is blown downward (in
the -Z direction).
That is, a portion of the conditioned air is blown from halfway
positions of the sloping-guide lower surface 3b toward the lower
side (in the -Z direction). Therefore, even if the air-directing
vane 13 is rotated so as to control the direction of the airflow
and the direction of the airflow is thus changed, air in the room
90 is prevented from flowing in from a position of the
decorative-panel air outlet 11b where the sloping-guide lower
surface 3b resides. Hence, dew formation does not occur.
Thus, a higher-quality air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit 500
is provided.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is not limited to a ceiling-concealed
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit and is widely applicable to
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor units of various types that
include similar body air outlets.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
1: turbofan, 2: deflection guide, 2a: deflection-guide upper
surface, 2b: deflection-guide lower surface, 2c: deflection-guide
end facet, 2s: deflection guide slit, 3: sloping guide, 3a:
sloping-guide upper surface, 3b: sloping-guide lower surface, 3s:
sloping-guide slit, 10: indoor unit body (Embodiment 1), 10a: body
top board, 10b: body side board, 10c: body air inlet, 10d: body air
outlet, 10d1: body-air-outlet end wall, 10d2: body-air-outlet outer
side wall, 10d3: body-air-outlet long-side central part
(body-air-outlet central part), 10d4: body-air-outlet inner side
wall, 10e: body open face, 11: decorative panel, 11a: air inlet
grille, 11b: decorative-panel air outlet, 11b1: long-side end of
decorative-panel air outlet, 12: filter, 13: air-directing vane,
14: bellmouth, 15: fan motor, 16: heat exchanger, 16a:
heat-exchanger refrigerant receiving portion, 16b: heat-exchanger
refrigerant turn-around portion, 18: drain pan, 18a: drain
reservoir, 20: indoor unit body (Embodiment 2), 30: indoor unit
body (Embodiment 3), 40: indoor unit body (Embodiment 4), 50:
indoor unit body (Embodiment 5), 90: room, 91: ceiling, 100:
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit (Embodiment 1), 200:
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit (Embodiment 2), 300:
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit (Embodiment 3), 400:
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit (Embodiment 4), 500:
air-conditioning-apparatus indoor unit (Embodiment 5), H: step
height of deflection-guide upper surface, L: long-side
(X-direction) length of deflection guide, L1: body-air-outlet
long-side length, M1: decorative-panel-air-outlet long-side length,
O: central axis
* * * * *